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Fusarium wilt, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), is an economically important disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) throughout the world. Four pathogenic races of FOL are reported, though only race 1 is known to exist in the United States. Recently, Californian lettuce growers have expressed increasing concern about Fusarium wilt, as some race 1‐resistant cultivars have exhibited susceptibility, and some susceptible cultivars have displayed reduced disease severity. To determine whether such changes in disease patterns are responses to potentially novel variants, we collected infected plants from commercial fields in the Salinas Valley and Santa Maria regions, isolated the fungus, and conducted a series of pathogenicity tests using a set of FOL race differential cultivars over 2 years (2022 and 2023) in controlled conditions. Pathogenicity tests revealed two new FOL variants that elicited novel disease reaction patterns on the set of differential cultivars that have not been previously described. Isolates Fol621 and Fol621s were less aggressive on race 1‐susceptible Banchu Red Fire, designated Variant‐1. Isolate VSP‐0916 incited severe Fusarium wilt on race 1‐resistant Costa Rica No. 4, designated Variant‐2. Moreover, VSP‐0916 exhibited high aggressiveness and the ability to induce disease in other race 1‐resistant cultivars. This study is the first documentation, to our knowledge, of the occurrence of FOL‐inciting Fusarium wilt on race 1‐resistant lettuce in the United States. Our work provides valuable information critical for the development of Fusarium wilt management strategies, including broad‐spectrum resistance breeding efforts against multiple FOL races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an evaluation of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total flavonols, anthocyanin, antioxidants, and antibacterial activities. Centella asiatica plants were collected from Guilan province, Iran. High-performance liquid chromatography-Diode array detector analysis demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of C. asiatica contained phenolic substances such as sinapic acid, catechin, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, hesperidin, eugenol, and hesperetin. The predominant phenolic compound in the extract was hesperetin. The antibacterial activities of the extract were highly potent against S. aureus and B. cereus. These findings suggest that C. asiatica is rich in phenolic compounds and can be utilised for future cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants remain an important source of biologically active small molecules with high therapeutic potential. The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel formed by Kv7.2/3 (KCNQ2/3) heteromers is a major target for anticonvulsant drug development. Here, we screened 1444 extracts primarily from plants collected in California and the US Virgin Islands, for their ability to activate Kv7.2/3 but not inhibit Kv1.3, to select against tannic acid being the active component. We validated the 7 strongest hits, identified Thespesia populnea (miro, milo, portia tree) as the most promising, then discovered its primary active metabolite to be gentisic acid (GA). GA highly potently activated Kv7.2/3 (EC50, 2.8 nM). GA is, uniquely to our knowledge, 100% selective for Kv7.3 versus other Kv7 homomers; it requires S5 residue Kv7.3-W265 for Kv7.2/3 activation, and it ameliorates pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Structure-activity studies revealed that the FDA-approved vasoprotective drug calcium dobesilate, a GA analog, is a previously unrecognized Kv7.2/3 channel opener. Also an active aspirin metabolite, GA provides a molecular rationale for the use of T. populnea as an anticonvulsant in Polynesian indigenous medicine and presents novel pharmacological prospects for potent, isoform-selective, therapeutic Kv7 channel activation. The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel formed by Kv7.2/3 heteromers is a major target for anticonvulsant drug development, however, specificity and potency are key challenges for Kv7.2/3 opener development. Here, the authors report the discovery of gentisic acid as a potent and selective Kv7.3 opener from Thespesia populnea — a plant reportedly used as an anticonvulsant in Polynesian traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the effects of soil type on the concentrations of seven elements (calcium, potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc) in plants using x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and plant specimens collected from calcareous and ultramafic soil areas, and ‘general soils’ (other types of soil represented by Brown Forest soils and Andosols) of Japan. Compared with the plants from other types of soils, the means of these seven elements were lower in plants originating from ultramafic soils, especially in phosphorus. Plants from calcareous soil areas had high iron and zinc concentrations on average, but this tendency was biased by plants collected on Mt. Fujiwara, which had extremely high average values of these elements. Calcium concentration in plants had a negative correlation with zinc or iron from calcareous or general soils, respectively, and iron showed positive correlations with zinc, manganese, and sulfur in plants from calcareous, ultramafic, and general soils, respectively. These correlations were not found in plants from general soils, suggesting that these relationships reflect the chemical characteristics of soil types. On the contrary, plants from all soil types showed a positive correlation between sulfur and phosphorus, whereas a positive correlation between potassium and phosphorus was found in plants from calcareous and general soils, but not in ultramafic plants, which instead showed a weak, but statistically significant correlation between potassium and sulfur. Statistically, iron and sulfur concentrations were positively correlated in all soil types, but manganese showed a low correlation with the other elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marrubium vulgareis a plant with high bioactive potential. The rich bioactive compounds of medicinal horehound, as well as their antioxidant activity have led to its wider application in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The present work aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of Marrubium vulgare. The experiments were performed in Eram Garden with five replications and using SPSS software (v. 13) and Mann–Whitney U-Test at p ≤ 0.01. The total content of flavonoids and main phenolic compounds increased when plants collected at vegetative stage. On the other hand, the highest vanillin content was observed in full flowering stage. Overall, this study can provide useful information about the best harvest period for horehound to produce the desired compounds for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and plant industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Biological samples and their associated information are an essential resource used by scientists, governments, policymakers, practitioners and communities to ensure that biodiversity can be appropriately protected and sustainably used. Yet, considering the enormous task of documenting the vast numbers of as‐yet‐unknown plant and fungal species, greater international