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Background: Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play a pivotal role in plant defense against plant pathogens by inhibiting polygalacturonase (PG), an enzyme produced by pathogens to degrade plant cell wall pectin. PGIPs, also known as leucine-rich repeat pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, activate the host's defense response upon interaction with PG, thereby reinforcing the host defense against plant pathogens attacks. In Egyptian or extra-long staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense), the interaction between PGIP and PG is one of the crucial steps in the defense mechanism against major pathogens such as Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum and Alternaria macrospora, which are responsible for bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases, respectively. Results: To unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying these PR proteins, we conducted a comprehensive study involving molecular modeling, protein-protein docking, site-specific double mutation (E169G and F242K), and molecular dynamics simulations. Both wild-type and mutated cotton PGIPs were examined in the interaction with the PG enzyme of a bacterial and fungal pathogen. Our findings revealed that changes in conformations of double-mutated residues in the active site of PGIP lead to the inhibition of PG binding. The molecular dynamics simulation studies provide insights into the dynamic behaviour and stability of the PGIP-PG complexes, shedding light on the intricate details of the inhibitory and exhibitory mechanism against the major fungal and bacterial pathogens of G. barbadense, respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study not only enhance our understanding of the molecular interactions between PGs of Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum and Alternaria macrospora and PGIP of G. barbadense but also present a potential strategy for developing the disease-resistant cotton varieties. By variations in the binding affinities of PGs through specific mutations in PGIP, this research offers promising avenues for the development of enhanced resistance to cotton plants against bacterial leaf blight and leaf spot diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic analysis is important for modern plant molecular biology, and in this regard, the existence of specific mutants is crucial. While genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized plant molecular biology by enabling precise gene disruption, knockout methods are ineffective for lethal genes, necessitating alternatives like gene knockdown. This study demonstrates the practical generation of a hypomorphic mutant allele, alongside severe null mutant alleles, via the targeting of mRNA splicing sites using CRISPR-Cas9. The Arabidopsis HIGH PLOIDY 2 (HPY2) encodes a yeast NSE2 ortholog, part of the conserved eukaryotic SMC5/6 complex, with SUMO E3 ligase activity essential for cell cycle progression and plant development. Loss-of-function HPY2 mutants exhibit severe dwarfism and seedling lethality, making functional analysis challenging. To overcome these limitations, we created HPY2 knockdown mutants as novel tools to investigate gene function. Of the three mutant alleles, the hpy2-cr1 and hpy2-cr2 mutants resembled the existing severe hpy2-1 allele, both harboring a single base pair insertion in one exon, causing significant root shortening and seedling lethality. In contrast, the hypomorphic mutant hpy2-cr3, which has a five bp deletion at an intron-exon junction, showed relatively longer root growth and survived until the reproductive stage. RT-PCR analysis of hpy2-cr3 revealed atypical mRNAs producing truncated polypeptides that retained some HPY2 function, explaining the milder phenotype. These results establish the successful generation of novel hypomorphic mutant alleles critical for studying the lethal gene HPY2, and demonstrate the usefulness of CRISPR-Cas9 for producing viable hypomorphic mutants for investigating complex genetic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is a major threat to global agriculture, limiting plant growth and lowering crop yields. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology provide unprecedented precision and efficiency for addressing these challenges by directly modifying the central dogma (CD) of molecular biology in plants. The CD naturally lends itself to tighter multi-level regulation, where transcription and translation are both under control at the same time. A multilayer component of CD such as epigenetic modification, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, and post-translational modification contributes significantly to stress tolerance. Strict control of CD components by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) might lead to the generation of climate smart crops. This review delves into the latest developments in the CRISPR toolbox that improve plant salt tolerance. By targeting key genes involved in transcription and translation, CRISPR/Cas9 makes it easier to modify critical components of the central dogma, allowing plants to better manage salt stress. We explore various CRISPR-based strategies, including base editing, prime editing, transcription regulation, multiplexing, RNA and many more, that reprogram gene expression and protein function to improve salt tolerance. In addition, we discuss how CRISPR can be combined with transcriptional regulation and epigenetic modifications to provide a comprehensive approach to salinity resistance for plants. The review also addresses the issues of off-target effects and efficient delivery systems, recommending novel solutions to improve the precision and applicability of CRISPR technology. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of CRISPR in modifying the central dogma to develop salt-tolerant crops, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and global food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial discusses the significance of polyploidy in plant evolution, emphasizing its role in shaping biodiversity and improving crop traits. It explores the mechanisms of autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, highlighting the genomic changes and advantages associated with polyploid plants. The paper also delves into the applications of genomic tools like GWAS and genomic prediction in enhancing breeding strategies for polyploid plants, showcasing the potential for accelerating crop improvement efforts. Additionally, the editorial presents studies on transcriptomics, lignin biosynthesis in sweet potatoes, gene expression in allopolyploids, and the impact of vernalization on wheat reproductive growth, collectively contributing to a deeper understanding of genetic mechanisms in plants and informing future research in plant genetics and agriculture. [Extracted from the article]

