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Background Methods Key Results Conclusions & Inferences Supplementation with the Agave tequilana Weber blue variety fructans is a feasible treatment option for functional constipation (FC). However, its effects on colonic function have not yet been studied. This study assessed whole gut transit time (WGTT) and regional transit time using a wireless motility capsule (WMC) before and after supplementation with different fiber treatments in patients with FC.A secondary analysis was performed on data collected from a randomized, double‐blind clinical trial comparing agave fructans with psyllium plantago. WGTT, regional transit time, contractility, and pH were measured using WMC before and after fiber supplementation. Comparisons were performed using nonparametric tests.Twenty patients with FC were evaluated, with a median age of 39 (25–54 years), and 18 (90%) were women. Five patients were included in each intervention group. There were no changes in WGTT or regional transit times between the groups (p > 0.05). Similarly, there were no differences in the changes experienced by regional or general contractility among the groups (p > 0.05). The cecal pH profile did not differ between the groups before and after fiber supplementation (p > 0.05). The percentages of clinical responses and consistency of bowel movements between the groups were similar.FC presents a clinical response to a fiber challenge, regardless of the administered intervention. However, this response was not associated with improvement in contractility or regional transit time. We speculate that there are other mechanisms by which fiber consumption may improve FC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbaceous plants can form root systems by investing in one main taproot or many adventitious roots. While monocots have adventitious systems, eudicots can have either type in different species and even within a single species depending on its age, environment, or injury. Although clearly different, we know little about their relationship to ecological functions and response. We used Plantago lanceolata, a species that can have either root system and forms adventitious buds on roots, to test methods to form plants with a taproot, adventitious roots, or that grow from a root fragment, to obtain individuals of comparable size. We first evaluated injury response and root traits, then used selected models in a pilot study. For the pilot study, we selected an adventitious root model procedure with root removal from approximately 5-day-old seedlings at 1-2 mm below the stem base (hypocotyl) and rootsprout model of the topmost 4 cm of the taproot from 4-week-old plants. We planted adventitious and taprooted plants in three urban lawns and harvested them after three months. Adventitious and tap-rooted plants were similarly affected by competition, producing lower biomass of leaves and stem in more competitive lawns. Root and leaf traits were consistent regardless of architecture type. Plantago lanceolata fully compensated early loss of the taproot when injured at about 10 days old, and in mesic conditions both root architectures perform similarly. These model systems can be used for investigating the role of root architecture in a variety of ecological topics, for example, its function along a moisture gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago lanceolata has been increasingly cultivated in recent years as a forage crop due to its high feeding quality, good adaptability and medicinal benefits. Between 2015 and 2023, Alternaria leaf spot (ALS), appearing as reddish‐brown necrotic spots with a greyish white to pale brown centre, was commonly observed in two forage germplasm nurseries of P. lanceolata of Sichuan Province, China. Initially, 139 Alternaria strains were isolated from leaf lesions, and then identified using the identity of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences in the NCBI database and the similarity of morphological characteristics. By pure culture technique, six representative isolates were finally obtained for the present study. Based on both multilocus phylogeny (SSU, LSU, ITS, gapdh, rpb2, tef1, endoPG, OPA10‐2, alt a 1, KOG1058 and KOG1077) and morphology, four Alternaria species were identified: three new records of A. alternata, A. arborescens species complex and A. gossypina on this host in China, belonging to section Alternaria, and a new species of section Porri, namely, A. lanceolatae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests by inoculation on both detached leaves and whole plants revealed that A. lanceolatae was the most important causal agent of ALS, while the other three species were nonpathogenic to P. lanceolata. This study characterized a novel pathogenic Alternaria species of section Porri from P. lanceolata in China and could contribute as useful research for possible ALS management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeats can mediate rearrangements and recombination in plant mitochondrial genomes and plastid genomes. While repeat accumulations are linked to heightened evolutionary rates and complex structures in specific lineages, debates persist regarding the extent of their influence on sequence and structural evolution. In this study, 75 Plantago plastomes were analyzed to investigate the relationships between repeats, nucleotide substitution rates, and structural variations. Extensive repeat accumulations were associated with significant rearrangements and inversions in the large inverted repeats (IRs), suggesting that repeats contribute to rearrangement hotspots. Repeats caused infrequent recombination that potentially led to substoichiometric shifting, supported by long-read sequencing. Repeats were implicated in elevating evolutionary rates by facilitating localized hypermutation, likely through DNA damage and repair processes. This study also observed a decrease in nucleotide substitution rates for loci translocating into IRs, supporting the role of biased gene conversion in maintaining lower substitution rates. Combined with known parallel changes in mitogenomes, it is proposed that potential dysfunction in nuclear-encoded genes associated with DNA replication, recombination, and repair may drive the evolution of Plantago organellar genomes. These findings contribute to understanding how repeats impact organellar evolution and stability, particularly in rapidly evolving plant lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) is expected to open up new crop cultivation perspectives in arable farming in order to significantly reduce nitrogen losses through leaching, N2O emissions and to increase resilience under drought conditions. Therefore, this study investigated the properties of the roots as an alternative to grasses for forage production under drought conditions. Ten genotypes of ribwort plantain were compared under field conditions in northern Switzerland, focusing on the characteristics of the root system and the aucubin content in the leaves and roots. Aucubin, known for inhibiting the nitrification process in the soil, varied according to genotype and season. All tested genotypes showed higher aucubin content in leaves than in roots, which may indicate the greater importance of leaves in reducing soil nitrification. Dry matter yield and for the first time root characteristics, such as root length density (RLD) and specific root length (SRL), were evaluated at two different soil depths, and at different distances from the plants. The results showed that ribwort is well adapted to acquire water and nutrients in terms of rooting in topsoil. In addition, a second field experiment conducted in eastern Germany (Saxony) confirmed the plant's ability to root deeply after one year of cultivation, reaching depths of up to even 1.88 m. The obtained results indicate the high capacity of ribwort plantain to take up water and nutrients also from deeper soil layers. To reduce N2O emissions through the cultivation of ribwort plantain, the choice of genotype seems to be of great importance due to varying aucubin contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that the transport of electrons in the respiratory chain of mitochondria, ion-transport processes, the balance of Ca2+ ions and other metabolic processes in the cell are intrinsically connected with lipoperoxidation processes. In particular, in recent years, plant biologically active compounds have been widely used to eliminate oxidative processes developing in the body. Accordingly, we considered it important to study the mechanisms of action of xylopyr-T, glucopyr-T and 2-DVG polyphenols isolated from the plants Plantago major L. and Plantago lanceolata L., belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, which are widely used in folk medicine. Therefore, in