coordination for biological collecting and recording is necessary, built on equitable collecting practices and standards. Here, we propose five commitments to accelerate and enhance scientific knowledge of plant and fungal diversity, while increasing collaboration, benefit sharing and efficiency.Almost all life depends on plants and fungi, making knowledge of their diversity and distribution—primarily derived from biological collections—fundamental to national and international conservation, restoration and sustainable use commitments. However, it is estimated that some 15% of all plant species and over 90% of all fungal species have not yet been scientifically described, hampering our ability to assess and demonstrate the impact of efforts to halt biodiversity loss. In addition, organisations and researchers around the world lack a concerted strategy for increasing complementarity and avoiding overlap in botanical and mycological research, particularly in relation to the collection of specimens. We here present the 2030 Declaration on Scientific Plant and Fungal Collecting, summarising a commitment towards such a necessary strategy. Its components were identified from discussions during and after a series of four workshops and plenary discussions at the 2023 State of the World's Plants and Fungi symposium convened by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and were then consolidated into the present form by the authors. The Declaration was subsequently opened up for endorsement by signatories. Collectively, we agree on a set of five commitments for cataloguing the world's flora and funga, designed to maximise efficiency, facilitate knowledge exchange and promote equitable collaborations: (1) use evidence‐based collection strategies; (2) strengthen local capacity; (3) collaborate across taxa and disciplines; (4) collect for the future; and (5) share the benefits. This Declaration is a first step towards increased global and regional coordination of scientific collecting efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of lettuce has increased significantly due to the use of hydroponic systems that rely on substrates. Disposal and acquisition costs present problems, necessitating the identification of sustainable alternatives. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) dry matter in a substrate for the formation of lettuce seedlings. Water plants were collected to obtain their dry matter, and twelve mixtures were formed with Sphagnum and perlite. Mixtures with more water hyacinth dry matter exhibited greater water retention. However, these mixtures also lost water at a faster rate than those containing primarily Sphagnum dry matter did. Higher percentages of germination were detected in the mixtures with water hyacinth dry matter, but these seedlings also presented higher concentrations of proline, such as 16.0 µg mL−1. The mixtures with water hyacinth dry matter presented the highest ion concentrations, mainly at high levels of humidity. Mixtures with a high proportion of water hyacinth dry matter had a greater water retention capacity and a high percentage of lettuce seed that germinated. The mixtures with a higher proportion of Sphagnum led to greater root length, greater concentrations of chlorophyll in cotyledonary leaves, and better morphological development of the seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaranthus hybridus L. is a major weed for summer crops. Although A. hybridus has been a known crop weed in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) for a long time, herbicide resistance has not been a problem. Nevertheless, A. hybridus populations from KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Province have caught the attention of farmers since glyphosate has been progressively becoming less effective in controlling the species. This study aimed to evaluate herbicide resistance in A. hybridus and the underlying mechanisms of resistance. Seeds from 50 glyphosate‐resistant plants were collected from fields at Bergville and Winterton in KZN and compared with a susceptible population from Hendrina (Mpumalanga Province). Glasshouse screening was conducted where glyphosate (Roundup® PowerMax) was applied at 6‐leaf stage, at doses 0, 540, 1080 (recommended dose), 2160 and 4320 g ae ha−1. Surviving plants were sampled for molecular analysis to establish any target site mutations in the EPSPS gene that confer glyphosate resistance. Dose–response assay indicated 100% control in the Hendrina population, variation in the control of the Winterton population and 100% survival in the Bergville population. Molecular analysis indicated a rare triple mutation (TAP‐IVS) in the KZN populations. This kind of mutation endows a high level of glyphosate resistance, which explains why these populations survived even the 4× dose. These findings confirmed the first cases of glyphosate‐resistant A. hybridus and established the mechanism of resistance as target site mutations in the EPSPS gene reported in the RSA. These findings will serve as a base for other herbicide resistance cases and the development of initiatives to control and minimize the spread of this weed in the RSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-knot nematodes have caused severe damage to chili grown in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, for a long time. As yield losses caused by these root-knot nematodes have been evaluated and effective control methods have been sought, accurate identification of the species of root-knot nematodes is urgently needed. Thus, this study focused on nematode identification using morphological and molecular techniques. A field survey of damaged chili plants was carried out in 4 districts of Ubon Ratchathani province: Lao Suea Kok (LS), Mueang (AM), Muang Sam Sip (MS) and Det Udom (DA). This survey revealed that many chili plants exhibited symptoms of leaf yellowing, leaf drooping and stunted growth, and numerous root galls were observed when the plants were uprooted, especially the "Superhot" chili variety in AM district. Morphological, morphometric and molecular characterization were studied to identify the causal agent of the disease. Perineal patterns analysis of adult females showed that all had rounded to ovoid shapes, with high to moderately high dorsal arches, and lateral lines. The morphometrics of males and 2nd-stage juveniles (J2) were highly similar to the original description of Meloidogyne enterolobii. Molecular identification based on COII-16S rRNA gene regions revealed that M. enterolobii was the cause of damage in all sampled locations, and were 99 % similar to M. enterolobii populations found in the USA and China. Information regarding the morphological and molecular characters of M. enterolobii parasitizing chili plants collected from Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, are provided in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the year 2023, Hypericaceae plants were sampled in Iran and two new Aculus species were found on them: Aculus quattuorlaminate Lotfollahi, Jahandideh et Honarmand sp. nov. on Hypericum perforatum L. and Aculus hufarighooni Honarmand, Jahandideh et Lotfollahi sp. nov. on Hypericum scabrum L. Both species were vagrant on their host plants. In this study we provided a list of eriophyoid species collected on Hypericaceae plants worldwide, their type host, type locality and habitus, and a key for identification