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Abstract The carbon stock, biomass, and CO2 emissions in woody species play crucial roles in understanding and managing ecosystems. Understanding these aspects is crucial for sustainable forest management, conservation, and mitigating the impact of woody species on global carbon dynamics and climate change. This study examined the nexus between carbon stock, biomass, and CO2 emission of woody plant composition in disturbed and undisturbed areas in Southwestern Nigeria. The study involved the random establishment of plots in the disturbed and undisturbed areas and, in each plot, the woody plants were enumerated and identified to the species level. The results showed that total biomass (102.645 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (51.323 Mg C ha-1), and total CO2 emission (188.354 Mg C ha-1) values of tree species in undisturbed plots were higher than the values of total biomass (70.768 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (35.384 Mg C ha-1), and total CO2 emission (129.859 Mg C ha-1) recorded in disturbed plots. The results also revealed that total biomass (0.123 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (0.061 Mg C ha-1), and total CO2 emission (0.225 Mg C ha-1 ) values of shrub species recorded in disturbed plots were higher than values of total biomass (0.067 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (0.034 Mg C ha-1) and total CO2 content (0.124 Mg C ha-1) recorded in undisturbed plots, respectively. The findings showed that in undisturbed and disturbed plots of shrubs, biomass, carbon and CO2 emissions have a strong positive correlation of 1.000**. While biomass, carbon, and CO2 emission have a very strong positive correlation (0.999**) in undisturbed plots of trees, the biomass, carbon, and CO2 emission have moderate to strong positive correlations (0.458** to 0.974**) in disturbed plots of the tree. The study concluded that while biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 emission values of tree species were higher in undisturbed plots than in disturbed plots, the biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 emission values of shrub species were lower in undisturbed plots than in disturbed plots. It also concluded that the main purpose of establishing reserve forests is not totally achieved as human activities occurring in reserve forests still contribute to the increment of climate change.

The carbon stock, biomass, and CO2 emissions in woody species play crucial roles in understanding and managing ecosystems. Understanding these aspects is crucial for sustainable forest management, conservation, and mitigating the impact of woody species on global carbon dynamics and climate change. This study examined the nexus between carbon stock, biomass, and CO2 emission of woody plant composition in disturbed and undisturbed areas in Southwestern Nigeria. The study involved the random establishment of plots in the disturbed and undisturbed areas and, in each plot, the woody plants were enumerated and identified to the species level. The results showed that total biomass (102.645 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (51.323 Mg C ha-1), and total CO2 emission (188.354 Mg C ha-1) values of tree species in undisturbed plots were higher than the values of total biomass (70.768 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (35.384 Mg C ha-1), and total CO2 emission (129.859 Mg C ha-1) recorded in disturbed plots. The results also revealed that total biomass (0.123 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (0.061 Mg C ha-1), and total CO2 emission (0.225 Mg C ha-1) values of shrub species recorded in disturbed plots were higher than values of total biomass (0.067 Mg ha-1), total carbon stock (0.034 Mg C ha-1) and total CO2 content (0.124 Mg C ha-1) recorded in undisturbed plots, respectively. The findings showed that in undisturbed and disturbed plots of shrubs, biomass, carbon and CO2 emissions have a strong positive correlation of 1.000**. While biomass, carbon, and CO2 emission have a very strong positive correlation (0.999**) in undisturbed plots of trees, the biomass, carbon, and CO2 emission have moderate to strong positive correlations (0.458** to 0.974**) in disturbed plots of the tree. The study concluded that while biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 emission values of tree species were higher in undisturbed plots than in disturbed plots, the biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 emission values of shrub species were lower in undisturbed plots than in disturbed plots. It also concluded that the main purpose of establishing reserve forests is not totally achieved as human activities occurring in reserve forests still contribute to the increment of climate change. Highlights: • Undisturbed areas had higher tree carbon and CO2 levels, emphasizing their role in carbon sequestration. • Disturbed plots showed higher shrub biomass, suggesting unexpected ecological responses to disturbances. • Despite efforts, reserve forests face challenges, as human activities contribute to climate change impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy narrative research focuses on one story/plot that forms narratives in policy controversies without attention to the subplot, picturing a reduced policy narrative structure. Subplots are studied in