vitro experiments, the amount of malondialdehyde and the condition state of mPTP were studied by spectrophotometric method. The obtained results revealed that the studied polyphenols inhibit lipoperoxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate the production of malondialdehyde was reduce by xylopyr-T to 81.9 ± 1.2 %, by glucopyr-T to 79.4 ± 1.7 % and by 2-DVG to 75.0 ± 1.8 % at a concentration of 4 μM in rat liver mitochondria. At the same time, mPTP opening in the medium with the substrate succinate (+ rotenone) inhibition 2-DVG polyphenol at a concentration of 100 μM was reduced by 84.5 ± 2.8 %, xylopyr-T polyphenol at a concentration of 200 μM by 67.6 ± 4.8 % and it was shown that glucopyr-T polyphenol at a concentration of 200 μM by 32.5 ± 1.65 % compared to the control. In conclusion, it can be illustrated that the studied polyphenols, along with their high antioxidant properties, show a structure-dependent inhibition of mPTP opening, which is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental selection during early ontogeny influences plant species representation in mature vegetation. Chief amongst these selective forces is the interplay of herbivore selection and seedling defence/tolerance. Although some species can recover from almost complete cotyledon loss, it remains unclear whether tolerance is impacted by other critical early life-history hazards like competition. This study examines early seedling tolerance of two sympatric Plantago species (P. lanceolata and P. major) for individuals grown in isolation, monoculture (i.e., with conspecifics) and mixed assemblages (with congenerics). The effects of 95 and 50% cotyledon removal at 14-d-old on plant growth and root:shoot allocation was established in 28-d and 100-d old plants. Although damage and neighbour environment consistently limited subsequent growth of P. major, there was no interaction between these factors. Nonetheless, individuals subjected to 95% defoliation in mixed assemblages were substantially smaller than those without neighbours. A similar response to cotyledon removal was evident for P. lanceolata at 28-d, although plants with conspecific neighbours tended to be larger. The defoliation effect disappeared at 100-d, and plants grown with neighbours were now smaller. Mortality and root:shoot allocation did not vary across treatments. While we underscore the negative impact that early ontogenetic damage and the influence of neighbour environment has on subsequent plant growth, we failed to elucidate obvious interactions between these factors. Nonetheless, we highlight how the remarkable tolerance of Plantago seedlings to almost complete defoliation in the face of intra-/inter-specific competition, may yet be impacted by anthropogenic disruption of environmental filters operating at the regeneration stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) is a medicinal plant in Chinese folk culture, known for its famous medicinal components such as plantagomain. In this study, we conducted genome sequencing of P. major using Illumina sequencing technology. The assembled complete chloroplast genome had a length of 165,044 bp, comprising a large single-copy regions (82,963 bp), a small single-copy regions (4,633 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (38,724 bp). A total of 140 genes were detected, including 94 CDS, 38 tRNA, and 8 rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between P. major and P. rigida. These findings provide valuable data for a comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of P. major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) is a medicinal plant in Chinese folk culture, known for its famous medicinal components such as plantagomain. In this study, we conducted genome sequencing of P. major using Illumina sequencing technology. The assembled complete chloroplast genome had a length of 165,044 bp, comprising a large single-copy regions (82,963 bp), a small single-copy regions (4,633 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (38,724 bp). A total of 140 genes were detected, including 94 CDS, 38 tRNA, and 8 rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between P. major and P. rigida. These findings provide valuable data for a comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of P. major.

Plantago is rich in soluble fiber, known for its beneficial health effects. Given this, we hypothesized that Plantago consumption might positively influence blood lipid in adults. Researchers have conducted numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs), revealing the impacts of Plantago consumption on various blood lipid parameters. However, findings regarding specific blood lipid parameters have shown variability. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the effect of Plantago consumption on blood lipid parameters. Eligible studies evaluating the effects of Plantago consumption on blood lipid were searched in 5 electronic databases published up to August 2023. Analysis used a random effects model to determine weighted mean difference and 95% confidence intervals. In total, 29 RCTs including 2769 participants were included. Compared with the control group, Plantago consumption significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) by 0.28 mmol/L and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 0.35 mmol/L, correlating to an estimated 7% decrease in cardiovascular event risk. Conversely, no substantial effects were observed on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides. Subgroup analyses of 29 RCTs revealed that TC concentrations were significantly lowered in studies that included male participants, those who were healthy, or had lipid disorders. Additionally, TC and LDL-C were significantly lower in participants consuming Plantago husk or psyllium, and soluble fiber intake was specifically effective in lowering TC, LDL-C, and triglycerides. In conclusion, Plantago consumption can significantly lower TC and LDL-C concentrations. The findings will provide crucial insights into the potential of Plantago in dietary strategies for blood lipid management. • Plantago, known for its high soluble fiber content, offers significant nutritional benefits for humans. • Plantago significantly lowers total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). • Plantago husk and psyllium reduced TC and LDL-C, while soluble fiber decreased TC, LDL-C, and triglycerides. • The study elucidates the potential of Plantago as a dietary component in the management of blood lipid profiles. Plantago, rich in soluble fiber, has demonstrated potential in improving blood lipids. Despite existing research, variations in the effects on specific lipid parameters remain. The present systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials, with 2769 participants, revealed Plantago's effectiveness in lowering TC by 0.28 mmol/L and LDL-C by 0.35 mmol/L compared with control groups. Conversely, no substantial effects were observed on HDL-C or TG after Plantago consumption. Notably, components such as psyllium, Plantago husk, and soluble fiber were pivotal. The findings of this study could enhance dietary strategies for blood lipids management and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Abbreviations: HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urine patches from grazing ruminants contain high concentrations of nitrogen (N) and are the main source of N leaching from grazed pastoral farming systems. While there have been various options identified to substantially reduce N leaching, in general these practices increase the cost of production or reduce production per hectare. In New Zealand, multi‐species pastures were evaluated as a cheaper option that would potentially retain productivity. Early research showed these pastures had lower urinary N excretion from grazing animals and increased plant N uptake, compared with standard New Zealand perennial ryegrass/white clover (PR‐WC) pastures. Further research highlighted the beneficial attributes of the pasture herb narrow‐leaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata; PL), specifically: reduced urine N concentration, reduced urine N excretion, and reduced rate of soil nitrification. Significant reductions (14%–89%) in N leaching were found from cow urine applied to lysimeters with pastures including PL, compared with PR‐WC pasture. Paddock‐scale measurements confirmed the effects of PL, with 20%–60% lower N leaching when PL comprised 30%–40% of the dry matter (DM) of PL‐PR‐WC grazed pastures. There were no negative effects on milk production and composition when feeding PL to dairy cows, but small positive effects on fatty acid profiles. However, weed and pest management, palatability and persistence remain challenging in pastures containing PL on commercial farms. Management options