of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 20th century, numerous western botanists, often referred to as 'plant hunters', embarked on ambitious expeditions to China, playing a crucial role in the study of botany and botanical diversity. Despite their contributions, comprehensive assessments of their explorations are lacking. To bridge this gap, this article focuses on the work of Joseph Charles Francis Rock, a notable figure in that era. Our work revisits Rock's botanical expeditions within the broader context of botanical diversity conservation. It outlines his historical experiences in collecting plants in China and enumerates the species composition and phenotypic traits of the plants he collected. Additionally, it also analyzes the spatial distribution of the species, the completeness of his collection and the α- and β-diversity of the plants he collected. Our findings reveal that Rock led four major botanical expeditions in China between 1922 and 1933, amassing a total of 28 184 sheets and 16 608 numbers across 204 families, 1081 genera and 4231 species. His focus was predominantly on ornamental species, which exhibit a variety of flower colors and inflorescences. His collection work spanned 5 provinces, 35 cities and 72 counties, with a notable concentration in the Hengduan Mountains, a current biodiversity hotspot. This study not only reconstructs Rock's botanical legacy but also offers valuable historical data and fresh analytical insights for understanding contemporary plant diversity. It contributes to the ongoing discourse on the importance of preserving plant diversity as a cornerstone of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean region in Türkiye is noted for the production of cucurbits and other vegetables. As such, the aim of this study was to sample symptomatic cucurbits crops from open fields and greenhouses where there is active cultivation of these crops. Young shoot, leaves, and fruits exhibiting virus-like symptoms (yellowing, mosaic, necrotic) were collected. Out of 968 plant samples collected and tested through RT-PCR and PCR, 949 were discovered to be infected with several viruses. The identified virus diseases included ZYMV, WMV, PRSV, SqMV, CGMV, CYSDV, BPYV, CABYV, ToLCNDV and CMV. In terms of hosts exhibiting a high incidence of virus infections, cucumber (363 samples), squash (277 samples), melon (201 samples), and watermelon (108 samples) emerged as the top four hosts. Additionally, viruses with notable high incidences in the collected samples, as recorded through molecular testing in decreasing order included ZYMV at 28.1%, CYSDV at 15.5%, and WMV at 14.4%. Also, 90% of samples collected from open fields had single or multiple infection. In contrast, 26.4% of samples from greenhouses exhibited mosaic symptoms and 74.6% showed yellowing symptoms. Notably, MNSV and BPYV, were detected in these samples. The samples also exhibiting mixed infections predominantly displayed mosaic symptoms, including mixed infections such as ZYMV with WMV, ZYMV with CMV, CMV with WMV, and CMV with PRSV. In contrast, samples obtained from open fields showed a higher prevalence of yellowing symptoms, such as ToLCNDV with CMV, ToLCNDV with ZYMV, ZYMV with CMV with CYSDV, and ZYMV with CMV with CVYV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caribbean shrub, Clinopodium vimineum, had its essential oil (EO) and hydroalcoholic extracts analyzed across three growth stages: vegetative, flowering, and post-flowering. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by GC/MS/FID and that of the extracts was studied by UHPLC/ESI-Q-Orbitrap-MS. Twenty six compounds (>0.1%) were detected in the EOs of C. vimineum. p-Menth-3-en-8-ol (35–40%) and pulegone (27–30%) were the major components. Among the hydroalcoholic extracts, hydroxycinnamic acids (18–46 mg/g) and glycosylated flavones (17–19 mg/g) were found. The amounts of rosmarinic acid (20–40 mg/g) in the extracts isolated from the hydrodistillation residual biomass were twice as high as those in the extracts from the fresh plant material. The antioxidant activity of the EOs and extracts was evaluated by the ABTS+• and ORAC assays. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the chemical composition or antioxidant activity of EOs and hydroalcoholic extracts, obtained from plants collected at different phenological stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of pineapple (Ananas comosus) is threatened worldwide by mealybug wilt disease of pineapple (MWP), whose etiology is not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we characterized pineapple mealybug wilt-associated ampeloviruses (PMWaVs, family Closteroviridae) from a diseased pineapple plant collected from Reunion Island, using a high-throughput sequencing approach combining Illumina short reads and Nanopore long reads. Reads co-assembly resulted in complete or near-complete genomes for six distinct ampeloviruses, including the first complete genome of pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus 5 (PMWaV5) and that of a new species tentatively named pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus 7 (PMWaV7). Short reads data provided high genome coverage and sequencing depths for all six viral genomes, contrary to long reads data. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the genome for most of the six ampeloviruses could be recovered from long reads, providing an alternative to RACE-PCRs. Phylogenetic analyses did not unveil any geographic structuring of the diversity of PMWaV1, PMWaV2 and PMWaV3 isolates, supporting the current hypothesis that PMWaVs were mainly spread by human activity and vegetative propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saussurea ochiaiana Kadota (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb endemic to serpentine areas in western Japan. To date, only two locations are known habitats for this species of unknown ecological requirements. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the environmental factors that limit the germination and seedling growth of this species, which is an essential requirement for designing a suitable conservation strategy. Our germination experiments, in which the achenes were subjected to a gradually increasing temperature and a gradually decreasing temperature after short (1 month) or long (4 months) storage, indicated that the achenes required a long cold stratification for germination. In an experiment where plants collected at the study site were potted individually, they did not grow under strongly shaded conditions consisting of only 10% relative photosynthetic photon flux density (RPPFD), but grew well under moderately shaded conditions (50% RPPFD). No significant differences in seedling growth were observed among the three pH conditions tested (pH 4, 6, and 8). Although average seedling shoot weight was significantly larger at low Ca:Mg molar ratios (0.6 and 0.3) than at high substrate Ca:Mg molar ratios (15 and 1.5) in pot culture experiments, the difference between treatments was not very large (<20%). Habitat conditions suitable for the regeneration of this species are decreasing because of climate change and the depopulation of rural communities (reduction in management); therefore, urgent conservation strategies, including ex situ conservation, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grasses are one of the most diverse plant families on Earth. However, their classification