literary narratives as secondary plots to main plots and in terms of their structures, differences with, and similarities to plots, with both pursuing individual objectives toward common goals. Subplots enhance policy narratives' structures through enlargement and enrichment. Neglecting the subplot impedes knowledge about their contributions and potentially limits narrative analyses. This article introduces the subplot in policy narratives through a descriptive account, proposes an expanded structural definition, and structurally analyzes the policy narratives in the debate over a mining project in Bristol Bay, Alaska, United States. The opposing narrative's plot is cultural with political, legal, and environmental subplots, while the supporting narrative's plot is developmental with legal and political subplots. The study offers perspectives for advancing subplot research and narrative policy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic reviews are critical summaries of the exiting literature on a given subject and, when combined with meta-analysis, provides a quantitative synthesis of evidence to direct and inform future research. Such reviews must, however, account for complex sources of between study heterogeneity and possible sources of bias, such as publication bias. This paper presents the methods and results of a research study using a newly developed software tool called ABCal (version 1.0.2) to compute and assess author bias in the literature, providing a quantitative measure for the possible effect of overrepresented authors introducing bias to the overall interpretation of the literature. ABCal includes a new metric referred to as author bias, which is a measure of potential biases per paper when the frequency or proportions of contributions from specific authors are considered. The metric is able to account for a significant portion of the observed heterogeneity between studies included in meta-analyses. A meta-regression between observed effect measures and author bias values revealed that higher levels of author bias were associated with higher effect measures while lower author bias was evident for studies with lower effect measures. Furthermore, the software's capabilities to analyse authorship contributions and produce scientometric plots was able to reveal distinct patterns in both the temporal and geographic distributions of publications, which may relate to any evident publication bias. Thus, ABCal can aid researchers in gaining a deeper understanding of the research landscape and assist in identifying both key contributors and holistic research trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of the invasive liana Sericostachys scandens Gilg & Lopr. (Amaranthaceae) on the structure of woody stands within Kibira National Park in Burundi Sericostachys scandens Gilg & Lopr. (Amaranthaceae), an invasive liana, is a threat on woody species within tropical forests. This study aims to compare descriptors of woody stands between area invaded by S. scandens and non-invaded areas and to estimate the effect of S. scandens on developmental stages of woody species (regeneration, juvenile and adult trees) within the Kibira National Park (KNP) in Burundi. The abundance of S. scandens and other woody species was assessed within 100 plots of 50 m x 50 m (evenly distributed in invaded and non-invaded areas of the KNP) and subjected to an analysis of covariance, to a Student t test and to a linear mixed-effect model with random slope and intercept. Woody stands descriptors (density, diameter, height and basal area) were significantly higher in non-invaded areas than in invaded areas. Invasion of S. scandens has a negative effect on the density of all developmental stages. S. scandens negatively affects forest stands of the KNP. S. scandens control could improve the recruitment of woody species.

The Ethiopian government has exerted efforts to rehabilitate degraded agricultural lands using a range of sustainable land management (SLM) initiatives to enhance agricultural productivity. One of the key components was improved structural soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies. This study examines the effects of continuous SLM practices on agricultural land productivity, with particular emphasis on SWC technology adoption in Central Ethiopia. The analysis was based on the data collected from 525 sample household surveys in two districts, namely Kewet and Sebeta-hawas. A propensity score matching (PSM) model was used to investigate the effects on treated and non-treated plots. The study findings revealed a substantial and positive effect on treated agricultural plots compared to non-treated ones in the Kewet district. At the same time, the difference was found positive but not significant in the Sebeta-hawas counterpart. The insignificant impacts are justified because SWC efforts focused on constructing structures rather than tailoring them with soil-replenishment and productivity enhancement functions. The important conclusion is that continuous SWC adoption efforts positively impact agricultural productivity; however, its effect is more noticeable when SWC structures are integrated with productivity enhancement functions and applied in low moisture areas. Thus, policymakers and project planners should consider the role of integrating physical SWC structures with soil replenishment and agronomic activities.

