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In addition to being the first U.S. president, George Washington was a surveyor, a soldier, a planter, and the commander-in-chief of an army. All significant aspects of his life, these diverse roles involved interaction with weather conditions. More than simply part of the backdrop of Washington's life, weather had a prominent role in shaping his experiences and the course of his career, both public and private. At times, the weather served as an ally by helping Washington in his pursuits, but most of the time, meteorological conditions were an adversary, inflicting hardships and disrupting or ruining his plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores narratives of sexual violence, commodification, and objectification of the Black female body in the patriarchal context through the intersectionality of the vectors of race, class, and gender. The notion of performativity is central to this context. This article addresses the way that, in Austin Clarke's novel The Polished Hoe, Mary-Mathilda assumes radical agency by resisting sexual victimization and reaches a complex understanding of the self by occupying various subject positions simultaneously: that of the field labourer, of the mother, of the mistress, of the sex worker, and of the murderer. A lot of emphasis has been placed on the dialectic of trauma inflicted on the Caribbean community, but little attention has been given to the attainment of Black female radical agency. I explore the question of positionality within the structure of a power hierarchy in a specific geographical space through phenomenology. This theory will shed light on the complexity of sexual relations in that system. Mary-Mathilda is a liminal subject whose transition to agency is marked by the spatiality of the plantation and by the temporality of the night. I argue that she falls into a third identitarian space. This new space is a discursive formation that functions as a locus where multiple subjectivities exist and where the subject can exist in its most authentic form in a cross-cultural framework similar to the one outlined by Paul Gilroy in The Black Atlantic. By employing the term "third identitarian space," I provide a fresh outlook in relation to the spatial dimension of the work of Frantz Fanon. The existence of a third identitarian space signals the existence of a third space of thinking, a way of thinking that deviates from the dialectical thought of postcolonial theorists who recognize this space only in relation to the transatlantic slave trade and colonialism. Ultimately, through her final act of mutilating Bellfeels, Mary-Mathilda rewrites the fabric of patriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On a wintery day in 1916, African American workers on the Mulberry Plantation outside Charleston, South Carolina, used a peculiar, hand-carved wooden shovel with a paddle-like blade to clear ditches around rice fields. This article explores the origins and proliferation of that shovel, from the fulcrum shovel of West African rice farmers, to the long-handled scoops that enslaved rice workers used in the Lowcountry in the 1840s and 1850s, to the artifacts kept in museums in South Carolina today. While many questions about the evolution of the wooden shovel remain to be answered, this exploratory essay uses a wide array of sources to examine the transmission of a vital piece of material culture from the subsistence farms of West Africa to the massive rice labor camps of the South Carolina Lowcountry. As the article demonstrates in this journey through the archives, the historiography, museums, and even the old rice fields of Mulberry, the shovel fills a gap: from ditching to sowing, harvesting, and processing, historians now have evidence of West African origins of every stage of rice's life cycle in the Lowcountry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, global oil palm production has shown an abrupt increase, with almost 90% produced in Southeast Asia alone. To understand trends in oil palm plantation expansion and for landscape-level planning, accurate maps are needed. Although different oil palm maps have been produced using remote sensing in the past, here we use Sentinel 1 imagery to generate an oil palm plantation map for Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand for the year 2017. In addition to location, the age of the oil palm plantation is critical for calculating yields. Here we have used a Landsat time series approach to determine the year in which the oil palm plantations are first detected, at which point they are 2 to 3 years of age. From this, the approximate age of the oil palm plantation in 2017 can be derived. Measurement(s) 2-D extent • age Technology Type(s) Classification Factor Type(s) input dataset Sample Characteristic - Organism Elaeis guineensis Sample Characteristic - Environment oil palm plantation Sample Characteristic - Location Southeast Asia Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13899713 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popularly known as guarana, Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke, from the Paullinieae tribe, Sapindaceae family, is a native Brazilian species of considerable economic importance in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Actinomycetes are qualitatively and quantitatively important in the rhizosphere, being able to influence plant growth and protect the roots from the invasion of pathogenic fungi, thus being able to be used in the biological control of diseases in plantations. This work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial action of rhizospheric actinomycetes from guaranazeiro from plantations located in the municipality of Maués/AM, in order to find new antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria in humans. 17 actinomycetes isolated from the guaranazeiro rhizosphere were investigated and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against four pathogenic bacteria of clinical interest. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumococcus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacilus subtilis. The evaluation of antagonistic activity by the isolates was performed using the cross streak and thermostability method. The results revealed that the ACT 4 isolate enabled the inhibition of only two pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, while the ACT 93 isolate exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against all the gram-positive pathogenic bacteria evaluated. As for thermostability and production of metabolites by the isolates, only the ACT 4 isolate was able to inhibit an Enterococcus faecalis bacterium. This study shows that actinomycete isolates have the potential to act as potential sources of new antibacterial compounds against human pathogenic microorganisms. However, more in-depth testing is needed so that an important entry into the pharmaceutical industry can take place in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the issue on topics including colonial plantation slavery in Saint-Domingue in the 18th century, black posthumanism and plantation spaces in the global black south.