need to be clarified to ensure successful establishment and maintenance of PL. Additionally, the cultivar differences in secondary compounds and their impact on nitrification rate and N leaching need to be better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) is a common weed in the winter rainfall region of South Africa. This weed is widespread across vineyards, orchards, and roadsides in the region. The weed has already evolved resistance to glyphosate and paraquat; however, the mechanism of paraquat resistance has not been documented. This study aimed to investigate the resistance mechanisms in this resistant (R) biotype. Dose–response trials conducted with R biotypes from the Robertson area reconfirmed paraquat resistance. Dose–response trials established that the paraquat rate causing 50% mortality (LD50) for the R biotype is three times greater than for the susceptible (S) biotype. To find out how paraquat affected the photosynthetic performance of P. lanceolata, the quantum yield of photosystem II was measured. The photosystem reaction centres of the R biotype recovered 24 h after paraquat treatment. To evaluate paraquat transport in the plant cell, selective transport inhibitors were applied. Plantago lanceolata (S) biotypes had the highest electrolyte leakage after paraquat treatment. A combined radio/UV-HPLC was used for the separation and identification of paraquat and its metabolites. Paraquat degradation was not observed, indicating that metabolism was not a resistance mechanism within the R biotype. To assess leaf absorption and translocation, [14C]-labelled paraquat was applied to fully expanded leaves. There were no significant differences in paraquat absorption. However, paraquat translocation differed significantly across the R and S biotypes, indicating that non-target site resistance through reduced paraquat translocation was the main mechanism of resistance in the R biotype. As the resistance of weed species to post-emergence herbicides continues to increase, achieving sustainable weed management necessitates the implementation of diversified weed control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to assess the free Lactobacillus curvatus (FLC) and microencapsulated L. curvatus (MLC) survivability using sodium alginate and Plantago major mucilage (PMM), as a second layer to produce probiotic aloe vera jelly dessert (AVJD). To determine bead characteristics, the aspect ratio of the bead, survival in 72°C, and cold storage were assessed as well as for AVJD, survivability of probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal condition (SGIC), and storage time. The results showed that all the beads are spherical (aspect ratio = 1.12), and under heat stress conditions, MLC showed a higher survival rate (50.15%) compared to FLC (not detected after 5 min). The number of survived probiotics in the MLC sample (8.65 log CFU/mL) was higher than FLC (7.52 log CFU/g) on the 28th day. In AVJD, the MLC survived at a minimum scientific adequate number of probiotics (6.88 log CFU/mL) on the 28th day. In SGIC, the final survival rates of FLC and MLC samples were 14.24% and 71.04%, respectively. These results suggest that using alginate and PMM is a promising method to protect L. curvatus (LC) from harsh environmental conditions and in AVJD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extracted an antibacterial component from the natural plant Plantagoasiatica L. to gain Plantago extract (PTE); PTE was then compounded with polybutylene succinate (PBS) to prepare an antibacterial composite material. To further improve the compatibility of PBS and PTE, chitosan (CS) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (H-β-CD) were used to modify PTE, resulting in the preparation of CS-PTE microcapsules and (H-β-CD)-PTE microcapsules. And CS-PTE microcapsules and (H-β-CD)-PTE microcapsules were added to PBS at different ratios to prepare PBS/CS-PTE and PBS/(H-β-CD)-PTE composite materials. FTIR and SEM tests showed that both microcapsules were successfully prepared and confirmed the antibacterial activity of PTE by inhibition circles method. The binding energy of the composites shifted slightly, indicating that the microcapsules formed intermolecular forces with PBS. The 2θ angular strength of XRD gradually weakened with the increase in microcapsule addition, and the crystallinity decreased, as well as the thermal and mechanical properties. However, the thermal properties were better than those of PTE/PBS composites, and the thermal properties better than PTE/PBS composites. The hydrophilicity of PBS/(H-β-CD)-PTE composites improved significantly with the addition of microcapsules. The molecular simulation results showed that the intermolecular interaction between PBS and CS-lignans was stronger, and its compatibility was better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assessed the larvicidal activity of aqueous extracts obtained from the leaves and roots of Plantago major L. and Plantago lagopus L. on fourth instar Culex pipiens L. larvae. Plant material was collected from two regions in Tunisia, Beja and Bizerte. The resulting extracts were prepared at concentrations of 10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm. The toxicity of the extracts was monitored over a 24-hour period. Our findings indicated that leaf extracts from Plantago lagopus L. collected in Bizerte exhibited higher toxicity compared to those collected in Beja up to 12 h, although these differences became insignificant at the 24-hour mark. Furthermore, extracts from the roots of Plantago lagopus L. from Bizerte demonstrated higher toxicity than those from Beja. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (P = 0.056) in the toxicity of leaf extracts at 100 ppm between the two species after 24 h of exposure. The root extracts exhibited lower toxicity, resulting in mortality rates ranging from 40 to 70% after 24 h. Specifically, the leaf extracts of Plantago major L. from Bizerte yielded a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 16.068 ppm ± 8.440. Additionally, the quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids revealed distinct variations between species, plant organs, and geographical origins. Root and leaf extracts from Plantago major L. collected in Beja exhibited higher concentrations compared to those from Bizerte. Conversely, root extracts from Plantago lagopus L. collected in Bizerte displayed the highest concentrations. These preliminary findings provide a foundation for the development of a novel natural biocide for mosquito control, utilizing the distinct larvicidal properties of Plantago species extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defence profiles has rarely been studied.Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defence traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide.We sampled seeds from nine native and 10 introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a greenhouse experiment, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size‐related and resource‐allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defence compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata.When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase in chemical defence compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti‐herbivore defence compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore‐induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts.In conclusion, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination is an increasingly pressing global ecological concern adversely affecting plant growth. Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and low-cost approach to help solve this problem by using plants to remove metals. This study aimed to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of four Plantago species, exposing them to different concentrations (0, 150, 300, 600 and 900 ppm) of zinc, copper, and iron during germination and early seedling growth. These are generally the phases of the plant life cycle most sensitive to stress. The germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledons length, biomass, water content and tolerance index (TI) were recorded under controlled conditions. The results indicated that metal-induced stress significantly reduced GP, increased MGT, and inhibited seedling growth with increased metal concentration. The relative toxicity of the tested metals could be ranked as Fe > Cu > Zn. Regarding the Plantago species, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata could be considered highly tolerant, P. albicans moderately tolerant, and P. afra low-tolerant to metal toxicity during germination. Therefore, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata present an excellent potential for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated zones.