The Bohai Bay region is a famous wine-growing area in China, where the rainfall is concentrated in the summer due to the influence of the temperate semi-humid monsoon climate. As such, the vineyard terrain has a significant impact on the flavor quality of the grapes and the resulting wines. To explore the relationship between the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' wine style and terrain, this study takes four different plots in the Jieshi Mountain region to investigate the differences in the aroma profile of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines of two consecutive vintages. Based on two-way ANOVA, there were 25 free and 8 glycosylated aroma compounds in the grapes and 21 and 10 aroma compounds with an odor activity value greater than 0.1 in the wines at the end of alcohol fermentation (AF) and malolactic fermentation (MLF), respectively, that varied among the four plots. Wines from the four plots showed a significant difference in floral and fruity aroma attributes, which were mainly related to esters with high odor activity values. The difference in concentration of these compounds between plots was more pronounced in 2021 than in 2020, and a similar result was shown on the Shannon–Wiener index, which represents wine aroma diversity. It has been suggested that high rainfall makes the plot effect more pronounced. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that concentrations of (E)-3-hexen-1-ol in grapes and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, isopentanoic acid, and phenethyl acetate in wines were strongly positively correlated with the concentrations of N, P, K, Fe, and electrical conductivity in soil but negatively correlated with soil pH. This study laid a theoretical foundation for further improving the level of vineyard management and grape and wine quality in the Jieshi Mountain region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Ethiopian government has exerted efforts to rehabilitate degraded agricultural lands using a range of sustainable land management (SLM) initiatives to enhance agricultural productivity. One of the key components was improved structural soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies. This study examines the effects of continuous SLM practices on agricultural land productivity, with particular emphasis on SWC technology adoption in Central Ethiopia. The analysis was based on the data collected from 525 sample household surveys in two districts, namely Kewet and Sebeta-hawas. A propensity score matching (PSM) model was used to investigate the effects on treated and non-treated plots. The study findings revealed a substantial and positive effect on treated agricultural plots compared to non-treated ones in the Kewet district. At the same time, the difference was found positive but not significant in the Sebeta-hawas counterpart. The insignificant impacts are justified because SWC efforts focused on constructing structures rather than tailoring them with soilreplenishment and productivity enhancement functions. The important conclusion is that continuous SWC adoption efforts positively impact agricultural productivity; however, its effect is more noticeable when SWC structures are integrated with productivity enhancement functions and applied in low moisture areas. Thus, policymakers and project planners should consider the role of integrating physical SWC structures with soil replenishment and agronomic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Alchemist" and "Brida" by Paulo Coelho are two novels that explore themes of personal growth and self- discovery through the use of descriptive and diagnostic analysis models. These models are used to create rich and engaging narratives that draw readers in and allow them to connect with the characters and their journeys. Descriptive analysis is used in both novels to create vivid and detailed descriptions of the settings and characters. In "The Alchemist," the Andalusian countryside and the desert are described in detail, using sensory details to bring them to life. Similarly, in "Brida," the world of witchcraft is brought to life through the use of descriptive analysis, with Coelho using sensory details to create a mystical and magical atmosphere. The characters in both novels are also given detailed descriptions, allowing readers to form emotional connections with them and understand their motivations. Diagnostic analysis is used in both novels to explore deeper themes and ideas related to personal growth and self-discovery. In "The Alchemist”, the protagonist Santiago goes on a journey of self-discovery and learns valuable lessons about himself and the world around him. Through his experiences, he engages in self-reflection and grows as a person. Similarly, in "Brida", the protagonist engages in various