Plantation forests play an important role in global carbon cycle. However, life cycle analysis on carbon budget of plantation forests was still poorly documented, especially regarding how forest management influence its carbon dynamics. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gaps, taking Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation forest in North China for example. Based on established tree growth models and carbon stock models, we firstly discussed carbon dynamics of living trees; besides, carbon budgets of forest litter and soil were estimated by balancing its carbon inputs and carbon emissions (using the YASSO model). Forest management (including seedlings, site preparation and logging) can lead to carbon emissions due to material and energy consumption. Our findings were as follows: carbon sequestration by plantation forest amounted to 164.56 t C/ha during one 41-year rotation period in our study, most of which flowed into forest litter and soil. During one whole rotation period, forest litter and soil released out 100.21 tC/ha of sequestered carbon, while forest management resulted in about 1.59 tC/ha of carbon emissions. With forest plantation renewal, forest carbon storage increased due to more carbon stored in forest litter and soil, mainly existing in humus 1 and humus 2. Considering forest natural carbon dynamics, plantation forest functioned as the “carbon sink” during the first 5 rotation periods in our study, but the net carbon sink decreased from 35.95 tC/ha to 0.98 tC/ha. The increase of temperature and precipitation could result in more carbon emissions, and forest ecosystem carbon budget was more sensitive to precipitation changes than that to temperature changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an analysis of Indigenous and African slavery in the Illinois Country during the eighteenth century. It shows that slavery did not operate as an institution and was not organized around plantation production, but that human bondage was a set of adaptable practices. Slavery took many forms, and masters had to adapt to that diversity and, in so doing, they forged a single, heterogeneous slave system. Frenchmen brought enslaved workers of African descent to the Illinois Country, and masters worked them on grain farms to sustain an export economy. In this way, Illinois’s economy shared much with the wider Atlantic World. Yet they had to revise their slaving practices in light of the reality that indigenous forms of bondage pre-dated their arrival. In Native North America, slavery operated as a kin-based system of captivity that could structure alliances and sustain local politics between diverse groups. Masters participated in this form of slavery, and incorporated Indigenous slaves into their economies. Rather than stressing the differences that existed between diverse forms of human bondage, this article moves beyond an institutional analysis of slavery to show how slavery’s many guises mutually defined each other across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on Nevis island and the history of the Antillean hallucination brought by the colonialism. Topics mentioned include the tourist attraction in the plantation society, the snake free plantation garden of the island, and the images of the young men who were charged of murder. It mentioned the photographs of the accused like Renaissance paintings that symbolizes the colonial racism.