The study aims to explore the environmental factors which activate accumulation abilities of Plantago lanceolata in the research area under strong anthropopressure resulting from the long-term pollution originating from copper mining-metallurgical activities in Southeastern Europe. Sampling was performed at the most endangered sites regarding its proximity to the major and/or secondary pollution sources, as well at the control site. The content of toxic elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was determined in the roots, leaves, stalks and flowers of P. lanceolata. The anthropogenic origin of environmental contamination was denoted through the high concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the leaves of P. lanceolata , reaching toxic levels, combined with the enrichment of plant parts (Enrichment factor >2), especially with Cu (as well as with Al, Fe, Ni and Zn) in samples from the immediate proximity to the copper smelter or at the prevailing wind directions. Biomonitoring potential, assessed through the correlations between toxic element content, as well as the values of Enrichment factor, was indicated for roots (in the case of Cu), all the aboveground plant parts (Fe) and stalks (Zn). The results have shown that the contents of toxic elements in plant parts as well as phytoremediation of P. lanceolata were dependent on soil element content, soil physico-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities, which were regarded as the main environmental drivers affecting phytoremediation ability. The analysis of biological factors (bioconcentration, translocation and bioaccumulation factor) indicated exclusion strategy and possible usage of P. lanceolata in phytostabilization of Zn. The results indicated that the study area is 'environmental hotspot' with potential threat to human health due to the high levels of bioaccumulation of the investigated toxic elements in P. lanceolata parts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new glucosyl flavone, 5,7,2′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, named loeflingiin, together with apigenin 6-C-glucoside (isovitexin), coumarins citropten and isompinellin, triterpenoids betulin and betulinic acid, and a mixture of phytosterols β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol were isolated for the first time from the leaves of wild Plantago loeflingii L. (Plantaginaceae) collected in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The plant is used by local people to treat wounds and as a vulnerary remedy. The structures of isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. The activities of isovitexin and loeflingiinon the viability of breast (MCF7), ovarian (BG-1), endometrial (Ishikawa), and mesothelioma (IST-MES1) human cancer cells and two normal cell lines were determined with an MTT assay. Notably, the new 7-O-glucosyl flavone showed effects higher than cisplatin against the Ishikawa and IST-MESI cell lines. The significant biological activities exhibited by all the compounds isolated from P. loeflingii provided scientific evidence to support the use of the plant in the Kurdish traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological responses of P. maritima plants from five geographically isolated sites growing in habitats with different conditions to different substrate moisture levels in controlled conditions. Plants were produced from seed and cultivated in a greenhouse at four relatively constant soil moisture regimes: at 25, 50, and 75% soil water content and in soil flooded 3 cm above the surface (80% F). The two morphological traits that varied most strikingly among P. maritima accessions were the number of flower stalks and the number of leaves. Only plants from two accessions uniformly produced generative structures, and allocation to flowering was suppressed by both low moisture and flooding. Optimum shoot biomass accumulation for all accessions was at 50 and 75% soil moisture. The Performance Index Total was the most sensitive among the measured photosynthesis-related parameters, and it tended to decrease with an increase in soil water content for all P. maritima accessions. The initial hypothesis—that plants from relatively dry habitats will have a higher tolerance against low soil water levels, but plants from relatively wet habitats will have a higher tolerance against waterlogged or flooded soil—was not proven. The existence of three ecotypes of P. maritima within the five accessions from geographically isolated subpopulations on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea at the level of morphological responses to soil water content can be proposed. P. maritima plants can be characterized as extremely tolerant to soil waterlogging and highly tolerant to soil flooding and low soil water content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the uncongenial growth condition imposed by salts in the edaphic environment, several biochemical changes take place in plants, which help them to survive under such a hostile environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to obtain basic information about the effect of salt stress on relative membrane injury, lipid peroxidation content and reactive oxygen species content in isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) genotypes. The changes in relative membrane injury, lipid peroxidation content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of P. ovata genotypes viz. GI-2, HI-96, PB-80 and HI-5 were studied under NaCl salt stress at different EC levels viz. control (without salt), 5 and 10 dS/m of nutrient supplemented NaCl salt solutions in sand filled polythene bags during 1st week of November 2022 in the Department of Botany Government College, Hisar. RMI, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and ROS content of leaves increased with increasing EC levels in all the isabgol genotypes as studied at 58 days after showing. The highest increase in RMI was found in the genotype PB-80 and lowest in the genotype GI-2 at higher (10 dS/m) EC level over control. Increase in lipid peroxidation content which was measured in terms of MDA content was found highest in the genotype PB-80 while the lowest increase was detected in the genotype HI-5 at higher level (10 dS/m) of salt stress over control. Highest enhancement in ROS content of leaves in the genotype PB-80 and lowest increase in the genotype GI-2 was observed at higher (10 dS/m) EC level over control. The relative order of these parameters in various genotypes under salt stress was PB-80>HI-5>HI-96>GI-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago ovata seed is comprises two distinct layers: a non-adherent outer layer that can easily extracted by gentle agitation, and an adherent inner layer, which is extremely difficult to separate from the seed coat. This study aims to develop and optimize an efficient method for extracting adherent and non-adherent mucilage from P. ovata seeds and to evaluate its biological activities. The extraction process variables were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-behnken Design with three factors at three levels, to test different experimental conditions and achieve the highest yield. Our results demonstrate that ultrasound treatment was an efficient method for the rapid extraction of both mucilage layers. The aqueous treatment involved a seed-to-water ratio of 1:60, an extraction time of 1.4 h with constant stirring at 45 °C and pH 8, followed by sonication at 100% amplitude for 60 min with pulses of 10 s ON and 20 s OFF for non-adherent mucilage extraction. For the adherent mucilage, the extraction time was adjusted to 1 h with constant stirring at 45 °C and a seed-to-water ratio of 1:50. This process facilitated the recovery of nearly all P. ovata seed mucilage, estimated at approximately 40 mg/g of seeds (39.85% ~ 40%). Evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro showed that aqueous extracts of P.ovata mucilage had antiradical activity (IC50 = 202 µg/ml), ferric reducing power (IC50 = 310 µg/ml), important total antioxidant activity (16.84 mg EAG/g MS), inhibitory effect on alpha amylase (IC50 = 2.13 mg/ml), and exhibits strong antiproliferative effects on Caco2 cells (IC50 = 90 µg/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major L. and Plantago lagopus L. are cosmopolitan species, belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, used in traditional and modern medicine. In this study, a phytochemical evaluation of different aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of both species from the region of Beja in Tunisia was performed. Some biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial were also done. LC-MS qualitative analysis revealed that the aqueous extracts of the roots of P. lagopus were richer in polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (Luteoline 7-rutinoside, Luteoline 7-rhamnoside) and hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic acid, than the hydro-ethanolic extracts. Additionally, we identified for the first time the presence of salicylic acid in the hot aqueous extracts of roots of P. lagopus and its absence in the roots of P. major. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing that the voltammograms of leaf and root extracts from P. lagopus exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity compared to those of P. major. Antiproliferative activity, was determined against two-colon cancer cell lines, demonstrated that only the 12 h treatments with P. lagopus leaf and root aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts at low concentration were able to significantly reduce the colon carcinoma coli-2 (CaCo-2) cells proliferation. The antibacterial /antibiofilm activity was performed on yeast, Gram- negative and +positive bacterial strains. We demonstrated for the first time that ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of P. lagopus have an inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at MIC = 2 μg/mL for leaves and 4 μg/mL for roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seed endophytic bacteria are beneficial to plants. They improve seedling growth by enhancing plant nutrient uptake, modulating stress-related phytohormone production, and targeting pests and pathogens with antibiotics. Seed endophyte composition can be influenced by pollination, plant cultivar, and soil physicochemical conditions. However, the effects of plant community richness on seed endophytes are unknown. To investigate the effects of increasing plant species richness on the diversity and composition of the seed microbiome, we made use of a well-established long-term biodiversity experiment in Germany (The Jena Experiment). We sampled seeds from different Plantago lanceolata blossoms in a plant diversity gradient ranging from monoculture to 16 species mixtures. The seeds were surface sterilized to remove seed surface-associated bacteria and subjected to a metabarcoding approach to assess bacterial community structure. Results: Our data indicate a very stable core microbiome, which accounted for more than 90% of the reads and was present in all seeds independent of the plant richness level the seeds originated from. It consisted mainly of reads linked to Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae, Sphingomonas faeni and Pirellulla spp. 9% of the obtained reads were not part of the core microbiome and were only present in plots of specific diversity levels. The number of unique ASVs was positively correlated with plant richness. Interestingly, most reads described as non-core members belonged to the same genera described as the core microbiome, indicating the presence of different strains or species with possibly different functional properties important for seed performance. Conclusion: Our data indicate that Plantago lanceolata maintains a large seeds core microbiome across the plant richness gradient. However, the number of unique ASVs increases alongside the plant community richness, indicating that ecosystem biodiversity also mitigates diversity loss in seed endophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Plantago of Plantaginaceae family is bestowed with a repertoire of structurally diverse secondary metabolites that have not only been used as therapeutics but also effect the plant physiology by conferring adaptive advantages under stress. Assuming that domestication process in plants has influenced their secondary metabolites, we performed a comparative transcriptome of wild and cultivated species of Plantago to analyze the variation in the expression of genes related to secondary metabolite pathways. GO and KEGG analysis of DEGs in wild species showed their enrichment in abiotic stresses, oxidation–reduction and secondary metabolite related pathways. Overall, we found upregulation of genes of carotenoid, flavonoid and phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, terpenoid and alkaloid pathways in wild species of Plantago in particular, P. lanceolata while mucilage pathway-related genes showed higher expression in P. ovata. Moreover, transcriptome data presented putative transcription factors associated with terpenoids, carotenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways which were also identified using co-expression analysis of cluster 9 (secondary metabolite enriched gene cluster). Taken together, the genomic resource obtained from the present study form a valuable repository of genetic information for elucidating and exploring the secondary metabolic circuitry of Plantagos. Further, information on the regulatory aspects of genes related to secondary metabolites, shall aid in the enhanced production of valuable metabolites in these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensity, duration, and severity of drought increasing across the American Southwest. Plant restoration efforts are often thwarted by drought‐induced effects (i.e. drought‐induced mortality or failure to reproduce). Careful selection of plant materials to match future environmental conditions could improve restoration success under climate change. Here, we focus on Plantago patagonica, a priority arid land restoration species in the southwestern US. Using experimental drought in a greenhouse and supplemental watering in a common garden experiment, we quantified how the seed‐collection site environment influenced plant growth, performance, phenotypic plasticity, and evidence of local adaptation in 12 populations of P. patagonica. In the greenhouse, we found plants from hotter and drier environments had higher root:shoot ratios, while those from more variable precipitation regimes had greater total biomass in response to drought. Populations sourced from warmer environments exhibited sevenfold greater plasticity in root:shoot ratio compared to those from cooler environments, and there was strong evidence for local adaptation in phenology, as populations sourced from geographic locations nearer the common garden exhibited five times more flowering individuals than those sourced furthest from that garden. In the common garden, we found that plants sourced from wetter locations and those with more consistent precipitation regimes had lower mortality and higher specific leaf area, a proxy for growth, under unwatered ambient conditions. These results suggest plant performance of P. patagonica under reduced water availability is strongly shaped by the seed‐collection site environment and may be a useful tool for improving restoration outcomes in a changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell membrane chromatography (CMC) has been widely recognized as a highly efficient technique for in vitro screening of active compounds. Nevertheless, conventional CMC approaches suffer from a restricted repertoire of cell membrane proteins, making them susceptible to oversaturation. Moreover, the binding mechanism between silica gel and proteins primarily relies on intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which is inherently unstable and somewhat hampers the advancement of CMC. Consequently, this investigation aimed to establish a novel CMC column that could augment protein loading, enhance detection throughput, and bolster binding affinity through the introduction of covalent bonding with proteins. This study utilizes polydopamine (PDA)-coated silica gel, which is formed through the self-polymerization of dopamine (DA), as the carrier for the CMC column filler. The objective is to construct the HK-2/SiO2-PDA/CMC model to screen potential therapeutic drugs for gout. To compare the quantity and characteristics of Human Kidney-2 (HK-2) cell membrane proteins immobilized on SiO2-PDA and silica gel, the proteins were immobilized on both surfaces. The results indicate that SiO2-PDA has a notably greater affinity for membrane proteins compared to silica gel, resulting in a significant improvement in detection efficiency. Furthermore, a screening method utilizing HK-2/SiO2-PDA/CMC was utilized to identify seven potential anti-gout compounds derived from Plantago asiatica L. (PAL). The effectiveness of these compounds was further validated using an in vitro cell model of uric acid (UA) reabsorption. In conclusion, this study successfully developed and implemented a novel CMC filler, which has practical implications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elm Decline (ED), is a marked reduction in Ulmus recognised in pollen diagrams from across north/northwest Europe c. 5-6000 cal BP, the causes of which have been much discussed for over half a century, partly because of its broad chronological correspondence with the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. We present a formal statistical analysis of the ED chronology in Ireland, analysing its association with early Neolithic anthropogenic activity as indicated indirectly by palynological evidence and directly through radiocarbon dated cereal macrofossils. The results derived from pollen records regarded as sufficiently robust for Bayesian modelling indicate the date for the ED ranges from the later Mesolithic to middle Neolithic. Different palynological 'expressions' of the ED are identified, and comparison of the ED date range and increases in Plantago lanceolata indicate that although correlation between anthropogenic activity and the onset of the 'Elm Decline' can be identified at several sites, this is not consistent. Comparison with the cereal macrofossil record demonstrates that generally the ED occurred prior to the onset of Neolithic cereal cultivation as defined by these data. We discuss implications for understanding the patterns and processes that may underlie the ED and question whether the 'Elm Decline' continues to merit the definite article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a major threat to plants and human health, as well as to ecosystem services. Biostimulants provide a promising eco-friendly solution to enhance the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils. We examined the influence of a humic and fulvic acids-based biostimulant on two plant species, e.g., Plantago weldenii and Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle), in a soil spiked with Cd at 45 mg kg−1. The aim of this study was to determine whether a biostimulant can potentially affect Cd mobility in soil and absorption in plant tissues. We found that the biostimulant significantly decreased Cd bioavailability (recorded as DTPA extractability) in the soil where Plantago was grown from 17.57 to 13.12 mg kg−1, probably due to the Cd immobilization effect of the added biostimulant. However, the biostimulant had the opposite effect in the soil where S. oleraceus was grown (Cd-DTPA significantly increased from 10.13 to 13.03 mg kg−1). S. oleraceus was found to have accumulated higher Cd concentrations in its aerial parts, resulting in a soil-to-plant transfer value close to 1 and root-to-shoot translocation value well above 1. These two indices exhibited the potential of S. oleraceus to be used as hyperaccumulator in Cd-contaminated soils, while P. weldenii behaved rather as a Cd excluder. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of added biostimulants and Cd behavior in soil and plants. We recognize the need for further research so that the mechanisms dictating Cd behavior after biostimulant application can be better elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed coat micromorphology has been great help in systematic studies over the past century. It is useful in most plant groups, including the widespread taxa. Although phenotypic plasticity in plants is a well-known phenomenon, there are not many micromorphological studies investigating whether plants with wide distribution areas show variation in seed coat characteristics. Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae), as one of the most widespread Plantago taxa, is used in this study to investigate the presence of seed microsculpture variation among different populations. The seeds of 50 populations from across Turkey were analyzed using Stereomicroscope and SEM. Some seed surface characters of P. lanceolata were found to be consistent (cell shapes and anticlinal wall shapes), whereas others were variable (anticlinal walls, periclinal walls and surface sculpture). Irregularly wrinkled surface is reported in P. lanceolata seeds for the first time in this study. No correlation between geographical differences and seed characters were found. These results indicate that caution should be taken when dealing with widespread taxa with high levels of variation.