• Comprehensive investigation of mutants derived from Gladiolus cultivar 'Prince of Orange' in vM1 and vM2 generations. • Morphological observations, genetic mapping, and molecular characterization techniques employed. • Elucidation of underlying mechanisms governing mutations in Gladiolus. • Insights into mutagenesis and trait inheritance in Gladiolus with potential implications for breeding and cultivation. • Contribution to the understanding of plant genetics and molecular biology. • Relevance to agricultural research and practical applications in horticulture. • Submission to the African Journal of Botany for consideration. Gladiolus mutants developed using gamma irradiations and EMS treatments were characterized using morphological, genetic and Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) based Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) for designing future breeding strategies. As many as 7 mutants based on phenotypic variations such as colour and shape modifications were subjected to molecular characterization using 11 ISSR primers that confirmed variations. ISSR markers showed 13.88 to 36.00 percent polymorphism among the mutants was recorded, signifying variability among different mutants. UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) based analysis of cluster separated gladiolus variety prince of orange mutants into four clusters. ISSR markers were subjected for comparative analysis like effective multiplex ratio, marker index, polymorphic information content and resolving power wherein, highest EMR (3.24), MI (1.32) were found for UBC 810, Rp (4.37) values were found for UBC 827, and maximum PIC value (0.46) for ISSR 22218 UBC 812. The results clearly indicated the reproducibility of ISSRs and their ability to detect variability among the mutants. A significant level of genetic variation was depicted by ANOVA which suggested the usefulness of studies in gladiolus breeding and unique bands obtained could be utilized for mutant/ varietal identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the genome assembly and characterization of Chlorogloeopsis sp. ULAP02, a cyanobacterium from the Philippines, and the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) responsible for producing bioactive compounds. The study reveals the organism's genome and the potential therapeutic applications of its compounds. Another article explores the genome of Chlorogloeopsis sp. ULAP02 and identifies various BGCs associated with antimicrobial properties. Additionally, a document provides a list of references for scientific articles on microbiology and biochemistry, covering topics such as microorganism classification, protein engineering, and natural product biosynthesis. These resources offer valuable information for researchers in these fields. [Extracted from the article]

This study was done in Molecular Biology and Plant Tissue Culture labs at the research center, College of Science, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, from August 2021 to September 2023. Shoot tips were used as an explanation in this study. Optimal sterilization was achieved when 70% (v/v) ethanol was used for 2 minutes, then explants were soaked in 2.5% (v/v) of NaOCl for 20 minutes. The better medium for initiation was MS supplied with 1.0 mgL-1 BA + 0.05 mgL-1 of NAA, which increased shoot number to (2.60), BA at 2.0 mgL-1 + NAA at 0.5 mgL-1 gave (2.60) number of nodes. At the multiplication stage, a combination of BA at 6.0 mgL-1 + NAA at 1.0 mgL-1 produced the best numbers (2.50) shoots/ explant, the highest number (2.06) of nodes produced on (MS) medium contained both BA at 2.0 mgL-1 + NAA at 2.0 mgL-1. However, there was no significant difference between MS and WPM media regarding multiplication rate. In vitro, roots were developed when WPM contained 0.5 mgL-1 IBA. An autoclaved mixture of peat moss and loam at a ratio (1:0.5) (v: v) was used for plant acclimatization with an 80- 85 % survival rate. Twenty-four SRAP primers were used to test the uniformity and stability of micro-propagated plants. No polymorphism was found, indicating the genetic stability of micro-propagated plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XL Annual Scientific Meeting showcased a wide range of research topics, including plant molecular biology, forensic entomology, and bioprocesses for sustainability in agriculture. Presentations also covered meat quality determination, fungal disease control in peanuts, and sustainable food production technologies. Studies on hemoglobinopathies, sperm DNA fragmentation, and SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater were also presented. Other research focused on olive oils, bacterial conservation, phytoremediation, and the development of edible films. Additionally, a study on the composition of the eggshell of Salvator merianae lizards revealed the presence of elastic fibers that may contribute to the mechanical properties of the eggshell. Further research is needed to understand the functional significance of these elastic polymers. [Extracted from the article]

The Correction Notice in the Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization addresses errors in the reference section of an article on processing healthy crackers for children using sprouted flour mixes. The correction provides complete reference details for several sources related to gluten-free biscuits, finger millet flour, quinoa, and fenugreek seeds. The correction ensures accuracy in the original article's reference section. [Extracted from the article]