Genetic engineering (GE) can be used to improve forest plantation productivity and tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, gene flow from GE forest plantations is a large source of ecological, social and legal controversy. The use of genetic technologies to mitigate or prevent gene flow has been discussed widely and should be technically feasible in a variety of plantation taxa. However, potential ecological effects of such modifications, and their social acceptability, are not well understood. Focusing on Eucalyptus, Pinus, Populus and Pseudotsuga - genera that represent diverse modes of pollination and seed dispersal - we conducted in-depth reviews of ecological processes associated with reproductive tissues.Wealso explored potential impacts of various forms of reproductive modification at stand and landscape levels, and means for mitigating impacts. We found little research on potential reactions by the public and other stakeholders to reproductive modification in forest plantations. However, there is considerable research on related areas that suggest key dimensions of concern and support. We provide detailed suggestions for research to understand the biological and social dimensions of containment technologies, and consider the role of regulatory and market restrictions that obstruct necessary ecological and genetic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How much of genetic diversity is desirable in mass production of forest reproductive material? How mass production of forest reproductive material reduces genetic diversity? Relation between genetic diversity and mass production of forest reproductive material is discussed in a holistic manner. In industrial forest plantations, narrow genetic diversity is desirable and reproductive material is produced at clone level. On the other hand, in conservation forestry a wide genetic diversity is imperative. Beside management goals, a desirable level of genetic diversity is related to rotation cycle and ontogeny of tree species. Risks of failure are lower in short rotations of fast growing species. In production of slow growing species, managed in long rotations, the reduction of genetic diversity increases the risk of failure due to causes unknown or unexpected at the time of planting. This risk is additionally increased in cases of seed transfer and in conditions of climate change. Every step in production of forest reproductive material, from collection to nursery production, has an effect on genetic diversity mainly by directional selection and should be considered. This review revealed no consistent decrease of genetic diversity during forest reproductive material production and planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphra Behn's 1688 novel, Oroonoko, tells the story of 'the royal slave,' in the subtitle's phrase, ostensibly an African prince captured by an English ship captain off the African coast and transported across the Atlantic into slavery in Surinam. Overlooked in this brutal, murderous, dismembering finale is the violent role of an Irishman, 'one Banister, a wild IrishMan.' This essay springs from a few simple questions: Who was this man, this Irish man, and what is he doing in Surinam, and in Behn's novel? The answers to those questions offer important points of access to the larger, contextual implications of Behn's novel-its relationship to British political developments more or less contemporary with its publication, its reflections on the comparatively late English emergence in the transatlantic slave trade, and the formal disjunctures within Behn's novel that reflect and highlight related tensions in plantation modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide tree plantations face prolonged drought periods that are predicted to increase in duration and intensity under climate change scenarios. Trees stressed by drought are susceptible to secondary stressors including pests and pathogens. Depending on the timing and intensity of these stressors, their impact may be persistent or acute, with varied temporal and spatial responses by different hosts. There are complex processes involved in tree performance and mortality, and often it can be difficult to identify the leading cause of growth decline and death. However, it is important to recognise that often death can be a gradual process with periods of recovery. While previous models have focussed on the decline of the tree in response to stress, there has been little focus on the recovery from stress. Hence, the development here of the Tree Decline Recovery Seesaw model. This conceptual model is based on the premise that drought stressed trees may alternate between different stages of health through time, particularly those facing intermittent drought over extended periods. This approach takes into account that recovery periods allow for the tree to regain health, and potentially create new opportunities for pest and disease outbreaks. The Tree Decline Recovery Seesaw model provides researchers with the understanding of the complexity of drought/pest/pathogen interactions, allowing them to assess the order and severity of the stressors to determine the likely outcome. This paper provides a vital step towards the development of predictive tools for plantation managers. While our model has focussed on eucalypt plantation trees, there is potential to apply the model to other tree species and forms of plant stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic properties of rainfall interception were investigated at three growth stages in Chinese fir plantations. The results showed that the annual interception ratio was significantly higher in mature stands than in young stands. For a storm event, interception rainfall amount increased with increasing rainfall, but interception ratio decreased. In contrast to dry season conditions, the interception amount was high in the wet seasons, while the interception ratio was low. The rates of change in interception ratio were extremely rapid in small rainfall events. There was little stemflow in Chinese fir forests due to the pyramid-shaped crowns and thick rough bark of the trees. The power model was suitable to describe the interception process for an individual rainfall event for stands of any age. Our results indicate that the interception process varied for stands of different ages in Chinese fir plantations due to contrasting canopy structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the withdrawal from the plant protection industry of several main insecticides (e.g. endosulfan, amitraz and propargite) commonly used to control the strawberry mite ( Phytonemus pallidus spp . fragariae ), there is a constant need to search for new control measures against this pest. The efficacy of spirotetramat (Movento 150 OD at rates of 0.5 and 0.7 and Movento 100 