spiritual practices and reflects on her past experiences to discover her true path in life. Both models work together to create narratives that engage readers on both an emotional and intellectual level. The descriptive analysis draws the reader into the world of the story, allowing them to visualize the settings and characters. The diagnostic analysis allows readers to explore deeper themes and ideas related to personal growth and self- discovery, creating a more meaningful and impactful reading experience. "The Alchemist" and "Brida" use descriptive and diagnostic analysis models to create engaging and thought-provoking narratives. Through their use of these models, Coelho explores themes of personal growth and self-discovery, creating stories that resonate with readers and leave a lasting impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sericostachys scandens Gilg & Lopr. (Amaranthaceae), an invasive liana, is a threat on woody species within tropical forests. This study aims to compare descriptors of woody stands between area invaded by S. scandens and non-invaded areas and to estimate the effect of S. scandens on developmental stages of woody species (regeneration, juvenile and adult trees) within the Kibira National Park (KNP) in Burundi. The abundance of S. scandens and other woody species was assessed within 100 plots of 50 m x 50 m (evenly distributed in invaded and non-invaded areas of the KNP) and subjected to an analysis of covariance, to a Student t test and to a linear mixedeffect model with random slope and intercept. Woody stands descriptors (density, diameter, height and basal area) were significantly higher in non-invaded areas than in invaded areas. Invasion of S. scandens has a negative effect on the density of all developmental stages. S. scandens negatively affects forest stands of the KNP. S. scandens control could improve the recruitment of woody species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public space is commonly concerned from its social and political dimension, without clear distinctions between space and the public sphere. In addition, debates about the public came from ideas that emerged in the global north. The present document argue that it is necessary to restore the spatial condition of the public as well as its formal dimension to discuss why and whom the public is built in the south. An analysis of the elements of the typological urban form of emblematic towns in Santiago de Chile as a represented space, also known as 9x18 neighborhoods, is proposed. Four design hypotheses about neighborhoods are discussed, based on their land distribution, the hierarchies of their space, the bonds between neighbors and their relations with government services. It is concluded that the public space of the Chilean "poblaciones" built in the 1960s was intended by urban policy as a space that related the inhabitants with the State services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bohai Bay region is a famous wine-growing area in China, where the rainfall is concentrated in the summer due to the influence of the temperate semi-humid monsoon climate. As such, the vineyard terrain has a significant impact on the flavor quality of the grapes and the resulting wines. To explore the relationship between the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ wine style and terrain, this study takes four different plots in the Jieshi Mountain region to investigate the differences in the aroma profile of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines of two consecutive vintages. Based on two-way ANOVA, there were 25 free and 8 glycosylated aroma compounds in the grapes and 21 and 10 aroma compounds with an odor activity value greater than 0.1 in the wines at the end of alcohol fermentation (AF) and malolactic fermentation (MLF), respectively, that varied among the four plots. Wines from the four plots showed a significant difference in floral and fruity aroma attributes, which were mainly related to esters with high odor activity values. The difference in concentration of these compounds between plots was more pronounced in 2021 than in 2020, and a similar result was shown on the Shannon–Wiener index, which represents wine aroma diversity. It has been suggested that high rainfall makes the plot effect more pronounced. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that concentrations of (E)-3-hexen-1-ol in grapes and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, isopentanoic acid, and phenethyl acetate in wines were strongly positively correlated with the concentrations of N, P, K, Fe, and electrical conductivity in soil but negatively correlated with soil pH. This study laid a theoretical foundation for further improving the level of vineyard management and grape and wine quality in the Jieshi Mountain region.