and evolutionary history are obscured by their pollen stenopalynous (similar) morphology. A combination of high‐resolution imaging of pollen surface ornamentation and computational analysis has previously been proposed as a promising tool to classify grass taxonomic boundaries. In this study, we test this hypothesis by studying Poaceae pollen across the phylogeny from plants collected in northern South America and also from published literature across the globe. We assessed if morphotypes that we establish using descriptive terminology are supported by computational analysis, if they vary along six (a)biotic variables and vary across the phylogeny. Based on this analysis, we constructed a reference framework for pollen surface ornamentation morphotypes. Our results showed that there is a wide variation of grass pollen surface ornamentation. We identified nine new and confirmed six known morphotypes, establishing a data set for 223 species (243 individual plant specimens) that represent 11 subfamilies. Computational analysis showed that our morphotypes are well‐supported by two quantitative features of pollen sculptural elements (size and density). The specific data set and mapping of the phylogeny confirmed that pollen morphological sculpture is unrelated to (a)biotic variables and is diverse across the phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Much of the corn acreage in New York state is harvested as corn silage and moisture assessment in the field is necessary for predicting harvest timing, but moisture estimation visually is very problematic, particularly for brown‐midrib (BMR) hybrids. Our goal was to assess plant moisture relationships between BMR and conventional (CONV) corn hybrids, and to identify metadata that may assist in the prediction of whole plant moisture based on ear moisture estimations. In 2023, 202 corn fields were sampled in central New York from August 18 to September 27. A total of 41 different corn hybrids were sampled, with relative maturity (RM) ranging from 84 to 112 days, and 29% of the fields sampled were planted to BMR hybrids. Five representative plants per field were evaluated for plant height, ear length and width, and ear, stover, and whole plant moisture. Estimation of dry ear:stover ratio would be helpful in estimating whole plant moisture based on ear moisture. Ear length was not related to ear:stover ratio, while plant height and ear width were weakly but significantly correlated with ear:stover ratio. Ear moisture was highly correlated with ear:stover ratio (BMR, r = −0.95; CONV, r = −0.90), and highly correlated with whole plant moisture (BMR, r = 0.97; CONV, r = 0.98). Ear moisture averaged 1 to 2% units lower throughout the sampling season for BMR compared to CONV hybrids, while stover moisture averaged 1 to 2% units higher for BMR compared to CONV hybrids prior to optimum harvest moisture. Whole plant moisture declined about 0.6%units/day and was relatively similar across RM groups. Plain Language Summary: The primary key to making good corn silage is harvesting at the proper moisture content. It is extremely difficult to visually evaluate standing corn for moisture content. In particular, brown‐midrib hybrids often are diseased and lose their green color but maintain much of their moisture content. It is possible to scan corn ears with a handheld near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectrometer and predict ear moisture, as well as whole plant moisture, from only an ear scan. Although ear moisture is well related to ear:stover ratio and to whole plant moisture, it would be helpful if other data could be used to provide more information on the ear:stover ratio. We collected five corn plants per field from 202 fields in central New York in 2023, and we measured plant height, ear length, ear width, as well as ear, stover and whole plant moisture. Twenty‐nine percent of the plants collected were brown‐midrib hybrids. Ear width and plant height were weakly but significantly correlated with ear:stover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation assessed the impact of external hemin on cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity regarding metal accumulation and stress tolerance in Sorghum bicolor. Two-week-old S. bicolor seedlings were treated at concentrations of 10 µM Cd, 75 µM Cd, 150 µM Cd, and 1 µM hemin individually as well as in collection with hemin within a Hoagland medium. After 120 h, the subjected plants were collected for the study of cellular homeostasis and metal tolerance mechanisms, involving the examination of growth and stress parameters as well as non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. However, augmentation of hemin under Cd-induced stress environments ameliorated plant development by augmenting biomass and chlorophyll pigments. This augmentation also encouraged antioxidant activities, including ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase levels, while simultaneously mitigating oxidative impairment and enhancing Cd tolerance in plants. Moreover, the utilization of hemin improves the efficacy of S. bicolor in Cd removal by enhancing the uptake of Cd. Hence, the investigation proposes that hemin holds promise for improving the Cd tolerance and accumulation capabilities of Cd-tolerant plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The springtail Seira tinguira was observed for the first time in the state of Minas Gerais in a colony of the social wasp Polistes ferreri. The colony was collected in the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, a fragment of Montane Seasonal Semideciduous Tropical Forest, located in the urban perimeter of the municipality of Juiz de Fora, southeast of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These springtails were recorded walking on the inner base of the cells of the nest close to the meconium, which served as the substrate for the Aspergillus sp. hyphomycete fungus. There was no removal or defense behavior against the springtail, however, the wasps occasionally showed alarm behavior, characterized by opening the wings, contracting the abdomen, and actively patrolling the nest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial stalk rot (BSR), caused by Dickeya zeae (syn. Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae), has emerged as a significant disease affecting maize crops worldwide. In this study, symptomatic maize plants were collected from diverse agroclimatic zones in India over the period of kharif 2019–2021. Various approaches, including pathogenicity tests, cultural characteristics, biochemical profiling and molecular analysis, were employed to accurately identify the collected bacterial isolates as Dickeya. Pathogenicity assessments were conducted on 40‐day‐old maize plants, following Koch's postulates, as well as through potato maceration assays. Furthermore, cross‐infectivity studies were conducted on rice, potato, tomato and banana plants. Phenotypic and biochemical characterization confirmed that all the isolates belonged to the Dickeya genus. Additionally, PCR amplification of a pel gene fragment, specific to the genus Dickeya, further verified the pathogenic isolates as Dickeya. Molecular characterization studies were performed on four isolates (UKMDZ‐3, PBMDZ‐7, TSMDZ‐11 and HPMDZ‐16), selected to represent distinct maize agroclimatic zones and four states of India, and which caused severe infections on susceptible maize