The article in the Plant Biotechnology Journal discusses the development of a reporter tomato line to track the replication of a geminivirus in real-time and with cellular resolution. Geminiviruses are plant-infecting viruses that cause severe diseases in crops worldwide. The transgenic reporter tomato plants containing a fluorescent protein allow for the monitoring of viral replication in a non-destructive and cost-effective manner, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of viral infection in different plant organs. This tool can be used to study factors impacting viral infection and isolate infected cells for further analysis, making it a valuable resource for plant virus research. [Extracted from the article]

Lipids are organic nonpolar molecules with essential biological and economic importance. While the genetic pathways and regulatory networks of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism have been extensively studied and thoroughly reviewed in oil crops such as soybeans, less attention has been paid to the biological roles of lipids in rice, a staple food for the global population and a model species for plant molecular biology research, leaving a considerable knowledge gap in the biological roles of lipids. In this review, we endeavor to furnish a current overview of the advancements in understanding the genetic foundations and physiological functions of lipids, including triacylglycerol, fatty acids, and very-long-chain fatty acids. We aim to summarize the key genes in lipid biosynthesis, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation underpinning rice's developmental and growth processes, biotic stress responses, abiotic stress responses, fertility, seed longevity, and recent efforts in rice oil genetic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of a new hybrid zoysiagrass cultivar called Suzhi 5, which has been officially authorized and registered in China. The researchers conducted hybrid breeding to combine desirable traits from different parent species and developed Suzhi 5, which exhibits high turf quality, stress tolerance, and low maintenance requirements. The article provides data and information on various traits and characteristics of zoysiagrass hybrids, including measurements of shoot density, turf height, leaf length and width, stolon length and diameter, and reproductive traits. Field trials were conducted to compare the performance of the hybrids with their parents and a commercial zoysiagrass cultivar, and the data analysis revealed significant differences among the cultivars in terms of various traits. The document also describes the methods used for measurement and cultivation of the turf, and concludes that the 'Suzhi 5' cultivar has excellent cold resistance, a long green period, and is suitable for use on athletic fields, golf courses, and home lawns. [Extracted from the article]

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stressor that hampers agricultural productivity worldwide, with both natural and anthropogenic factors contributing to its rise. Salinity disrupts osmotic and ionic balance, impairs seed germination, hinders photosynthesis, and exacerbates oxidative stress, leading to significant membrane damage. In response, plants have evolved various biochemical and physiological and molecular mechanisms to tolerate high salinity. Recent research has greatly advanced our understanding of salt tolerance by identifying key genes associated with this trait. These studies have highlighted essential genes involved in ion transport, stress signaling, and maintaining osmotic balance. By integrating genetic insights with practical approaches like breeding and genetic engineering, researchers are developing crops better suited to saline environments, which is crucial for addressing global food security challenges. This paper aims to review recent findings on the impact of salt stress on plants and explore the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold stress can impact plant biology at both the molecular and morphological levels. We cultivated two different types of tobacco seedlings using distinct seeding methods, observing significant differences in their cold tolerance at 4 °C. After 12 h cold stress, shallow water seeding cultivation treatment demonstrates a relatively good growth state with slight wilting of the leaves. Tobacco grown using the float system exhibited short, thick roots, while those cultivated through shallow water seeding had elongated roots with more tips and forks. After cold stress, the shallow water seeding cultivation treatment demonstrated higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Transcriptome analysis was performed on the leaves of these tobacco seedlings at three stages of cold treatment (before cold stress, after cold stress, and after 3 days of recovery). Upon analyzing the raw data, we found that the shallow water seeding cultivation treatment was associated with significant functional enrichment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis and NAD metabolism before cold stress, enrichment of functions related to the maintenance of cellular structure after cold stress, and substantial functional enrichment related to photosynthesis during the recovery period. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted, identifying several hub genes that may contribute to the differences in cold tolerance between the two tobacco seedlings. Hub genes related to energy conversion were predominantly identified in shallow water seeding cultivation treatment during our analysis, surpassing findings in other areas. These include the AS gene, which controls the synthesis of NAD precursors, the PED1 gene, closely associated with fatty acid β-oxidation, and the RROP1 gene, related to ATP production. Overall, our study provides a valuable theoretical basis for exploring improved methods of cultivating tobacco seedlings. Through transcriptome sequencing technology, we have elucidated the differences in gene expression in different tobacco seedlings at three time points, identifying key genes affecting cold tolerance in tobacco and providing possibilities for future gene editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of reference genes makes it difficult to conduct molecular biology research on the plant genus, Clematis L. Clematis lanuginosa belongs to Sect. Viticella DC of Clematis L. It is also an important ornamental cultivated variety parent of the early and late large-flowered groups. Studying the reference genes of C. lanuginosa in different tissues will provide a theoretical basis for the reference selection of early and late large-flowered groups of Clematis, which could promote research progress on molecular biology of ornamental Clematis. Results: The roots, stems, leaves, sepals, stamens, and carpels of C. lanuginosa were used as research materials, and seven candidate reference genes were used for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Comprehensive stability analysis using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder software showed that suitable reference genes in C. lanuginosa root, stem, and leaf were PP2A-2 and UBC34; and in floral tissue were UBC34, PP2A-2, and ARP7. These reference genes can be used as internal reference either alone or in combination. The pairwise variation value evaluated with geNorm software showed that two internal reference genes were needed for gene expression correction in the tissues. In the floral organs, three reference genes were required for gene expression correction. Conclusions: Our results provide a foundation for future gene expression analysis of C. lanuginosa and guidance for the screening of reference genes in Clematis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, provides an overview of recent advancements in plant molecular biology. The Special Issue titled "Advances in Molecular Plant Sciences" includes seven reviews, three communication articles, and thirty-six original research articles. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, including plant life cycles, compound synthesis, plant defense mechanisms, abiotic stress responses, transcription factors, post-translational modifications, integrative analyses, and fundamental mechanisms in plant biology. The research presented in this Special Issue offers valuable insights for enhancing crop resilience, productivity, and nutritional value through innovative biotechnological approaches. [Extracted from the article]