The article analyses the currently valid accounting procedures for accounting for land that is not a commodity, according to both Czech legislation and International Accounting Standards. The method of process analysis and subsequent comparison is used. It is found that the accounting and valuation of land in the Czech Republic does not reflect reality as land is valued once and for all at historical cost and does not consider the effect of land price increases in the market or possible damage to the land as a result of an environmental accident. In the case of forest land, the value of the land and the forest cover is not accounted for separately. Increasing value due to a growth in timber mass is not taken into account. In contrast, under International Accounting Standards, the value of land must be revalued periodically in response to changing circumstances. In the case of forest land, this involves separate accounting for the land itself under IAS 16 Land, Buildings and Equipment, and for the forest cover under IAS 41 Agriculture. The procedures defined in the International Accounting Standards are more demanding and arduous but give the user significantly more accurate and up-to-date information on the market price of land than the procedures required by Czech legal standards. This enables users to make the right economic decisions. However, the obligation to revalue land periodically in Czech accounting could create a problem in terms of ensuring a sufficient number of qualified valuers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After an introduction on the main morphogenetic features of rural space, this article presents some typical morphological problems in small rural municipalities, such as the situations we have called semi-urban blocks, linear formations or large urban blocks. To do so, we analyse the treatment of these problems in the urban planning in force in several specific Spanish municipalities. Through the cases analysed, the insufficiency of the traditional urban planning tools in Spain is verified, both in the technique of classification or delimitation of urban land, as in the detailed management proposals for the treatment of semi-urban blocks and large urban blocks.

In this study I look into the behavioural pattern of the "Greek" merchants who came to Moldavia and settled in its capital, the town of Iași. The merchants were attracted by its geographical position: at the crossroad connecting centres in Transylvania or the Danube, ports of the Black Sea and towns of Poland. Because they dealt with regional trade for various merchandise, the merchants chose to invest in land, houses, stores and cellars located in the most relevant streets within the two commercial cores of the town, where they shared the space with many craftsmen, boyars but also monasteries. Whereas they represented an economic force and had money, some merchants made efforts to become boyars by purchasing villages and obtaining offices. Others chose to stay loyal to the urban world, and kept their properties across several generations and maintained their line of business. It was, thus, a very dynamic and ever-changing society, which allowed an easier transition from the structures specific to the late medieval world to the ones of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) describe how light interacts with a point on a surface. To propose a new BRDF formulation or to compare different reflectance representations, it is necessary to confront the results obtained with those functions against previous work or measured data. Despite the importance of using reliable techniques to evaluate a BRDF, there is a lack of works in the literature that gathers and compares those. This paper proposes a compilation of techniques used to evaluate BRDF representations along with their formal definitions. Those techniques were classified into three different groups—comparison functions, rendered images, and plots—and, to illustrate their use, three classical and widely adopted models and one state-of-the-art BRDF representation were evaluated regarding their capacity to preserve the appearance of measured materials. Based on our research regarding comparison functions, a stable and robust BRDF evaluation technique is proposed. It has been observed during both literature review and experiments that each group of techniques provides complementary information about the evaluated BRDFs, which suggests that at least one model from each category should be adopted during the choice of criteria to evaluate a BRDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bioeconomics & Agrarian Business / Bìoekonomìka ta Agrarnij Bìznes is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The distinctive approach to understand data is to visualise it in the memory, the sight to capture the expounding behaviour of data is through making raw data captivated. In the core of data science, it is really important to understand data before beginning the analysation aspects. This journal describes the trends and targets of data world, approaching towards clear data understanding and everlasting data visualisation tools that make data understanding simpler than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Metabolomics is gaining popularity as a standard tool for the investigation of biological systems. Yet, parsing metabolomics data in the absence of in-house computational scientists can be overwhelming and time-consuming. As a consequence of manual data processing, the results are often not analysed in full depth, so potential novel findings might get lost. Methods To tackle this problem, we developed Metabolite AutoPlotter, a tool to process and visualise quantified metabolite data. Other than with bulk data visualisations, such as heat maps, the aim of the tool is to generate single plots for each metabolite. For this purpose, it reads as input pre-processed metabolite-intensity tables and accepts different experimental designs, with respect to the number of metabolites, conditions and replicates. The code was written in the R-scripting language and wrapped into a shiny application that can be run online in a web browser on https://mpietzke.shinyapps.io/autoplotter . Results We demonstrate the main features and the ease of use with two different metabolite datasets, for quantitative experiments and for stable isotope tracing experiments. We show how the plots generated by the tool can be interactively modified with respect to plot type, colours, text labels and the shown statistics. We also demonstrate the application towards 13C-tracing experiments and the seamless integration of natural abundance correction, which facilitates the better interpretation of stable isotope tracing experiments. The output of the tool is a zip-file containing one single plot for each metabolite as well as restructured tables that can be used for further analysis. Conclusion With the help of Metabolite AutoPlotter, it is now possible to simplify data processing and visualisation for a wide audience. High-quality plots from complex data can be generated in a short time by pressing a few buttons. This offers dramatic improvements over manual analysis. It is significantly faster and allows researchers to spend more time interpreting the results or to perform follow-up experiments. Further, this eliminates potential copy-and-paste errors or tedious repetitions when things need to be changed. We are sure that this tool will help to improve and speed up scientific discoveries.

