Search

The past 10 years have seen a major shift in English and English as a Second Language (ESL) placement and pedagogy in California's Community Colleges (CCC), driven by a developmental education reform movement known as acceleration. Popularized by the faculty-led California Acceleration Project (CAP), the acceleration movement focused on reducing or eliminating prerequisite pathways in English and math due to a decade's worth of state-wide data showing that each level of remediation statistically reduced a student's chances of ever reaching or completing the first transfer-level course in the respective discipline (Hern & Snell, 2010). Faculty from many of the state's 117 community colleges participated in CAP's communities of practice, starting with the first cohort in the academic year 2011-2012, and returned to develop accelerated pathways at their own colleges. As these models proved successful and the data supporting acceleration mounted, CAP leaders joined forces with the College Futures Foundation and other partners to lobby for legislative action to compel a system-wide change. The resulting legislation, Assembly Bill 705 (Cal. Assemb., 2017), was signed into law in October 2017 and implemented as of January 1, 2018. This law required that all state community college districts maximize the probability that incoming students would access and complete their first transfer-level English and math class within a year of first enrolling and that students who enrolled in ESL courses would access and complete their first transfer-level English class within three years of first enrollment (Rodriguez et al., 2022).

Equity-seeking groups of students participating in work-integrated learning (WIL) face disparities in access, retention, and future employment, reflecting challenges and barriers associated with their intersectional identities and dimensions of diversity. These disparities include international students facing cultural discrimination, students with disabilities facing bullying, and 2SLGBTQIA+ and female students facing discriminatory attitudes and underrepresentation within WIL placement. Through the lens of the social model of disability, where limitations are viewed as barriers in the environment rather than personal deficits, designing for equity is essential. This paper offers guidance to WIL employers and educators wrestling with expanding diversity and improving equity. Practical strategies for enhancing WIL access, inclusion, and equity are described for five identified design factors: context, timing, level of independence, degree of scaffolding (support), and connection with theory.

Paired field placement is an important element of teacher education where student teachers can acquire professional cooperative skills through team teaching. However, little is known about challenges that student teachers face during team teaching. Also, knowledge about challenges during the team teaching process (e.g. planning, instruction, reflection) is scarce. This study focuses on pre-primary and primary student teachers' challenges with peer cooperation during team teaching, the problems they face, and how they cope with negative experiences. Data were collected from 30 student teachers through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Results reveal various forms of conflict during different phases of peer cooperation in team teaching such as lack of flexibility due to pressure to follow agreements, or unclear roles and responsibilities. Instruction turns out to be the most challenging phase of team teaching, with lack of compatibility with the peer as the most frequent reason for problems. Reflection is rarely used in a cooperative setting. The findings also revealed the frequent use of reactive strategies to cope with challenges, particularly the strategy of avoiding problems.

Due to their pivotal role in developing quality teachers, student teacher placements have been considered a cornerstone of initial teacher education (ITE). International preservice teachers in Australia must simultaneously make sense of the local culture, adjust to new pedagogical practices at university, and negotiate the complex regulatory and policy frameworks that underpin early childhood education and care (ECEC) in the Australian context. For all these reasons, internationalstudents often experience more acute challenges in placement than local students do. When international students enter the placement space, they carry embedded and embodied culturalvalues and ideas about education and care. As the author proposes, if we want excellent teachers, practice needs to be embedded in all units of ITE, providing students with continuous relationships with the sector (which is very much in need of a hand anyway!) and other stakeholders, such as families. One way practice can be embedded is for universities to organize playgroups for community residents and staff where, under a lecturer's guidance, students can experiment with different theories and approaches in their practice.

Over the past two decades, there has been an increased focus on designing STEM learning experiences for primary and second-level students. We posit that for teachers to design rich learning experiences for their students, they must first have the opportunity to develop their own STEM knowledge and competences, either during their pre-service teacher education or as part of their professional learning as in-service teachers. This systematic review of literature examines programmes which offer either pre-service or in-service teachers immersive learning experiences through placements in STEM roles in business or industry. A total of nine papers were identified in this review, featuring three unique programmes--one in the UK for pre-service teachers, and two in the USA involving in-service teachers. The findings indicate a variation in motivation and structures across the three programmes. The influence on teachers' personal and professional development, and their intentions to change their classroom practices or behaviours to incorporate more 'real-world' contexts into their STEM learning activities, inspired by their experiences in industry, is discussed. This study presents recommendations for the design and implementation of immersive learning placements in industry to support STEM teacher professional learning, as well as suggestions for further studies to examine the influence on their classroom practice.