Determination of D. crumenatum mutant obtained from in vitro mutation breeding needs a long time due to its long-life cycle. SSR molecular markers can be used for early mutant detection. Specific SSR markers developed in D. crumenatum are not yet available. Alternative published SSR markers were developed from D. catenatum. The aims of this study are to screen the most informative SSR markers generated from D. catenatum tested in irradiated D. crumenatum population and to determine the gamma irradiation dose resulting the most mutants. Ten SSR markers were randomly selected and tested in 25 individuals of D. crumenatum plantlets irradiated with several doses (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Gy; 5 plantlets each dose). The result showed 7 of 10 primers were polymorphic and the other three were monomorphic. All seven polymorphic primers can be used to identified intraspecific variation in the D. crumenatum mutant population. Markers dnsr28 and dnsr98 were the most informative, with the highest polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.5. Irradiation D. crumenatum protocorms using 10-15 gray doses were detected as the highest mutant percentage obtained up to 100% in the sample tested. This resulting marker information can be used to screen wider mutant population to decrease the non-mutant individuals in the population for maintenance and cost efficiency. The 10-15 Gy can be used as reference doses for gamma irradiation in 3 months old D. crumenatum protocorm materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, titled "Genetic Analysis in Crops," explores the importance of genetic studies in crops and their impact on global food production, energy, and medicine. The document discusses various genetic analyses and advancements in crop science, including studies on hops, triticale, rice, water yam, tobacco, and cotton. These studies provide valuable insights into improving crop quality and quantity, enhancing genetic diversity, and developing crops with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The findings highlight the significance of interdisciplinary research in agriculture and its potential to promote sustainable agricultural practices and enhance crop productivity and quality. [Extracted from the article]

This document, titled "Ornamental Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology," explores the genetic and physiological complexities of ornamental plants and their significance in agriculture, industry, and medicine. The research papers included in this Special Issue cover topics such as flower color and scent variations, nutritional development, and adaptive strategies of ornamental plants against environmental stress. The findings highlight the potential for genetic manipulation and cultivation strategies to enhance the aesthetic appeal, marketability, and functional roles of ornamental plants. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms driving these traits and offers practical applications for the development of robust and visually appealing plant varieties. [Extracted from the article]

Summary 4:This article explores the use of probiotics in aquaculture and their potential benefits for fish health and production. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can improve the gut microbiota of fish and enhance their immune system. The review discusses the different types of probiotics used in aquaculture, their mechanisms of action, and their effects on growth performance, disease resistance, and water quality. It also highlights the challenges and future prospects of using probiotics in aquaculture. [Extracted from the article]

This document contains abstracts from the journal "Reviews in Aquaculture" that cover a range of topics related to aquaculture and fish farming. The first abstract discusses the use of edible films for seafood preservation and packaging, exploring new technologies and substances that improve the characteristics of these films. The second abstract focuses on evaluating production efficiency in global aquaculture systems, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive assessment of water utilization and yield. The third abstract examines the use of selective breeding and strain improvement strategies to enhance the production of omega-3 fatty acids in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. The fourth abstract reviews the current knowledge on starch amyloids and their associated diseases in aquaculture, specifically focusing on a parasite that causes a parasitic disease in fish. These abstracts provide valuable insights into various aspects of aquaculture and can contribute to sustainable fish farming practices. [Extracted from the article]