SC at rates of 0.75 and 1.0 l ha −1 ), abamectin (Vertimec 018 EC, 1.0 l ha −1 ) and abamectin (1.0 l ha −1 ) + the adjuvant Slippa (0.2 l ha −1 ) for control of strawberry mite was evaluated in the current study. Pyridaben (Sanmite 20 WP, 2.25 kg ha −1 ) was used as a reference product. All of the products were used twice at weekly intervals, after fruit harvest, when the population of P. pallidus exceeded the risk threshold. All products significantly reduced P. pallidus populations in strawberry plantations compared to control plots. The results obtained with spirotetramat were dependent on dose and formulation, and ranged from 60% to over 90% efficacy. The efficacy of abamectin for controlling the mobile forms of strawberry mite was 81–99%. This active ingredient applied in combination with the adjuvant did not display any better level of control than when applied alone (efficacy 77–95%). The results obtained with the reference product (pyridaben) were similar or slightly lower (average > 80%) than those obtained with the test products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for predicting dominant height growth and site index ofPseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco in Spain was constructed. Data from stem analysis of 117 site trees were used. Four dynamic equations using the algebraic difference approach (ADA) and its generalisation (GADA), which have provided good results in previous studies, were evaluated. The model parameters were estimated with the base‑age‑invariant method of dummy variables, which considers both global (common to all sites) and local parameters (specific to each site). A GADA equation based on the Bertalanffy–Richards base model yielded the best results. The model provides polymorphic curves with multiple asymptotes. A base age of 20 years is proposed to reference site index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, conducted to test the effect of spacing on wood quality; the effect of four different spacing types, applied in Adapazarı Süleymaniye plantation (Region 1; 3x2 m; Region 2; 3x2,5 m; Region 3; 3,75x3,75 m; Region 4; 4x4 m), on some mechanical properties of narrow leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) have been studied. In the present study, some mechanical properties such as the compression strength parallel to grain, tensile stress perpendicular to grain, bending strength, impact bending strength and modulus of elasticity were determined. As a result, the ash wood, grown in region 4 with a wide range of planting, has high mechanical properties. However, when analyzed in terms of wood quality characteristics, it has been found that spacing in region 1 (2x3 m) is more suitable for applications of ash plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling competing vegetation during early growth is one of the most important practices for the successful establishment of poplar plantations. Today, most poplar plantations in temperate regions are established on abandoned marginal agricultural land where competing vegetation is usually present during the first years after planting. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine how the growth of two kinds of poplar planting materials, un-rooted cuttings and bare-rooted seedlings was influenced by different vegetation control and soil preparation practices. Across treatments, un-rooted cuttings grew more rapidly than the bare-rooted seedlings. Our results also show that mulching with a degradable carpet or permanent polyethylene plastic increased seedling growth to a similar extent and more strongly in the cases of no treatment (in control plots). In addition, the results suggest that soil preparation in the mulched area favored seedling growth, but this effect was restricted to the first year after planting. These findings indicate that optimal practices for establishing poplar plantations on former agricultural land include planting un-rooted cuttings in prepared soil and mulching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native fruiting plants are widely cultivated in the Amazon, but little information on their water use characteristics can be found in the literature. To explore the potential impacts of plantations on local to regional water balance, we studied plant water use characteristics of two native fruit plants commonly occurring in the Amazon region. The study was conducted in a mixed fruit plantation containing a dicot tree species (Cupuaçu, Theobroma grandiflorum) and a monocot palm species (Açai, Euterpe oleracea) close to the city of Manaus, in the Central Amazon. Scaling from sap flux measurements, palms had a 3.5-fold higher water consumption compared to trees with a similar diameter. Despite the high transpiration rates of the palms, our plantation had only one third of the potential water recycling capacity of natural forests in the area. Converting natural forest into such plantations will thus result in significantly higher runoff rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantations of exotic conifers on ancient woodland sites retain many features of high conservation value and in many countries such sites are being actively restored. Clear-felling of the conifer trees is often a straight-forward first step, but recent guidance on restoration advocates gradual removal of the plantation crop to protect vulnerable woodland specialist plants. To date there has been little empirical evidence to support this policy. One hundred and four stands in 39 woodland sites in the UK owned by the Woodland Trust from Cornwall to Invernesshire were surveyed in 2001 and again in 2009 to assess the survival of woodland flora following restoration by both clear-felling and gradual removal of the plantation crop. On average, there were over seven woodland specialist and ancient woodland indicator species in each of the stands surveyed. Loss of specialist woodland species – the most shade adapted component of the flora – over this time period was strongly correlated with the degree of canopy opening. In contrast, the loss of more light demanding plant species was not related to the intensity of tree removals. This study suggests that a careful assessment and prioritisation of conservation values is needed before restoration. Rapid removal of an exotic species as part of a restoration programme may have an adverse effect on subsequent succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the semi-fictionalized travelogue "Three Weeks on a Cotton Plantation" written by J. G. Holland. Topics include a synopsis of Holland's narrative in which the author aimed to convey an understanding of the South's culture and morals, Holland's close and long lasting relationship with Emily Dickinson and Elizabeth Bishop's Emily Dickinson's Letters to Doctor and Mrs. Josiah Gilbert Holland in "The New Republic."