cv. Early Composite. Amplification of six characteristic genome regions (16S rRNA, recN, gyrB, dnaX, recA and dnaJ) from these isolates facilitated individual and concatenated gene phylogenetic analyses, confirming their resemblance to Dickeya zeae. This study represents the first comprehensive molecular analysis of D. zeae isolates from India, providing valuable insights for future crop improvement strategies. The findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of BSR in maize and offer potential avenues for genetic enhancement to mitigate the disease's impact on maize cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring plant diseases is essential for farmers to secure crop quantity and quality. Deep learning has recently been applied to plant disease recognition to help farmers take prompt and proper actions to prevent reductions in crop quantity and quality. Generally, deep learning requires a large‐scale dataset with supervised information annotated often by specialists. However, because collecting plant disease images in natural environments is difficult and obtaining proper annotations from specialists is costly, deep learning is infeasible for plant disease recognition tasks. Few‐shot learning (FSL) is an alternative for plant disease recognition using prior knowledge. Although FSL has attracted considerable attention, comprehensive reports on the application of FSL methods for plant disease recognition are required. Here, we introduce FSL with its applications in plant disease recognition. We begin with an overview of computer vision tasks using machine learning and FSL. We provide practical examples of FSL applications. Utilizing these practical examples, we describe different approaches for data augmentation and FSL methods of embedding, multitask learning, transfer learning, and meta‐learning. Further, we summarize how models are optimized for performance with reference to existing studies. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages are discussed, along with potential challenges for FSL applications in plant disease recognition. Core Ideas: Generally, machine learning requires a large‐scale dataset with supervised information annotated by specialists.Few‐shot learning (FSL) is a new paradigm machine learning that enables machines to learn from small samples.FSL has attracted research attention in plant disease recognition.This review introduces FSL with its applications in plant disease recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to collect data on medicinal plants collected from Senalba Chergui forest (Djelfa, Algeria) and used in traditional medicine by the local population. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out with 107 informants through direct interviews using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that women (71%) use medicinal plants more than men, older people have more information than the young. Furthermore, the vast majority of users of medicinal plants are illiterate. 32 species belonging to 21 families and 27 genera are identified. The most used plants are Herniaria hirsuta L (93%), Juniperus phoenicea L (87%), Pistacia lentiscus L (86%), Teucrium polium L (80%), Stipa tenacissima L (79%), Pinus halepensis Mill (78%). %), Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reult (73%), Artemisia herba-alba Asso (72%), Quercus ilex subsp. Ballota (Desf.) Samp (72%), Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. Rufescens (Link) Deb (64%), Rosmarinus officinalis L (63%), Stipa parviflora Desf (61%), Pistacia terebinthus L (60%) and Rosmarinus tournefortii de Noé (50%). The Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families were dominant the most often, we emphasize that the leaves were the most used (53.13%). The results show that decoction (59.38%) was the most commonly used method to prepare remedies. It appears that gastrointestinal diseases were the most often treated mainly orally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are precious industrial raw materials. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins, with large variation in their content between organs. It is imperative to find a rapid and non-destructive method to determine the anthocyanin content in purple corn. To this end, a field experiment with ten purple corn hybrids was conducted, collecting plant images using a digital camera and determining the anthocyanin content of different organ types. The average values of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) in the images were extracted. The color indices derived from RGB arithmetic operations were applied in establishing a model for estimation of the anthocyanin content. The results showed that the specific color index varied with the organ type in purple corn, i.e., ACCR for the grains, BRT for the cobs, ACCB for the husks, R for the stems, ACCB for the sheaths and BRT for the laminae, respectively. Linear models of the relationship between the color indices and anthocyanin content for different organs were established with R2 falling in the range of 0.64–0.94. The predictive accuracy of the linear models, assessed according to the NRMSE, was validated using a sample size of 2:1. The average NRMSE value was 11.68% in the grains, 13.66% in the cobs, 8.90% in the husks, 27.20% in the stems, 7.90% in the sheaths and 15.83% in the laminae, respectively, all less than 30%, indicating that the accuracy and stability of the model was trustworthy and reliable. In conclusion, this study provided a new method for rapid, non-destructive prediction of anthocyanin-rich organs in purple corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the information about the ethnomedicinal plant used by Konda Reddis of Eastern Ghats in Alluri Sitarama Raju district, Andhra Pradesh, explored during 2020-2022. The ethnomedicinal information was gathered through semi-structured interviews and interactive sessions with Konda Reddi ethnic community. The data gathered pertain to 19 ailments, afflicting the local people. The medicinal plants collected were documented with vernacular and scientific name of species arranged under families, orders and clades as per APG IV system. Each species was provided with ethnic uses, plant part/s used, mode of administration and ailment. The taxa enumerated belong to 99 Angiosperm species and one fern from 88 genera and 50 families of vascular plants. They were analyzed for growth-forms and plant-part-wise usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are natural resources providing several important bioactive compounds for human health. To discover such valuable properties, researchers need to focus on both the pharmacology and toxicity of plant materials. Preliminary toxicity assessment of plants using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test is a convenient, simple, and effective tool. However, some environmental parameters such as light, temperature and salinity need to be optimized for our own laboratory conditions and Artemia salina cysts produced in Vietnam. The obtained results indicated that the continuous lighting regime, temperature of 30 oC and salinity of 30 ppt are the most suitable parameters for cyst hatching within 24 hours and development of nauplii after 24 hours of hatching. Based on the optimal cyst-hatching procedure, the potential toxicity of 26 extracts from 24 poisonous plant species collected in Quang Tri was determined with median lethal