This study explored the life experiences of care experienced adults in higher education to understand the factors that impeded or enhanced their journeys. Care experienced refers to someone who has been in the care of the state at some point in their life. Six students with a history in the care system took part in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis identified global themes of self-reliance, resilience, intrinsic motivation and optimism which derived from underlying experiences of support, attachment, trust, expectations and placement experiences. Findings suggest that more could be done to enable looked after children to proceed into higher education.

Purpose: This study examines principal rotation in China to gain empirical insights from the policy analysis and succession strategies that principals employ to gain internal and external support in their new schools. Design/methodology/approach: We employed document analysis and a case study approach. Interviews were conducted with officials in 5 local educational agencies and 40 principals from 5 different regions who were undergoing rotation. Thematic analysis was used to identify common patterns and themes in the interview responses. Findings: We explored how the principal-rotation policy was implemented, including the goals, standards, targeted principals, tools and other aspects of the policy in China. The study revealed the challenges faced by the rotated principals and their succession strategies. Originality/value: Our study contributes to the field of educational leadership by shedding light on the implementation and impact of principal rotation in mainland China.

This study was conducted using quantitative methods to determine if a relationship exists between former Agriculture Career and Technical Education (CTE) concentrators' Technical Skills Assessment (TSA) performance and their attaining related placement after high school. The study included data from 13,581 agriculture students who graduated during the years 2015-2019. To investigate the relationship between TSA assessment performance and attaining related placement, multiple descriptive models were run and disaggregated by gender, race/ethnicity, Individuals Education Plan (IEP) status, and Socioeconomic Status (SES). The data revealed students who pass their TSA assessment are more likely to attain related placement compared to those not passing their assessment. Agriculture students' rates of passing the TSA assessment and attaining related placement were high. Additional analysis to determine the relationship between TSA assessment performance and attaining related placement involved multiple binary logistic regression models. The logistic regression models helped determine how passing the TSA assessment and student demographics interacted and influenced students attaining related placement. Statistically significant findings were determined for TSA assessment, Black students, and those not disadvantaged in the SES category. The findings from this study may add merit to the numerous secondary CTE agriculture education programs in the United States.

The research reported here explores how incorporating multiple learning settings into an undergraduate education course, in which each setting has its own unique social and material arrangements, impacts learning. Outcomes from this study indicate that courses taught across uniquely structured course settings opens up opportunities for how students are positioned or are able to position themselves. These positioning opportunities allow students to engage with course content in ways that might not happen otherwise. How students learn to negotiate their positions in one setting--and how that carries over into other current and future contexts--is also examined.

For foster care involved children and youth, the primary goal is placement permanency into safe, supportive, and stable home environments. Although schools play an integral role in permanency planning and success during this transition, little is known about educator perspectives regarding education related transition planning and student needs. In this exploratory study we sampled education professionals' perspectives (N = 10) on student and caregiver educational related preparedness, supports, and primary needs through surveys and focus groups. Nearly 60% perceived students to only be "somewhat" prepared for this transition and believed caregivers to be even less prepared (70% perceived caregivers as only "somewhat" prepared). Likewise, half believed that the schools were only "somewhat" prepared, and 40% believed that schools are "not all prepared" for student transitions. Educators perceived school-based access to mental health supports as most important and academic assistance as least important to transition success. Finally, when examining educator identified recommendations for education related transition supports, four themes emerged: access to social-emotional supports, collaboration across team members, incorporating transition-based supports, and documentation related to the student's educational history and records. Discussion, limitations, and implications are provided.

Allied health clinical placements take place within an increasingly overstretched health care system where demand for services often exceeds availability of resources. Within this environment, student placements are often perceived as an additional burden to an already overwhelmed workforce. This study explored whether the quality of patient care was enhanced when services were re-designed using a collaborative partnership approach to more purposefully integrate students into delivery of care. Using an embedded multiple case study design, data were collected through focus groups and interviews, patient experience surveys, and secondary administrative data sources. Cases were across physiotherapy and occupational therapy in six different hospital settings. Perception of care provided by students was viewed positively by all stakeholders, including patients. Perceived health outcomes of faster improvement of health condition, improved mobility and function identified through our qualitative findings were supported by quantitative service delivery markers such as increased therapy sessions, more patients being discharged home instead of to other care facilities and reduced length of stay. Health care providers and students alike perceived improvements in service efficiencies whilst maintaining high quality care. This study has provided preliminary evidence towards improved patient care when a partnering approach is adopted whereby students are intentionally integrated into services that otherwise might not have been delivered. Furthermore, it has shifted the associated narrative from students as additional burden to students as benefit.