Afforestation is a remedial strategy that follows the pattern of natural forest ecosystems, which still are one of the most damaged ecological structures over time. The effectiveness of afforestations at local / regional scale and time scale at which successional phenomena can be observed in these ecological structures and how similar become in time to the structure and functions of natural forest ecosystems, still are of high interest for the scientists and not only. We have chosen for a preliminary study, ten forest plantations situated in the Criş and Mureş river basins (West Romania) grouped into two categories: four-year-old plantations and ten-year-old plantations. Was studied epigeic invertebrate fauna collected both qualitatively and quantitatively. It was followed the taxonomic composition of invertebrate communities, there were calculated the major structural indices of the zoocoenoses and linear correlation coefficient (r) for groups of predators and their potential food. The degree of taxonomic similarity was calculated using the Sørensen index of similarity and it was established the significance level between the existent differences using the Mann-Whitney test. There were noticed significant and highly significant differences between the plantations both in the same age group and of different ages. There are also differences in the way the predators consume the food and also, the strength of the trophic connections between predators and prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsequent to 1950, commercially propagated and non-native trees, includingPinus, EucalyptusandCupressusspecies in Colombian plantations, have been damaged by several native defoliating insects, residing mainly in the Lepidoptera (Geometridae), Phasmatodea (Heteronemiidae) and the Hymenoptera (Formicidae). We report on the relatively recent appearance of three important and damaging new insect pests of plantation-grownPinusandEucalyptusspp. in Colombia, two of which are not native to this country. These includeMonalonion velezangeli(Hemiptera: Miridae),Glycaspis brimblecombei(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) andPineus boerneri(Hemiptera: Adelgidae). This report provides information on the basic biology of these new pests, their hosts, areas of occurrence, likely origin and prospects for their management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years foresters have been using statistical probability density functions to describe and characterise stand structure. Predicting the current and future yields of a stand is essential for successful stand and timber management. Implicit prediction of current yield is accomplished by using diameter distribution methods. All diameter distribution yield systems predict the number of trees per unit area by diameter class. In this study, the normal, lognormal and the three-parameter Weibull probability density function were compared to characterise the diameter distributions of Sal (Shorea robusta) plantations grown at Tilagarh Eco-park, Bangladesh. Data from 70 plots, established in three plantations, were used for this study. The Weibull parameters were estimated by the maximum likelihood and moments estimator methods. A one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used for the goodness of fit for all models. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test results showed that both lognormal and Weibull distributions were suitable to characterise the diameter distributions of Sal plantations in the study area and may be applicable for other Sal forests in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the idyllic portrait of a colonial estate depicted in the life narratives of former Javanese estate workers. The recollections of former workers do not reflect the existing narratives of plantation life and work on Sumatra's colonial plantations, but provide a different perspective on the colonial estate. The memories of estate life in the late colonial period recorded here provide an opening to explore how and why these elderly narrators engage the colonial past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing primarily on archival material such as plantation records, this article places the figure of the plantation overseer at the centre of the drama of the American Revolution in the southern colonies. Occupying a contested liminal space within colonial society, between rich and poor, and between the free and the unfree, the overseer was not necessarily the ne'er-do-well of conventional stereotype. This “Predatory War,” however, tested the overseer's loyalties and sense of duty to the fullest extent. Understanding his role in the conflict offers a significant insight into the experience of a plantation society at war. In particular the overseer was caught in the tension between elite and yeomanry, between the conflicting calls of loyalism and the cause of the Patriots. Perhaps most significantly of all he stood at the forefront of the defence of race slavery during the tumult of civil conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since the 1970s, the "hand charm" has been recognized in plantation archaeology as an early example of an "Africanism," a perceived supernatural object within African American life, with roots in African culture and belief. The underpinnings of this interpretation are examined, and the myth of the so-called hand charm deconstructed in two parts: first, in a critical examination, the previous arguments that described these objects-which are ornate hook-and-eye clothing fasteners- as primarily supernatural, are discounted; second, a new explanatory model is offered for how and why these ornamented fasteners made their way into their plantation or African American contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the plantation system during and after transatlantic slavery. It is noted that the interlocking workings of modernity and blackness, which culminate in long-standing, uneven racial geographies is uncovered by the plantation thesis. It is stated that It is a series of debates about the workings of antiblack racism is anchored by the plantation.

The article discusses lessons in blackbody minstrelsy using the Old Plantation in Buffalo, New York as a case study to show the shift in the minstrelsy genre, a performance act that was a conflation of African American authenticity and white theatrical construction. History shows the permutations minstrelsy underwent in the late 1880s and 1990s to reproduce Southern African American plantation life. It explores the minstrel school's curriculum about actual slave life.