concentration (LC50). The results showed that 3/26 extracts were extremely toxic with LC50 = 10 µg/mL; 10/26 extracts were highly toxic with LC50 from 10 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL; 8/26 extracts were moderately toxic with LC50 from 100 µg/mL to 250 µg/mL; 4/26 extracts had low toxicity with LC50 from 250 µg/mL to 1,000 µg/mL; and 1/26 extract was not toxic with LC50 > 1,000 µg/mL. The presented data could provide scientific evidence for further pharmacological and toxicological investigations of these plant species. The optimal conditions for hatching A. salina cysts in this study will be applied in our laboratory for in vivo toxicity assessment of other plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three mite species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae namely, Amblyseiulellasolanaesp. n., Paraphytoseius punjabensissp. n. and Transeiusuttarbharaticussp. n., are described based on specimens collected from plants amidst the dense green semi-arid trans-Himalayan dryland tracts of Punjab plains of North India. Three phytoseiid mite species: Amblyseiusparaaerialis; Scapulaseius asiaticus and Typhlodromips jhilimiliensis were recorded for the first time from Punjab state. Key to the world species of the genus Paraphytoseius is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Given the current unprecedented concerns for global biodiversity loss, it is critical to identify best practices for describing new species more efficiently so we can complete the inventory of the Neotropical flora and implement appropriate conservation strategies in a timely manner. This study aims to answer the question of how long it takes to describe a new species of tree in the Neotropics by calculating the time elapsed from collection of the first specimen to the publication of a new species. It demonstrates that enhancing international collaboration and promoting taxonomy training may be the most efficient ways to accelerate species descriptions. Summary: One of the main aspects of taxonomic research is the description of new species. Identifying how to describe new species more efficiently is key to completing the inventory of the Neotropical flora in an era of massive biodiversity loss.Here, we calculate the interval between first specimen collection and publication of new species for a group of 2123 Neotropical trees, and discuss the historical context surrounding specimen collection and new species publication events.Our results reveal that on average, it takes almost 16 years from specimen collection to publication of a new Neotropical tree species, which is considerably shorter than previous estimates for other tropical groups. Peru had the longest average time lags by country, while Haiti had the shortest. The average time lags increased until the early 1900s, when a decrease was observed, with the shortest lags between 1941 and 1960.We found that the majority of the species described more rapidly are from plants collected by a field botanist and described by a herbarium‐based researcher as part of ad hoc collaboration, and the ones collected and described by the same researcher. We demonstrate how political instability and conflict can delay or impede the completion of taxonomic research initiatives in the region. We argue that enhancing international collaboration and training opportunities in Latin American countries, as well as ensuring safe plant collection campaigns, are critical to complete the inventory of the Neotropical flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saltmarsh plant Halimione portulacoides was shortly exposed to realistic levels of inorganic mercury (iHg) with the aim of investigating the adaptative processes of the roots and leaves regarding redox homeostasis, physiology, and Hg accumulation. Plants were collected at a contaminated (CONT) and a reference (REF) site to address the interference of contamination backgrounds. The influence of major abiotic variables (i.e., temperature and light) was also examined. Total Hg levels, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and photosynthetic activity were analyzed after 2 and 4 h of exposure. A poor accumulation of Hg in the roots was noticed, and no translocation to the stems and leaves was found, but plants from the CONT site seemed more prone to iHg uptake (in winter). Despite this, antioxidant modulation in the roots and leaves was found, disclosing, in winter, higher thresholds for the induction of enzymatic antioxidants in CONT leaves compared to REF plants, denoting that the former are better prepared to cope with iHg redox pressure. Consistently, CONT leaves exposed to iHg had remarkably lower LPO levels. Exposure did not impair photosynthetic activity, pinpointing H. portulacoides' ability to cope with iHg toxicity under very-short-term exposure. Biochemical changes were noticed before enhancements in accumulation, reinforcing the relevance of these responses in precociously signaling iHg toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wickerhamomyces is a well-known genus of the family Wickerhamomycetaceae in the class Ascomycetes. These fungi can survive in a variety of substrates and environments and perform many valuable roles in both industrial processes and the natural ecosystems. During our investigation of yeast diversity associated with plant materials, 53 Wickerhamomyces isolates were obtained from rotting wood and plant leaves collected in Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, and Yunnan Provinces of China. Isolates were identified as 14 Wickerhamomyces species, including 1 species known previously to occur in China (W. anomalus), 9 new record species in China (W. arborarius, W. ciferrii, W. edaphicus, W. lynferdii, W. pijperi, W. subpelliculosa, W. xylosica, W. strasburgensis, and W. sydowiorum), and 4 novel species (W. guiyangensis sp. nov., W. paramyanmarensis sp. nov., W. quanzhouensis sp. nov., and W. phyllophilus sp. nov.). This study presents a detailed account of these new species, illustrating their morphology and analyzing their phylogenetic relationships with other Wickerhamomyces species. Our study is the first comprehensive study on Wickerhamomyces species associated with plant materials from tropical and subtropical China. The results of this study update our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships, systematics, and ecology of Wickerhamomyces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Erythrobasidium is kind of species-scarce and undersampling basidiomycetes. Currently, only six species have been accepted into the genus and the diversity still remains incompletely understood. In this study, five Erythrobasidium strains were isolated in the surface of plant leaves collected from the Baotianman Nature Reserve, Henan Province, central China. Phylogenetic analyses of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, and the translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF1-a) gene coupled with morphological studies were employed to characterize and identify these isolates. As a result of these, two new species, namely E. turpiniae sp. nov. and E. nanyangense sp. nov., were delimited and proposed based on morphological and molecular evidence. A detailed description and illustration of both new species, as well as their differences with the close relatives in the genus are provided. An identification key for Erythrobasidium species is also