This document titled "Arabic Abstracts" is a compilation of abstracts from various authors and institutions in the field of aquaculture. The authors come from countries such as Turkey, Canada, Portugal, China, Australia, France, Brazil, the United States, and others. The abstracts cover a range of topics including animal science, feed research, environmental science, genetics, and more. [Extracted from the article]

suitable species for polyculture, considering factors such as ecological interactions, resource utilization, and market demand. It highlights the potential benefits of polyculture systems, including increased productivity, reduced environmental impacts, and enhanced resilience to disease and climate change. The article concludes that further research and collaboration between scientists, farmers, and policymakers are necessary to promote the adoption of polyculture systems in aquaculture. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of molecular plant sciences in sustaining food security in the face of global climate change. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between plant science, physics, mathematics, and computer sciences to collect reliable information about plant biology and develop models that can predict interactions between genotype and environment. The article highlights the impact of abiotic and biotic stress on plants and the role of molecular biology in understanding stress resilience. It also discusses advancements in omics technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, for identifying genetic markers associated with stress tolerance. The article includes review papers on various topics, including plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress, methodology, and the detection and identification of specific plant species. Overall, the article provides valuable information for researchers in the field of molecular plant sciences and its applications in improving crop yields and food security. [Extracted from the article]

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a significant cold-water fish farmed in China. Currently, most molecular marker-assisted breeding applications in rainbow trout rely on SSR markers. Although many rainbow trout SSR markers have been developed, methods for mining many polymorphic SSR markers from the genome and identifying them efficiently and rapidly are still lacking. For this reason, this study used in silico simulation method to rapidly develop a large number of polymorphic SSR markers quickly. A total of 354,613 SSR loci with two to six nucleotide repeat motifs were mined from 32 chromosomes of the rainbow trout reference genome using GMATA. The chromosome sequences of the reference genome were then aligned to the whole genome sequencing data (10×) of 68 rainbow trout samples. In silico genotyping was performed using the HipSTR programme to compare and count the variation in the number of repeats of the motifs of the SSR loci in the samples. The loci with high deletion rates and monomorphism were discarded, while those with more than one nonreference allele were kept. The final set of polymorphic SSR loci screened was 78,828. Finally, 4,821 SSR loci were selected with more than 3 alleles and no deletion in all rainbow trout samples and were physically mapped. The average polymorphic information content of these loci was 0.692, indicating high levels of polymorphism. These SSRs were utilized to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of the 68 rainbow trout samples. The results showed that these 68 samples were divided into two groups. These newly discovered polymorphic SSR markers will provide valuable information for evaluating the construction of rainbow trout family lines for genetic diversity and improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the New Phytologist journal examines the genetic diversity of grapevines and their ability to withstand extreme heatwaves caused by climate change. The researchers conducted experiments on a grapevine diversity panel in South France during a record heatwave in 2019. They discovered that certain genomic regions were linked to heat tolerance, suggesting that genetic diversity could be used to breed fruit crops that can withstand heatwaves. The study also investigated the role of leaf size, leaf mass per area, and evaporative cooling in heat tolerance. The researchers identified candidate genes that may contribute to heat tolerance in grapevines. [Extracted from the article]

Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing technologies capture the expression of plant genes at an unprecedented resolution. Therefore, these technologies are gaining traction in plant molecular and developmental biology for elucidating the transcriptional changes across cell types in a specific tissue or organ, upon treatments, in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, or between genotypes. Despite the rapidly accelerating use of these technologies, collective and standardized experimental and analytical procedures to support the acquisition of high-quality data sets are still missing. In this commentary, we discuss common challenges associated with the use of single-cell transcriptomics in plants and propose general guidelines to improve reproducibility, quality, comparability, and interpretation and to make the data readily available to the community in this fast-developing field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the first documented case of Elsinoë phaseoli causing scab in common beans in Kenya. The study conducted a field survey in major bean cultivation regions and observed scab symptoms on leaves, stems, and pods of affected plants. The researchers isolated and identified the pathogen as Elsinoë phaseoli through DNA analysis and confirmed its pathogenicity through inoculation experiments. Further research is needed to understand the epidemiology and management of this disease. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study published in the Journal of Experimental Botany explores the role of NAC transcription factors in cuticle development in tomato fruit. The researchers found that the NAC TF SlNOR-like1 has a dual function in cuticle development, promoting cutin deposition and thickening the outer layer of the fruit, while also inhibiting wax accumulation. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of cuticle development in fruit and offer potential targets for improving fruit quality and storability through biotechnological approaches. The study highlights the importance of further characterizing the remaining "orphan" NAC TF family members to better understand their biological functions. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study that examines the relationship between functional traits of plants and mean annual precipitation (MAP). The researchers analyzed data from the AusTraits database, which includes information on various traits of plant species in Australia. They found that certain traits, such as leaf area and leaf nitrogen per area, were strongly correlated with MAP. The study also investigated the influence of plant growth form on these relationships and found that woody taxa exhibited stronger responses to climate variables compared to nonwoody taxa. Overall, the findings suggest that MAP is an important factor in shaping plant functional traits. [Extracted from the article]