A literary criticism of the book "Within the Plantation Household: Black & White Women of the Old South" by Elizabeth Fox-Genovese is presented. It focuses on the incorporation of black and white women's voices into the field of women's history through a single narrative. Other topics include class relations in the antebellum South, gender issues in the field of women's history, and plantation household paradigms.

The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 opened Florida as part of the American rapid westward expansion. The new territory offered speculative ventures, potential political careers, and cheap, fertile land to many Tidewater planters. In the 1840s, the newly opened South Florida frontier enabled Middle Florida planters to create sugar plantations, worked by enslaved labor, that participated within the 19th-century global economy. This paper examines the historical sources regarding Robert Gamble's Virginia heritage, his family's role in the migration of Virginia planters to Middle Florida, and the creation of the Gamble Plantation in order to gain a sense of the Manatee River frontier as a settlement colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented that discusses the place of the colonial plantation in the postcolonial analysis, exploring the socioeconomic and political legacies of the plantation-based economy. It describes the transition of the plantation from slave-based production means to a wage-based means of production, plantation owners' attitudes towards free blacks, and the development of the modern factory and its relation to plantations.

This paper explores the hybridized realities of European, Native American and Afro-Caribbean/Afro-American residents of Sylvester Manor, New York and Constant Plantation, Barbados during the seventeenth century. It draws on archaeological and landscape evidence from two plantations that were owned and operated by different members of the same family during the seventeenth century. One of plantations, known as Sylvester Manor, encompassed all 8,000 acres of Shelter Island, New York. It was established in 1652 primarily to help in the provisioning of two large sugar plantations on Barbados, Constant and Carmichael plantations. Sylvester Manor was operated by Nathaniel Sylvester; an Englishman who spent the first twenty years of life living in Amsterdam where his father was a merchant. Constant and Carmichael plantations were operated by his brother Constant Sylvester. Both the Barbados and New York plantations relied upon a labor force of enslaved Afro-Caribbean's. Archaeological evidence from Sylvester Manor has also revealed that Native American laborers played a prominent role in the daily activities of this northern plantation. Material and landscape evidence reveal the construction of hybridized identities that in the case of Barbados, are still part of the fabric of a postcolonial reality. Evidence from Sylvester Manor provides detailed insights into the construction of hybridized identities under the exigencies of a plantation economy whose global connections are dramatically visible in the archaeological record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents discussion concerning the "black rice thesis" promoted by some transatlantic historians and addressed in the journal's previous article "Agency and Diaspora in Atlantic History," by David Eltis, Philip Morgan, and David Richardson, originally printed in the December 2007 issue. The author agrees with the criticism offered in the original article, but also noting flaws within their methodology, suggesting instead that focus should be given to the development of early plantation life rather than the direct impact of the slave trade. Further questions are then raised and addressed discussing alternative causes of rice culture in the colonial states of North America and the implications of cultural transfer and contribution in Atlantic studies.

We analyzed the structure and growth of naturally regenerated stands of Pinus brutia that mixed with planted broad-leaved and conifer species, 12 years after wildfire and examined the degree of species mix. Field data on stand structure of P. brutia forest were taken in spring 2009 on northern and southern aspects differing in regeneration conditions. Sixteen sample plots were selected and all individuals and their attributes measured. The results showed that in northern aspects the forest is composed of P. brutia in the over-storey and Quercus pubescens and Cupressus sempervirens in the under-storey, while in southern aspects the forest was mainly composed by P. brutia (81%). Stem diameter distribution of P. brutia in both aspects followed almost a normal pattern. All P. brutia individuals were characterized by vigorous growth and good to normal stem quality. Aspect did not statistically affect structural characteristics of P. brutia trees and saplings. However, on the northern aspect stem diameter, height, crown length and basal area of P. brutia were greater than in the southern aspect. Aspect significantly affected structural characteristics of Q. pubescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the structure and symbolism of the short story "Dave's Neckliss," by Charles W. Chesnutt. It is the last of Chesnutt's tales of pre-Civil War Southern plantation life, called conjure tales, which feature the character Uncle Julius as a narrator. The story recounts how a slave, accused of stealing a ham, was punished by being made to wear the stolen ham on a chain around his neck. This is said to be a reference to the Biblical figure Ham, who was thought to be the ancestor of African people. The depiction of American slaves as Hamites is analyzed.