The article is based on the results of the expedition research in 2018. It examines oral prose records of Chinese Buryats. The most impressive volume of these records includes the texts of fairy tales performed by Sebeenei Nordoboy Erdeni who is a local historian, an enthusiast for collecting oral creative art of Buryats. Twenty-nine fullfledged fairy tales have been recorded from him. The essay systematizes and groups into tentative blocks tales with a developed plot and detailed structural elements. The main principle of the fairy tales classification is the function of main character. Based on this principle, I classify the available material as the following six categories: heroic fairy tales, magic-fiction fairy tales, short stories, domestic fairy tales, cumulative fairy tales, and fairy tales containing mythological elements. Recorded from a talented shenekhen performer, this story-themed fund of fairy tales has variety and contains complete texts with artistic merits. The analysis made it possible to draw a conclusion: recorded in 2018, the oral prose of the Buryats of Inner Mongolia of the PRC, mainly represented by fairy tales, goes back to the traditional folklore of the Buryat ethnic group. The original performance of fairy tales and their main plot basis have not undergone any significant transformation. This instance was facilitated by several objective factors. One of them is that the Chinese Buryats, who found themselves isolated from the mother ethnic group, consciously, or perhaps unconsciously, chose to keep a traditional way of life in a closed ethnic circle.

The classification and systematization of some magic tales of the Khoshuts of the Xinjiang-Uigur Autonomous Region of China for the first time is presented on the basis of the Aarne-Thompson-Uther catalog and the “Comparative Index of Plots: East Slavic Tales”. In the “Comparative Index of Plots” the names of thematic sections from the Aarne-Thompson catalog and numbering are stored. For plots that do not have parallels in the Catalog, the authors introduced new numbers. The material for the study was the texts of Khoshut fairy tales published in the Collection of Folklore Works of Khoshut County on the Oirat script “Todo Bichig”. For comparison, the texts of Kalmyk tales published in the collections “Kalmyk Tales”, “Tales of Sanji Butaev” and “Keeper of the Wisdom of People’s Shan Boktaev”, as well as personal field materials of the authors were used. Comparison of fairy tale plots with indicators contributed to the classification and systematization of certain plot types of Xinjiang Khoshut magic tales: “A wonderful spouse (spouse or other relative)” (400-459), “A wonderful task” (460-499), “A wonderful assistant” (500-559), “A wonderful item” (560-649). It is noted that the similarity of plots with Kalmyk tales indicates a single national folklore fund. As a result of the analysis, interpretations and differentiating elements of some plots of Xinjiang Khoshut magic tales related to their local tradition were established.