provided. This study provides further insights into our understanding of Erythrobasidium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an HPLC-DAD method with high separation efficiency, detection sensitivity, and selectivity was developed and validated for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion) in Rumex acetosella L. and Rumex crispus L. plants collected at different regions and times. Optimal method conditions were determined by studying different mobile phases, mobile phase compositions, flow rates, column, column temperatures, injection volume, and wavelength of the compounds. Validation studies were carried out to prove the validity of the developed method. The correlation coefficients for all compounds were found to be in the range of 0.9991–0.9997, and the calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 μg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification values were calculated in the range of 0.014–0.017 and 0.017–0.057 μg/mL, respectively. The developed and validated method indicated that it is effective and suitable for determining aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in extracts of Rumex plants. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the plant extracts were determined using the Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil radical assays, revealing their antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of remediation of inactive mine sites is a serious global concern, as they pose risks to the environment, human health, and safety. The potential of Dianthus sylvestris subsp. sylvestris to remediate post‐mining sites contaminated with copper (Cu) at high altitudes, which is a challenging task for most management strategies, was explored in this study. More than 1300 mg Cu kg−1 in shoots were found in plants collected at the Monte Avanza legacy mine site (Alps). However, it is unclear whether this is due to hyperaccumulation or foliar contamination. To address this gap, field samples were washed with two different protocols, and a controlled Cu‐tolerance test was conducted. While very high Cu concentrations, exceeding the Cu hyperaccumulation threshold of 300 mg kg−1, were found in samples washed with water, results for the plants cleaned with a more rigorous approach with EDTA suggested Cu exclusion strategy. Under controlled conditions, the plant showed Cu hypertolerance but did not hyperaccumulate Cu. Thus D. sylvestris presents a Cu exclusion strategy rather than hyperaccumulation potential, making it a suitable candidate for Cu phytostabilization at high altitude legacy mine sites. The study emphasizes the need for experiments under controlled conditions when assessing the phytoremediation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Dioszegia is comprised of anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts and is classified in the family Bulleribasidiaceae of the order Tremellales. Currently, 24 species have been described and accepted as members of the genus, although its diversity and global distribution have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, yeasts were isolated from plant leaves collected in the Guizhou and Henan Provinces of China and identified through a combination of morphological and molecular methods. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS and LSU sequences coupled with morphological studies revealed three novel species, D. guizhouensis sp. nov., D. foliicola sp. nov., and D. aurantia sp. nov., proposed here. Additionally, our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the recently discovered species D. terrae is a synonym of D. maotaiensis. This study presents detailed descriptions and illustrations of three new Dioszegia species and highlights distinctions between them and their close relatives. The findings of this study contribute to our knowledge of the biodiversity of Dioszegia, offering a foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens bungeilang Mustaqim is described here as a species new to science based on plants collected from the northern Gayo Plateau, northern Sumatra. A detailed description, notes on distribution, ecology, phenology, notes, and color photographs are provided. According to the IUCN Red List Criteria, this species is here considered Critically Endangered due to its small geographic range and heavily fragmented as well as degraded habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenger (Gundelia tournefortii L.) plants were collected based on the availability of these plants in the local market to determine the nutrition value, some phytochemical content, and element content during March 2023 at the vegetative stage at thirteen different locations in the Sulaimani region. Some vegetative traits and chemical contents were studied. The results indicated that the highest content of carbohydrates was (12.670%) at Mawat, the protein was (32.703%) at Hazarmerd, and fiber was (35.620%) at Penjwen locations respectively. The analysis of Kenger edible parts (stem and leaves) through GC-MS revealed the presence of a complex mixture of compounds varying from 13 to 19 compounds among the locations. Compounds such as carboxylic acids ranged from 25.217% at Penjwen to 77.043% at Temar, terpenes ranged from 15.912% in Temar to 57.749% in Penjwen, and sterols ranged from 5.351% at Qara Dagh to 24.688% at Hazarmerd. In other locations, these compounds were detected in between those ranges, with differences in their concentrations. According to the results obtained from ICP-OES analysis, macro-elements (Ca, K, P, S, Mg, and Na) contents between the studied locations, the highest concentration of 3.127% occurred at Temar location, the lowest value was obtained at Gulp location with 2.468%, with an average of 2.811% for all locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyzes the understudied practice of collecting, marketing, and displaying colonial plant commodities as garden ornaments in nineteenth‐century Britain. From the early modern period onward, British garden writers discussed tobacco, sugarcane, coffee, tea, and other colonial crops in their books and magazines, often citing colonial agriculture as a point of interest to curious gardeners. As I will argue, this mode of collecting and aestheticizing plants discloses the deep ambivalence of the British horticultural press toward the realities of plantation agriculture. Building on previous analyses of plants and empire, I show how the cultivation of tobacco in nineteenth‐century flower gardens contributed to a broader mediation of Britain's colonial past in horticultural literature. Paying attention to this collecting trend will not only recover an overlooked chapter in the history of British horticulture, but also show how nineteenth‐century garden writing operated as a space for transmitting (and manipulating) narratives about colonial agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in the Ramshehar tehsil of district Solan (H.P.) to record and compile the traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge used by the local inhabitants for oral health care. A total of 40 ethnomedicinal plants belonging to 25 families were reported from the study area. Direct interviews, group discussions, and pre-tested questionnaires from the respondents were used in the documentation of data. Most of the plant species reported from the study area belong to Fabaceae and Moraceae (4 species each), followed