Background: Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, but its deficiency as well as toxicity affects large number of people worldwide. Plantago ovata, a commercially important medicinal plant, is mainly cultivated in western regions of India, where elevated levels of Se have been found in soil. Thus, we evaluated the potential of Se biofortification in P. ovata via phytoremediation and its effect on the bioactive composition. Results: The results showed a significant alteration in various morphological and physiological parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The 10 µM Se dose improved seedling height, biomass and total chlorophyll content. There was a gradual increase in total Se content, with highest accumulation of 457.65 µg/g FW at 500 µM Se treatment. Se positively affected the antioxidative metabolism which was measured from the change in total antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging activity and Metallothionein 2 expression. Increasing levels of Se also affected the PAL activity, total polyphenol and flavonoid content. Caffeic acid, Coumaric acid and Rutin were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds. Conclusions: Low levels of selenium (below 50 µM) can successfully improve Se accumulation and elicit production of various polyphenols without hampering plant growth. Thus, Se fortification of P. ovata seedlings via phytoremediation appears to be a feasible and efficient way to enhance its nutraceutical value in dietary products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musa spp. (banana and plantain) is the most widely consumed and exported fruit globally, and it plays a crucial role in the diets of billions of people worldwide. Over the years, many diseases have threatened this crop, including the recent emergence of Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum race 4. Puerto Rico is home to numerous economically significant variants of Musa spp. Due to the crop's importance in the island's economy and nutrition, research on maintaining existing varieties and developing new ones has been initiated. Although Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4 has not been detected in Puerto Rico, it has been detected in the Caribbean region. Therefore, it is essential to know both the plant and the pathogen to prevent and fight this disease. This review summarizes information about Musa spp, including its plant description, morphology, and genetic characteristics. Furthermore, it covers information about Fusarium sp., its pathogenicity, detection methods, and prevention of its spread. We also reviewed the few articles published for the island of Puerto Rico about Musa and Fusarium, and the guidelines suggested regarding the threat of the Fusarium wilt race 4 for the island. Finally, we underline Puerto Rico's opportunities to develop disease-resistant Musa cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) has been identified by the New Zealand dairy sector as an option for reducing nitrogen losses from grazed pastures. However, there is growing concern over its poor persistence. Reports have suggested that plantain does not tolerate waterlogged soils; however, there is little scientific evidence to support those claims. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of waterlogging on plantain growth and survival. In a glasshouse, three water treatments were applied to plantain plants in pots: control (soil water below field capacity but not limited), wet (soil water marginally above field capacity), and waterlogged (water table 5 cm below the surface) for 39 days, followed by 27 days under the control watering treatment. Leaf elongation and photosynthesis were measured during the experiment. The mean leaf elongation rate of waterlogged plants was 37% lower than control plants during the stress period, but not significantly different than control plants during the recovery period. Waterlogging reduced the rate of photosynthesis in plantain leaves by 15% on average in comparison with control watering during the stress period; however, waterlogged and control plants had a similar mean photosynthesis rate during the recovery period. The results show that plantain growth and photosynthesis were significantly limited under waterlogging; however, the rapid recovery of both processes following the removal of stress suggests that important physiological functions remained intact under waterlogging, possibly due to tolerance mechanisms. These findings suggest that while waterlogging may cause limitations for plantain growth, there is no evidence to suggest that it alone could cause irreversible damage to plants and thus prevent their recovery. Rather, waterlogging stress could undermine the ability of plantain to compete with species that are tolerant of waterlogging within mixed pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago albicans L. (Plantaginaceae) grows in wastelands, slopes, and stony pastures, with dry and sun‐exposed soils. Its seeds produce a mucilaginous coat. The main aim of this study was to evaluate intraspecific variation of osmotic and salinity stress response and mucilage production in P. albicans seeds. The relationships between osmotic and salinity stress, germination characteristics, and mucilage expansion were studied in eight populations of P. albicans. Seeds were germinated in distilled water, 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG), or 100 mM NaCl solutions. In most populations, PEG and NaCl reduced final germination. Also, germination was slowed more significantly under osmotic stress than under salinity, while mucilage expansion was more affected by salinity. Therefore, there was an inverse correlation between mucilage expansion and germination under salinity and osmotic stress. Seed populations with similar climatic parameters showed different germination response; however, a correlation was found between mucilage expansion and some climatic parameters. Seeds from drier habitats germinated faster under water stress and produced more mucilage under control and water stress than populations from more humid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ants disperse seeds of many plant species adapted to myrmecochory. While advantages of this ant–plant mutualism for myrmecochorous plants (myrmecochores) have been previously studied in temperate region mostly in forests, our study system was a pasture. Moreover, we used a unique combination of observing the effect of ant‐activity suppression on ant dispersal and comparison of the contribution of ant and unassisted dispersal to the distance from mother plant. We established plots without and with ant‐activity suppression (enclosures). We offered diaspores of a myrmecochorous (Knautia arvensis), and a non‐myrmecochorous (Plantago lanceolata) species in a choice test and followed ants carrying diaspores during days and nights (focus of previous studies was on diurnal dispersal). We measured frequency and distances of ant dispersal and compared them with unassisted dispersal recorded using sticky trap method. The dispersal frequency was lower in enclosures (3.16 times). Ants strongly preferred diaspores of the myrmecochore to non‐myrmecochore with 586 and 42 dispersal events, respectively (out of 6400 diaspores of each species offered). Ant dispersal resulted in more even and on average longer distances (maximum almost tenfold longer, 994 cm) in comparison to unassisted dispersal. Ant dispersal altered the distribution of distances of the myrmecochore from roughly symmetric for unassisted dispersal to positively skewed. Ants dispersed heavier diaspores farther. Ants dropped the majority of diaspores during the dispersal (which reduces clustering of seeds), while several (11%) were carried into anthills. Anthills are disturbed microsites presumably favorable for germination in competitive habitats. Ants provided non‐negligible dispersal services to myrmecochorous K. arvensis but also, to a lesser extent, of non‐myrmecochorous P. lanceolata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Mitigating urinary nitrogen (N) losses is an important target of sustainable cattle nutrition concepts. One option to achieve this may be dietary inclusion of tanniferous herbs. Aims. Aim of the study was to investigate herbs with different profiles of tannins for their efficiency to abate urinary N losses. Small burnet (Sanguisorba minor) with high concentrations of total tannins, plantain (Plantago lanceolata) with low concentrations and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) with