This article focuses on the different types of people who became housing developers in medieval Catalonia through the assignment in emphyteusis of land for building ("ad construendum domos"). As examples, the article looks at four places of different sizes and jurisdictions which are well enough documented – in some cases with a series of emphyteutic establishments – to permit a diachronic study. In addition to identifying some of the main developers and the kinds of actions they took in each area, the article reviews the beneficiaries of the subsequently allotted or distributed plots, conditions established in the donations, size of plots or other indications regarding construction, materials used, and layout of future dwellings. Although this study is primarily based on published documentary sources, some contributions from the field of archaeology are also considered. Ultimately, it aims to determine the timeline of this phenomenon, that is, the moments when such building activity might have peaked in the context of the demographic and economic growth of the whole period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical form of cities is exposed to conflicting forces of change and conservation. In the conservation field, despite the advances achieved over the last decades changing the paradigm from historical monuments to urban landscapes, the focus tends to be on the building fabric and the main three-dimensional characteristics of buildings. This paper proposes a complementary emphasis for conservation--the town-plan, meaning the different patterns of combination of streets, plots, and block-plans of buildings (building footprints). Preserving the town-plan of urban areas built in the past, means bringing to the present significant parts of urban history, assuring diversity (a key characteristic for sustainable, resilient, and safe cities), and providing a basis for the design of new areas more accessible, dense, and continuous. This argument is illustrated in the Chelsea district in New York at two different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out in December 2020 at the Food and Fisheries Service of West Sumatra Province. This study aims to find out how the strategies used by extension workers in forming independent target groups in the midst of the many problems that occur in the community in Tanah Datar Regency. The method used in this study is a survey method with a descriptive qualitative approach with a phenomenological concept. The total population in this study were 5 respondents and 6 informants. From the results of the study, it was found that the strategies carried out by extension workers in Tanah Datar Regency can be seen from 5 indicators, namely approach, counseling, coaching, training, and evaluation. The forms of approach taken by the extension worker to the community are the mass approach, the group approach, and the individual approach. Extension officers conduct counseling to community groups aimed at increasing public knowledge about the material being taught. Extension workers also carry out coaching in stages, this aims to increase public knowledge and provide examples of how to do cultivation. In addition to coaching the extension workers, they also make useful trainings to increase the skills of the community and they can manage their own cultivation well. After everything is running, the extension worker evaluates what the community lacks and must be done to increase independence in people's lives in Tanah Datar Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted on July - August, 2020 in mangrove ecotourism area of Kampung Kayu Ara Permai, Siak Regency. The purpose of this study was to obtain the value of density, frequency, mangrove important value index (INP Mangrove), dominance index value and mangrove diversity index in the mangrove ecotourism area of Kampung Kayu Ara Permai. Five serial plots with provisions of 10x10 meters2 for trees, 5x5 meters² for shrubs, and 2x2 meters² for seedlings. Each plot identified species, measured stem diameter, and the number of individual mangroves. Vegetation analysis using Mueller and Dumbois formulas to get the value of diversity, frequency, dominance and importance of plants. The results showed that nine species of mangrove vegetation were found: Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnoriza, Bruguiera sexangula, Bruguiera sylindrica, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa. The highest importance index was found in Rhizophora apiculata (102.4%). Mangrove diversity in this area is high (5.28) and is dominated by Rhizophora apiculata. The high diversity of mangroves is due to the preservation of this area by community groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plot breeding is a very important link of seed breeding, providing for the field experimental data and breeder seed or original seed. Seed harvested from the plot is commonly processed with manual tools or cleaned by simple machines. A batch seed cleaner is a piece of special equipment to meet the specific processing of germplasm materials in the experimental area. However, there are multiple operation procedures, high labor intensity, and low efficiency in seed batch processing. Manual operation with independent electric control systems has also caused uncontrollable clean-up quality, inefficient and time consuming. This study aims to develop a novel batch seed cleaner for the specific requirements of high efficiency, no residue and easy cleaning. An automatic control system was introduced to implement automatic operation using STM32 embed programming. A variety of functional modules were included, such as feeding margin detection, variable frequency vibration, high-frequency vibration cleaning, screen tilting adjustment, and terminal