This study defines the genetic characterization of 16 hazelnut varieties and 64 genotypes. SSR method was used in molecular characterization studies. 18 SSR primers were used. In the SSR method, 118 bands were obtained, and 115 were polymorphic. The similarity coefficient in overall genotypes were between 0.12 and 0.98 in SSR and the polymorphism rate of the primer pairs used was calculated as 98.0%. The lowest polymorphism information content value (0.542) was obtained from the CAC-C 028 locus, and the highest polymorphism information content value (0.987) was obtained from the CAC- B 113 locus. The average polymorphism information content value was 0.786. The total discrimination power values of SSR loci were determined as 17.98; the lowest (0.748) discrimination power value was obtained from the CAC- B 020 locus, while the highest (1.404) discrimination power value was obtained from the CAC- A 024 b locus. The genotypes'clustering positions across the dendograms were essentially correlated with their geographic origins. This result shows that genetic origin plays an important role in terms of classification of genotypes in hazelnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant crops serve as essential sources of nutritional sustenance, supplying vital nutrients to human diets. However, their productivity and quality are severely jeopardized by factors such as pests, diseases, and adverse abiotic conditions. Addressing these challenges using innovative biotechnological approaches is imperative for advancing sustainable agriculture. In recent years, genome editing technologies have emerged as pivotal genetic tools, revolutionizing plant molecular biology. Among these, the CRISPR–Cas9 system has gained prominence due to its unparalleled precision, streamlined design, and heightened success rates. This review article highlights the profound impact of CRISPR/Cas9 technology on crop improvement. The article critically examines the breakthroughs, ongoing enhancements, and future prospects associated with this cutting-edge technology. In conclusion, the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 presents a transformative shift in agricultural biotechnology, holding the potential to mitigate longstanding agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) stands as the most significantly influential food crop in the developing world, with its total production and yield stability affected by environmental stress. Drought stress impacts about 45% of the world's rice area, affecting plants at molecular, biochemical, physiological, and phenotypic levels. The conventional breeding method, predominantly employing single pedigree selection, has been widely utilized in breeding numerous drought-tolerant rice varieties since the Green Revolution. With rapid progress in plant molecular biology, hundreds of drought-tolerant QTLs/genes have been identified and tested in rice crops under both indoor and field conditions. Several genes have been introgressed into elite germplasm to develop commercially accepted drought-tolerant varieties, resulting in the development of several drought-tolerant rice varieties through marker-assisted selection and genetically engineered approaches. This review provides up-to-date information on proof-of-concept genes and breeding methods in the molecular breeding era, offering guidance for rice breeders to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant molecules. Fisetin belongs to a class of flavonoids; it is a bioactive polyphenolic flavanol molecule found in fruits and vegetables with potential pharmacological activities. This study was designed to validate a simple method for estimating and evaluating fisetin in the strawberry extract by spectrophotometry. Methodology: Isolation of fisetin from the methanolic extract of Fragaria ananassa with chloroform by liquid-liquid extraction technique. The wet granulation method was formulated for making the tablet by incorporating pure fisetin as a biomarker. Spectrophotometric detection was carried out at an absorption maximum of 362 nm using methanol as solvent. The method was validated by linearity, accuracy, and precision studies. In the validation study, fisetin obeyed Beer-Lambert's law in the concentration range of 1 to 8 μg/mL, and it was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.99, and the regression equation was found to be Y= 0.10x -0.04. Found the percentage relative standard deviation among all the responses was less than 2%, indicating the method's precision. The percentage recovery of fisetin was found to be in the range of 96.61 to 101.63%. The present study was statistically confirmed. Therefore, the proposed approach can accurately measure the active marker compound in the crude drug (fisetin). The analysis allows the optimization of a precise method for determining the fisetin in the fruit of Fragaria ananassa, which can be used to support the quality assessment of this herbal material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gary Loake, a professor of plant molecular sciences at the University of Edinburgh, shares his journey and passion for plant science. Growing up in a rural area, Loake developed a love for nature and biology, which led him to pursue a career in research. He transitioned from studying microbes to plants and has since focused on understanding and enhancing plant immunity. Loake is motivated by making new discoveries, solving problems, and mentoring students. He has also been involved in industry collaborations and founded a plant biotechnology company. Loake highlights the importance of role models in his career and mentions his favorite papers from the New Phytologist journal. He also shares his favorite plant, the horse chestnut tree, and discusses his work with the model plant Marchantia polymorpha. Unfortunately, the article notes that Loake passed away in March 2024. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the genetic factors that influence the coloration of ripe tomatoes, with a focus on the transition from green to red fruit. The study identifies three specific genes that play a role in determining fruit color, and mutations in these genes can result in green ripe fruit. The research also investigates the genetic mechanisms behind green fruit coloration in wild tomato species. Understanding these genetic factors is important for agricultural breeding programs and provides insights into the evolution of fruit color in tomatoes. The study found that the downregulation of certain proteins in pink fruit cultivars can transform the fruit into green ripe fruit. Additionally, genetic variations in other genes contribute to the green or gray-green coloration of ripe fruit in wild tomato species. The study also identifies disruptions in the lycopene biosynthesis pathway and regulatory factors as contributors to green fruit development. These findings have implications for breeding programs and highlight the complexity of fruit ripening regulation. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the interplay between the structure of the plant cell wall and signaling processes. Specifically, it focuses on the modification of pectin, a component of the cell wall, which is necessary for signaling by a group of molecules called RALF peptides. The researchers found that pectin methylesterase activity, which removes methyl groups from pectin, is required for RALF1 peptide signaling. This study deepens our understanding of how pectin modification affects peptide signaling at the surface of plant cells and suggests that pectin may act as a reservoir for signaling molecules. Further research is needed to fully understand the interactions between pectin and RALF peptides and their impact on cell wall configuration. [Extracted from the article]