by the Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Rutaceae (3 species each). Maximum plant species collected from the study area were trees (50%), followed by shrubs (35%), herbs (12%) and climbers (3%). The twigs (34%) were the most used plant parts followed by leaves (18%) and latex (14%) for oral health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bidens tripartita L. and Bidens pilosa L. are potential sources of biologically active substances with antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other activities. These types of strings are widely used in different countries in phytomedicine. It was established that the studied species are rich in a variety of phenolic compounds, and plants growing in temperate continental (Tatarstan) and tropical (Burundi) climates differ slightly in the content of phenolic compounds, which indicates a genetically determined narrow amplitude of variability in the metabolism of these species. Qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds showed that the studied plant species synthesize certain groups of compounds for adaptation to specific environmental conditions. Kirimiro in the Republic of Burundi and Spassky raion in the Republic of Tatarstan can be considered as promising areas for growing and collecting the plant species under study. Temperature, altitude, rainfall, and soil composition are key factors affecting phenolic content in B. pilosa and B. tripartita plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1970s, the geological mapping in Northeast Asia, in the Ul'ya–Urak interfluve was undertaken by the Aerogeologiya research and production enterprise, while E.L. Lebedev, an employee of the Geological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, collected plant fossils. Together with geologists of that enterprise, he developed a new stratigraphic chart of the region, which turned out to be incorrect, as appeared later, being based on ideas on the floral development in the mid-Cretaceous time. Lebedev made vast collections that include several thousand remains of ancient plants. However, this material turned out to be attributed to nonexistent stratigraphic units. This made it of little use for further study. Our investigation has demonstrated that the most representative collections made by Lebedev in the Ul'ya–Urak interfluve (taphofloras of the sites 101 and 107–110, 28, 20, 25, 27, 70–78, 153, 154) come from the first sequence of felsic volcanics of the homodromous succession of volcanism in the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanogenic Belt. In the Ul'ya Trough, this sequence was initially called the Amka Formation. It is shown that the previously collected palaeofloristic material is quite representative and in general is of a good preservation. In the future, it could be monographically studied and described as a large regional palaeofloristic and phytostratigraphic object—the Ul'ya flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dillenia ovata Wall. ex Hook. f. et Thomson (DOWHT)—an indigenous medicinal plant collected in the Central Highland of Vietnam—has been utilized by medical folks for ages. However, almost related scientific evidence still has not been clarified. This study aimed to report the phytochemical profiles and novel potent biofunctions of DOWHT. The testing bioactivities of different parts used of DOWHT indicated this herbal demonstrated moderated inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while it showed potent anti-oxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of these, the inhibition against the key enzymes targeting anti-diabetes and Alzheimer's disease was notably reported for the first time. The phytochemical profiles of all the parts used of DOWHT were investigated via GC–MS and UHPLC analysis. Totally, 46 compounds, including 30 volatiles (compounds 1–30) and 16 phenolics (compounds 31–46), were newly identified from DOWHT extracts. In this work, various volatiles and phenolics were newly found in this herbal species. In the docking study, some major phenolics including Epigallocatechin gallate (34), Epicatechin gallate (36), Vitexin (37), and Apigetrin (41) possess DS values (− 12.5 to − 13.3 kcal/mol) better than Berberine chloride (− 12.1 kcal/mol). Moreover, almost tested metabolites comply with the drug-likeness properties of Lipkin's rules prediction and nontoxicity via the ADMET test. The results suggest the herb DOWHT may be a potential source for drug discovery and these in silico results may be good reference information for further in vitro and in vivo experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moss genus Ctenidium (Schimp.) Mitt. comprises approximately 23 species worldwide, of which two are known to exist in Hawai'i. Based on recent molecular studies, the genus has been reclassified into the family Myuriaceae, departing from its traditional classification in the Hypnaceae. Plants newly collected from Maui exhibit most characteristics of Ctenidium but differ from all known species within the genus by a combination of several critical characters detailed in this study. Consequently, we propose the classification of this moss as a new species of Ctenidium. The material was studied in Hoyer's solution, using standard microscopical and photomicrographical techniques. Ctenidium multiseriatum S.He & M.K.Thomas is described as a new species from Hawai'i and distinguished from all known Ctenidium species by a combination of distinctive characters including multiseriate paraphyses, clearly prorate laminal cells at both the upper and the lower ends, shorter median and upper laminal cells, ecostae perichaetial leaves with subentire margins, irregularly subpinnately branched stems, and foliose pseudoparaphyllia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, published in the journal Taxon, provides chromosome data for various plant species collected in different regions of Russia and other countries. It includes information on the chromosome numbers and collection locations of the plants. The document is intended for researchers studying plant genetics and taxonomy and does not provide any additional context or analysis. The publication of contributions from Russian scientists does not imply support for the current military policy of the Russian Federation. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of the study was to investigate the essential oil (EO) of Lavandula x intermedia cv. Bila, which has not been studied before. The EOs were distilled from plants collected in two consecutive years on the island of Hvar (Croatia) and in the Karst (Slovenia) and analysed for chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. The main component of EOs was linalool, but the EOs from Hvar had higher contents of Z-β-ocimene and borneol + lavandulol than the EOs from Karst, in which camphor, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole predominated. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the minimum inhibitory concentration and proved that the EOs were effective against Candida spp. Studies have shown that the composition of L. x intermedia EO depends on the variety and the climatic and geographical characteristics of the plant growth. The antimicrobial activity of EO is also influenced by the type and strain of microorganisms involved in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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