display with interactive interface and STM32 main control system. Hardware and software of the control system were designed for a sequence working flow, including the feeding, winnowing, and sieving. Three groups of photoelectric sensors were installed to monitor the location and status of the seed. Specifically, the No.1 photoelectric sensor was installed in the lower part of the hopper to monitor and control the feeding and air separation system. The No.2 and the No.3 photoelectric sensors were mounted on the two ends of the lower screen to control the screening device and vibration motor. An angle sensor was used to detect the angle of the screen. The key working parameters and functions were optimized, including the feeding speed, sieving vibration frequency, clean-up vibration, and tilt angle adjustment. The priority flag bit was used to optimize the sequential operation. An optimal control strategy was achieved for a stable and reliable system. A prototype performance test was carried out for high robustness of the automatic control system, thereby systematically investigating the influence on the quality and efficiency of seed batch cleaner. The cleaning test for corn seed showed that the coefficient of variation for the seed purity, the percentage of chosen seed, and working time were 0.15%, 0.26%, 2.2% and 2.19% respectively, under the set working conditions. An optimal combination was gained for the quality requirements of plot seeding, where the cleaning process was smooth, while the automatic control system operated normally, and the batch seed cleaner worked reliably. This finding can provide a sound reference for the automatic control system in the intelligent batch cleaner for seed or granular materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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So far the genre of the Kalmyk household fairy tale has not been a subject of special folklore research despite the generally accepted fact that household fairy tales of the Kalmyks are of exceptionally high artistic merit. They have a well-defined specificity that manifests itself in peculiarities of their plots, the system of images and characters, originality of artistic and expressive means. The universal classification of genres can be well applied to Kalmyk fairy tales, though there are some specific features; there are magic, household, satirical, heroic fairy tales and fairy tales about animals. In terms of artistic contents and plot typology as well as functions of characters, household fairy tales can be classified as follows: 1) about cunning and dexterous people, thieves; 2) about wise guessers; 3) about fairy tale characters’ pursuits of happiness; 4) about married couples; 5) about clergymen; 6) about fools. The preliminary examination of plots of Kalmyk household fairy tales and their topics has identified that they contain oppositions as follows: “clever - fool, silly”, “rich - poor”, “generous - avaricious”, “good - evil”. Nowadays one of the main goals of Kalmyk folklore studies is to explore and publish the plots of Kalmyk household fairy tales. Comprehensive textual studies of the Kalmyk household fairy tale are actual enough since separate fairy tale plots of the Kalmyks - recorded from various taletellers and at various times - have numerous versions. Preparation and publication of unique Kalmyk household fairy tales within “The Corpus of Kalmyk Folklore” is of great importance for preservation, revival and enrichment of the national cultural heritage.

This article incorporates Gerald Prince's and Caroline Levine's work on form to reveal some of the innovations in Patrick Gale's 'A Slight Chill' ([1996] 2018). This short story juxtaposes two antagonistic plots: the vampire Lotta Wexel's gastronomic activities and her teacher Angel Voysey's romance. By attending to, and drawing connections between, smaller forms (e.g. allusions and metaphors) and larger ones (plots and genre), I argue that we may better understand Gale's project. Lotta's plot effectively exposes and frustrates Angel's. In foregrounding such interactions, he encourages the reader to reassess both the affordances and the inadequacies of the models and expectations that Angel inherits. This article goes on to analyse Gale's screenplay for his upcoming film adaptation to show how he gives a new application to his earlier project. If the short story is particularly invested in the decisions before Angel, then the screenplay explores, even more so than its source material, how and why we categorize characters into hierarchical forms. This article contributes to knowledge, then, by examining Gale's writing programme, which has received inadequate scholarly attention; by illuminating some of its complexities; and by demonstrating the value of thinking about the short story in terms of form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Association rule mining is intended for searching for the relationships between attributes in transaction databases. The whole process of rule discovery is very complex, and involves pre-processing techniques, a rule mining step, and post-processing, in which visualization is carried out. Visualization of discovered association rules is an essential step within the whole association rule mining pipeline, to enhance the understanding of users on the results of rule mining. Several association rule mining and visualization methods have been developed during the past decades. This review paper aims to create a literature review, identify the main techniques published in peer-reviewed literature, examine each method's main features, and present the main applications in the field. Defining the future steps of this research area is another goal of this review paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]