Microspore embryogenesis (ME) is the most powerful tool for creating homozygous lines in plant breeding and molecular biology research. It is still based mainly on the reprogramming of microspores by temperature, osmotic and/or nutrient stress. New compounds are being sought that could increase the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis or even induce the formation of haploid embryos from recalcitrant genotypes. Among these, the mitogenic factor phytosulfokine alpha (PSK-α) is promising due to its broad spectrum of activity in vivo and in vitro. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of PSK-α on haploid embryogenesis from microspores of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., DH4079), one of the most important oil crops and a model plant for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling embryo formation. We tested different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 µM) of the peptide and evaluated its effect on microspore viability and embryo regeneration after four weeks of culture. Our results showed a positive correlation between addition of PSK-α and cultured microspore viability and a positive effect also on the number of developed embryos. The analysis of transcriptomes across three time points (day 0, 2 and 4) with or without PSK-α supplementation (15 RNA libraries in total) unveiled differentially expressed genes pivotal in cell division, microspore embryogenesis, and subsequent regeneration. PCA grouped transcriptomes by RNA sampling time, with the first two principal components explaining 56.8% variability. On day 2 with PSK, 45 genes (15 up- and 30 down-regulated) were differentially expressed when PSK-α was added and their number increased to 304 by day 4 (30 up- and 274 down-regulated). PSK, PSKR, and PSI gene expression analysis revealed dynamic patterns, with PSK2 displaying the highest increase and overall expression during microspore culture at days 2 and 4. Despite some variations, only PSK1 showed significant differential expression upon PSK-α addition. Of 16 ME-related molecular markers, 3 and 15 exhibited significant differential expression in PSK-supplemented cultures at days 2 and 4, respectively. Embryo-specific markers predominantly expressed after 4 days of culture, with higher expression in medium without PSK, while on day 0, numerous sporophyte-specific markers were highly expressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins constitute a plant gene superfamily crucial for growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. Despite their identification in various plants like maize, rice, and Arabidopsis, little is known about the information on ABC transporters in pear. To investigate the functions of ABC transporters in pear development and abiotic stress response, we conducted an extensive analysis of ABC gene family in the pear genome. Results: In this study, 177 ABC transporter genes were successfully identified in the pear genome, classified into seven subfamilies: 8 ABCAs, 40 ABCBs, 24 ABCCs, 8 ABCDs, 9 ABCEs, 8 ABCFs, and 80 ABCGs. Ten motifs were common among all ABC transporter proteins, while distinct motif structures were observed for each subfamily. Distribution analysis revealed 85 PbrABC transporter genes across 17 chromosomes, driven primarily by WGD and dispersed duplication. Cis-regulatory element analysis of PbrABC promoters indicated associations with phytohormones and stress responses. Tissue-specific expression profiles demonstrated varied expression levels across tissues, suggesting diverse functions in development. Furthermore, several PbrABC genes responded to abiotic stresses, with 82 genes sensitive to salt stress, including 40 upregulated and 23 downregulated genes. Additionally, 91 genes were responsive to drought stress, with 22 upregulated and 36 downregulated genes. These findings highlight the pivotal role of PbrABC genes in abiotic stress responses. Conclusion: This study provides evolutionary insights into PbrABC transporter genes, establishing a foundation for future research on their functions in pear. The identified motifs, distribution patterns, and stress-responsive expressions contribute to understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ABC transporters in pear. The observed tissue-specific expression profiles suggest diverse roles in developmental processes. Notably, the significant responses to salt and drought stress emphasize the importance of PbrABC genes in mediating adaptive responses. Overall, our study advances the understanding of PbrABC transporter genes in pear, opening avenues for further investigations in plant molecular biology and stress physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agriculture / Poljoprivreda is the property of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) culture has received a fair share of scientific and industrial attention among the trending topics of plant cell culture, especially their potential toward secondary metabolites production. However, the conventional plant cell culture is often not commercially feasible because of difficulties associated with culture dedifferentiated cells. Several reports have been published to culture CMCs and bypass the dedifferentiation process in plant cell culture. Numerous mitochondria, multiple