expectedly high concentrations of condensed tannins were included in the treatments. Methods. The test plants were mixed in dried form into a grass-maize-silage diet at 80 g/kg of dietary dry matter. They replaced dried perennial ryegrass (control). Twenty-four multiparous dairy cows were randomly allocated to the four diets. Intake, eating time, rumination time, and milk yield were recorded individually, and representative samples of milk and excreta were collected and analysed six times within 14 days, following 10 days of adaptation. The diets with ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil, plantain or burnet contained, per kilogram of dry matter, 0, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.9 g condensed tannins, 0.1, 1.9, 1.7 and 15.5 g total tannins, and 26.2, 28.5, 27.5 and 26.6 g N. Key results. Milk yield and composition were not affected by treatment, apart from a decline in milk protein content when feeding plantain. Milk urea concentration was reduced with burnet by more than 30%, compared with the control and plantain. Birdsfoot trefoil also reduced milk urea concentration, but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, the burnet treatment substantially shifted N excretion from urine to faeces (about 30% lower urine N losses). All treatments lowered the proportion of fine particles of <1.0 mm in faeces, what might be due to high fibre content of the control. Conclusions. At dietary proportion of 80 g/kg, burnet is a forage herb with potential to reduce ruminal ammonia generation as indicated by reduced urinary N and milk urea. Plantain and birdsfoot trefoil had no or negligible effects. Implications. The study indicated that small burnet could have potential as a feed additive for dairy cows in terms of N-use efficiency, lower emissionsto the environment, and reduced animal metabolic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago is a large genus with a worldwide distribution characterized by three basic sets, x = 6 is the most common and is considered the ancestral set from which x = 5 and x = 4 derived following mechanisms of descending dysploidy. Advanced molecular cytogenetic methods are important for understanding evolutionary relationships but in Plantago their use has been rather limited. In this study the karyotypes of Plantago lanceolata L. (2n = 12), Plantago major L. (2n = 12) and Plantago coronopus L. (2n = 10) were characterized by using rDNA FISH, GISH, fluorochrome banding and chromosome morphology to obtain markers useful for evaluating their genomic affinity. The rDNA FISH mapping produced three distinct patterns but with evident similarities such as the chromosome position of 45S rDNA sites and the colocalization of 45S and 5S rDNA. Reciprocal GISH showed a low level of genome affinity between P. lanceolata and P. major and a total absence of homology between them and P. coronopus. This result supports the exclusion of the 2n = 12 species as possible ancestors of P. coronopus. This study confirms that a systematic use of in situ hybridization techniques, and in particular GISH, provide valid information for understanding the origin of species and can resolve many taxonomic and phylogenetic problematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago asiatica L. is an endemic terrestrial plant species which grows in Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East, and is also found in East Asian countries; it is not a pharmacopeia species.We report here a comparative phytochemical and pharmacognostic analysis of the leaves of Plantago asiatica L. and Plantago major L. Pectins were isolated from the leaves of both plantain species and their contents in raw materials were determined (12.80 ± 0.56% in the leaves of Plantago asiatica L. and 5.58 ± 0.25% in the leaves of Plantago major L.), along with the main physical and chemical characteristics (molecular weight distribution, anhydrogalacturonic acid content, extent of methoxylation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the different shares (0/100, 5/95, 10/90 and 15/85 ratios) of a ground psyllium fiber (PF) mixture of 80% psyllium seeds (Plantago psyllium) and 20% psyllium husk (Plantago ovata Forsk) on the quality characteristics, chemical composition, total polyphenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of rye bread (RB). The study was conducted with rye flour (RF) type 580 and 720 and two dough preparation methods (single-phase—1F, two-phase—2F). The inclusion of psyllium fiber in rye bread resulted in an increase in the overbaking of bread by 12.4%, total protein by 1.7%, ash by almost twofold, and TDF content by more than twofold. Psyllium fiber addition also led to a twofold improvement in antioxidant activity and an increase in TPC from 35.5 to 109.1 mg GAE/100 g d.m., as well as enhanced porosity of the crumb from 7.1 to 7.6 points on the Mohs scale. However, it caused a decrease in specific loaf volume by 10%, springiness by 3.5%, chewiness by almost 12%, and gumminess of the crumb by 8.1%. A darkening of the crust (reduction in the L* value by 10.7%) and crumb (reduction in the L* value by 37.6%) was observed as well. Notably, the results indicated that a 10% share of PF can be considered a potentially beneficial and functional ingredient, promoting health benefits without negatively affecting the physical and sensory qualities of rye bread. This suggests the potential use of PF for enhancing the nutritional value of RB without compromising its overall quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Ulcerative colitis, an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory illness of the intestinal mucosa is primarily fuelled by inflammation and oxidative stress. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Plantago ovata husk in mice with Trinitro Benzenesulfonic Acid (TNBS)-induced Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Materials and Methods: BALB/c mice were exposed to TNBS intrarectally, causing ulcerative colitis. All mice received diet supplemented with Plantago ovata husk polysaccharide for 6 days, and their clinical symptoms were identified and evaluated. Following sacrifice, analyses of macroscopic and microscopic damage, intestinal oxidative stress levels, and antioxidant enzyme levels were performed. The colon's histological characteristics were also examined. Results: In comparison to the induced group, the highest dose significantly reduced the ulcer index, the histopathologic damage, and levels of NO, LPO, and MPO in tissues. Furthermore, SOD and GSH levels were increased restoring the balance of oxidants in colonic mucosa. The healing of injured tissues was also evident from the histology analysis. Conclusion: In higher doses, P. ovata husk extract significantly lowers mucosal damage and inflammation in mice with UC. P. ovata husk extract showed moderate protective effects and can be beneficial in treating Ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de los extractos de Plantago major «llantén» y Piper aduncum «matico» sobre Fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) del veneno de la serpiente Lachesis muta muta. Materiales y métodos. Esta investigación fue de tipo explicativa con diseño experimental. Se recolectaron hojas de P. major y P. aduncum en la provincia de Huarochirí en Lima, Perú. Se prepararon extractos alcohólicos diluidos en agua destilada y se realizaron los ensayos fitoquímicos, la cuantificación de fenoles y flavonoides, la cromatografía de capa fina (CCF) en celulosa y la actividad enzimática con PLA2. Se analizó la capacidad de inhibir la PLA2 con los extractos en estudio y sus fracciones. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y comparaciones múltiples de Bonferroni. Resultados. Tanto en P. major como en P. aduncum se identificó cualitativamente la presencia de fenoles, flavonoides y taninos; además, P. aduncum presentó saponinas. La inhibición de la actividad de la PLA2 del veneno por el extracto total de P. major fue del 45,3%, y sus fracciones mostraron valores de inhibición: LLF-1 con 31,1%, LLF-2 con 66,3% y LLF-3 con 65,5%. En P. aduncum, los valores de inhibición para el extracto total fueron de 86,9%, y sus fracciones presentaron inhibiciones: MF-1 con 34,3%, MF-2 con 67,1% y MF-3 con 54,9%. El análisis estadístico demostró diferencias significativas en la inhibición de la PLA2 (p=0,009) por los extractos. Conclusión. Los ensayos realizados demostraron una asociación entre el efecto antiinflamatorio de los extractos y la inhibición de la PLA2.