vacuoles, genetic stability, self-renewal, higher biomass, and stable metabolites accumulation are the characteristics features of CMCs compared with dedifferentiated cells (DDCs) culture. The CMCs culture has a broader application to produce large-scale natural compounds for: pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetic industries. Cutting-edge progress in plant cellular and molecular biology has allowed unprecedented insights into cambial stem cell culture and its fundamental processes. Therefore, regarding sustainability and natural compound production, cambial cell culture ranks among the most vital biotechnological interventions for industrial and economic perspectives. This review highlights the recent advances in plant stem cell culture and understands the cambial cells induction and culture mechanisms that affect the growth and natural compounds production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green algae, Ulva Linnaeus, 1753 (Ulvales, Chlorophyta), is found abundantly in intertidal regions of the coasts. Members of the genus exist in foliose, filamentous, and tubular forms and may be distromatic or monostromatic. This study investigates the phylogenetic distribution of foliose Ulva from various geographical locations in India. The morphological and microscopic features of 20 specimens were studied, and ITS, tufA, 18S, and atpB regions were sequenced using specific primers. BLAST results were used for similarity search and MEGAX for phylogenetic reconstruction using these amplified sequences. A total of 35 sequences were generated and used to trace back the evolution of different species and the effects of geographical locations on the cryptic diversity of Ulva. Also, this study reports the occurrence of Ulva fasciata, Ulva reticulata, Ulva taeniata, Ulva linza, and Ulva ohnoi. A pressed herbarium voucher was prepared for future records of each sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 LIKE 1 (SMAX1) is a member of the SUPPRESSOR of MAX2 1-LIKE family of genes and is known as a target protein of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2)-MORE AXILLARY BRANCHES2 (MAX2), which mediates karrikin signaling in Arabidopsis. SMAX1 plays a significant role in seed germination, hypocotyl elongation, and root hair development in Arabidopsis. SMAX1 has not yet been identified and characterized in woody plants. This study identified and characterized SsSMAX1 in Sapium sebiferum and found that SsSMAX1 was highly expressed in the seed, hypocotyl, and root tips of S. sebiferum. SsSMAX1 was functionally characterized by ectopic expression in Arabidopsis. SsSMAX1 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis showed significantly delayed seed germination and produced seedlings with longer hypocotyl and roots than wild-type and Atsmax1 functional mutants. SsSMAX1 overexpression lines of Arabidopsis also had broader and longer leaves and petioles than wild-type and Atsmax1, suggesting that SsSMAX1 is functionally conserved. This study characterizes the SMAX1 gene in a woody and commercially valuable bioenergy plant, Sapium sebiferum. The results of this study are beneficial to future research on the molecular biology of woody plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the Journal of Experimental Botany investigated the effects of compound 991, an activator of SnRK1, on seed germination in rice and wheat. The researchers found that compound 991 increased SnRK1 activity and promoted germination at low concentrations in rice seeds. However, higher concentrations of the compound resulted in a reduction in germination rate. Similar effects were observed in wheat. The study also showed that overexpression of OsSnRK1α, the catalytic subunit of SnRK1, induced a similar response to compound 991 treatment. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that compound 991 activates the phosphorylation network regulated by SnRK1 during germination. The findings suggest that compound 991 has potential applications in plant growth regulation in agriculture. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "Editorial: Calcium signaling: an early plant defense response against pests and pathogens," discusses the role of calcium signaling in plant defense mechanisms against biotic stresses caused by pests and pathogens. The article highlights the importance of calcium in early signaling pathways and the detection of signals by calcium sensors. It also mentions the potential for genome editing and genetic engineering to modify the calcium signaling system in plants to enhance resistance to pests and diseases. The article includes research on the involvement of calcium signaling in plant responses to microorganisms, the interactions between different signaling pathways, the role of calcium signaling in weed stress, and the potential use of calcium cyanamide as a soil cleanser and fertilizer. Additionally, the article explores the integration of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants and the function of calcium signals in sensing abiotic environmental cues. The authors emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of calcium signaling and its components to develop targeted methods for crop protection and strengthen symbiotic connections. [Extracted from the article]