In this paper, the total phenylethanosides (TPS) were extracted efficiently by an innovative extraction technology––deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) from Plantago asiatica L. Ten diverse types of DESs were synthesized as alternative extraction solutions. The extraction efficiency of DES-3 (constituted by choline chloride and lactic acid) was much higher than those of other DESs. On the basis of single factor tests and Box-Behnken design (BBD), the optimum processing parameters of DES-UAE as follow: DES-3 with molar ratio of 1:3, extraction temperature 51 °C, solid/liquid 22.5 mg/ml, water content 30%, ultrasonic power 65 W, extraction time 23 min. The extraction efficiency of TPS from Plantago asiatica L. was 8.395 mg/ml, which was more superior than those of organic solvents (water, methanol, 50% methanol, ethanol, 50% ethanol). The extraction kinetics experiment results showed that water content had a significant influence upon the extraction efficiency of TPS. At the same time, AB-8 macroporous resin column was used to efficiently isolate TPS from DES extraction with a recovery rate of 88.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid emergence of new virus mutants that are adapted to host environments increases the threat to crop production. In a previous study, we reported that pretreatment of Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) with a plant activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), inhibited the infection of green fluorescent protein-expressing plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV-GFP) at two distinct stages: replication in inoculated leaves and the viral loading step for long-distance movement. However, whether the virus might mutate that will overcome host ASM-induced defenses at each of these stages is unknown. To address this question, we performed five serial passages of PlAMV-GFP in either ASM-treated or untreated Nb leaves. A virus lineage passaged in ASM-treated leaves, named the ASM lineage, had no dominant mutations and was unable to overcome ASM-mediated inhibition. The ASM lineage tended to have less genetic diversity than in the control lineage. In contrast, in a petiole of ASM-treated, inoculated leaves where viruses had accumulated after loading into the vascular tissue, we found a mutant with a 693-bp deletion in the GFP-coding region and an extension of 13 amino acids at the C-terminus of the movement protein TGBp3 that had less restricted accumulation in inoculated leaves and moved to the upper leaves faster than the wild-type PlAMV-GFP in ASM-treated plants. The emergence of this defense-evading mutant specifically from the loading stage suggests that the ASM-induced defense could impose selective pressure on viruses at the viral loading stage rather than at replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major environmental stress affecting the growth and development of plants. Saline soils limit crop productivity, resulting in economic losses by compromising morpho-physiological and yield attributes of plants. However, the exogenous application of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) helps to ameliorate the negative effects of salinity. A study was carried out to explore the impact of foliar applications of different PGRs i.e. Salicylic Acid (SA) 250µM, Thiourea (TU) 10mM, dry Moringa Leaf Extract (MLE) 10% and Proline 1µM to mitigate salt stress (NaCl 120mM) in medicinally important plant, Plantago ovata. Salinity hampered shoot length, root and shoot dry matter, fresh weight as well as number of leaves. However, foliar application of PGRs helped to improve various growth attributes like total number of leaves per plant, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight. Moreover, biochemicals i.e. hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were substantially increased under salt stress indicating increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response to ROS, antioxidants were found to be upregulated when the expression of antioxidant genes like catalase (CAT), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and Glutathione Reductase (GR) were analyzed under salinity stress. However, the expression of GR, CAT, and GST was further enhanced after the application of PGRs. Their expression was many folds higher (GR up to 7.4, CAT up to 9.5, and GST up to 7.9 folds higher) in salt-subjected plants as compared to control, suggesting their role in salt stress tolerance. It is concluded that foliar application of PGRs particularly TU and MLE improved morphological parameters and may be recommended for improved growth of plants under salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at characterizing some adaptive changes in Plantago lanceolata L. exposed to harsh conditions of a desert-like environment generating physiological stress of limited water availability and exposure to strong light. It was clearly shown that the plants were capable of adapting their root system and vascular tissues to enable efficient vegetative performance. Soil analyses, as well as nitrogen isotope discrimination data show that P. lanceolata leaves in a desert-like environment had better access to nitrogen (nitrite/nitrate) and were able to fix it efficiently, as compared to the plants growing in the surrounding forest. The arbuscular mycorrhiza was also shown to be well-developed, and this was accompanied by higher bacterial frequency in the root zone, which might further stimulate plant growth. A closer look at the nitrogen content and leaf veins with a higher number of vessels and a greater vessel diameter made it possible to define the changes developed by the plants populating sandy habitats as compared with the vegetation sites located in the nearby forest. A determination of the photosynthesis parameters indicates that the photochemical apparatus in P. lanceolata inhabiting the desert areas adapted slightly to the desert-like environment and the time of day, with some changes of the reaction center (RC) size (photosystem II, PSII), while the plants' photochemical activity was at a similar level. No differences between the two groups of plants were observed in the dissipation of light energy. The exposure of plants to harsh conditions of a desert-like environment increased the water use efficiency (WUE) value in parallel with possible stimulation of the β-carboxylation pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African mistletoe (Loranthus bengwensis) is a hemi-parasitic plant which grows in all parts of Nigeria. It is used in the form of tisane (decoction), as a traditional herbal treatment for various forms of ailments especially as an anti-diabetic. The present study evaluated the host-plant effect on the anti-diabetic activity of the African mistletoe growing in the Northern part of Nigeria. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Wister rats were orally administered with decoction (0.01 g/cm³) of African mistletoe, parasiting on lemon (Citrus limon), guava (Psidium guajava) and jathropha (Jathropha curcas) trees respectively for 28 days (ad libitum) as the only source of fluid. The decoction from African mistletoe parasiting on lemon and guava trees were found to cause a significant reduction in the blood glucose level (40%) of the diabetic rats while the decoction prepared from the jathropha tree caused a significant elevation of blood glucose (60%) in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained indicated that Africa mistletoe possesses significant anti-diabetic activity and this anti-diabetic activity may be influenced by the hostplant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prime objective of the current research was to develop a stable nimesulide emulgel with the help of arabinoxylan, a natural gelling agent extracted from Plantago ovata. The response surface methodology was used by a Design Expert 10 software to formulate and optimize the emulgel. The experimental design approach evaluated the impact of independent and dependent variables. Independent variables were different concentrations of arabinoxylan, span 80 and tween 20, whereas, dependent variables were viscosity, pH, and content uniformity. FTIR demonstrated the compatibility of nimesulide with the excipients. Stability study indicated no phase separation and no change in pH for formulation F1, F3 and F4. The negative values of zeta potential revealed the excellent stability of emulgel. Viscosity, spreadability and extrudability values were in desired range. Ex-vivo permeation study illustrated 86%, 55% and 66% release of the drug over a period of 24 h from the formulations F1, F3 and F4, respectively. Analgesic effect of the optimized emulgel was significantly higher in test group as compared to control and did not produce any sort of irritation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the newly developed emulgel based on arabinoxylan, as gelling agent, appear to be an effective drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]