The purpose of this article is to examine a 'grow your own' model of leadership preparation and placement of educational administrators in the state of Tennessee. The growing need for school and district administrators in the rural counties of Tennessee mirrors a nationwide issue, and state policymakers and practitioners must respond appropriately to sustain adequate K-12 educational leadership that is representative of state demographics. Recommendations for policy and practice are provided for state and local education agencies as well as principal preparation programs in higher education.

Boarding schools are the common 'out-of-home' placements for adolescents, due to various historical, religiously orthodox, and traditional reasons and due to dysfunction within families. The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between a free versus an enforced decision to enroll in a boarding school in terms of personal well-being among emancipated graduates. Ninety alumni graduates (aged range 20-41) of out-of-home boarding schools in Israel were recruited during 2019. Participants were administered a self-report anonymous questionnaire consisting of the following measures: Free versus enforced decision to enroll in a boarding school, retrospective satisfaction with the boarding school, personal well-being and traumatic events. Results indicated that a free decision to enroll in an out-of-home boarding school was associated with current satisfaction with social relationships but not with quality of life. Additionally, the longer the period spent in a boarding school, the higher was the satisfaction from the period at school. Older graduates reported less satisfaction from school retrospectively. It was concluded that involving the adolescent in life changing decisions such as leaving home to a boarding school is likely to influence the person's well-being during and after emancipation.

In an in-house third-year social work research placement, a duo-ethnography showed that the student--supervisor relationship had far more impact on transformative learning than the assigned placement tasks. A model for co-creating an environment of transformative learning is described, putting student learning and growth at the center. Attributes that contributed to a transformative learning environment included being Trustworthy, Respectful, Engaging, Caring, and Humble. A range of actions within each of these attributes is described. The findings showed that in this context, a crisis-type of disorienting dilemma did not occur. Rather, transformation evolved as part of a learning outcome that included the development of a professional identity as a social worker. Findings suggested the need for further exploration of the role that humility plays in reducing the power imbalance in the student--supervisor relationship. The importance of addressing self-care and avoiding models that risk perpetuating patriarchy in the student-supervisor relationship were highlighted.

Children's daily contexts shape their experiences. In this study, we assessed whether variations in infant placement (e.g., held, bouncy seat) are associated with infants' exposure to adult speech. Using repeated survey sampling of mothers and continuous audio recordings, we tested whether the use of independence-supporting placements was associated with adult speech exposure in a Southeastern U.S. sample of 60 4- to 6-month-old infants (38% male, predominately White, not Hispanic/Latinx, from higher socioeconomic status households). Within-subject analyses indicated that independence-supporting placements were associated with exposure to fewer adult words in the moment. Between-subjects analyses indicated that infants more frequently reported to be in independence-supporting placements that also provided posture support (i.e., an exersaucer) were exposed to relatively fewer adult words and less consistent adult speech across the day. These findings indicate that infants' opportunities for exposure to adult speech 'in the wild' may vary based on immediate physical context.

Racism is pervasive within the lives of racially minoritised pre-service teachers in England, but little work has explored how perceptions about language feature here. Based on interviews and workshops with 26 racially minoritised pre-service teachers, I describe their experiences of language oppression whilst on school experience placements, where they were instructed by mentors to modify, flatten, and completely abandon their ways of talking if they were to be perceived as legitimate. I show how language oppression gets justified by mentors in reference to national policy, and how perceptions about the quality of speech are ideologically anchored to perceptions about the quality of teaching. I show how language oppression often materialises under seemingly benevolent and humanitarian guises, but inevitably maintains the raciolinguistic status quo because it instructs racialised teachers to adapt their speech so that it appropriates whiteness. I argue that language oppression is a key reason why England continues to fail to retain racially marginalised teachers.

Although critical social work (CSW) is an important framework for addressing racism and oppression within social work, few studies have examined CSW education. This study assessed CSW educational opportunities, student attitudes, and the effect of CSW exposure on student learning via a survey administered to undergraduate and graduate social work students (N=191). Findings suggest that students have a strong interest in CSW, but that classroom and field placement opportunities are inconsistent. Linear regression model results demonstrate that student knowledge of and interest in CSW are significant predictors of higher scores on the Diversity and Oppression Scale (Windsor et al., 2015). Based on the study findings, recommendations regarding curriculum development and field placement policies for social work educators are discussed.

We examine the second language (L2) acquisition of variable Spanish word order by first language (L1) speakers of English via the acquisition of unaccusative and transitive predicates in various focus-related contexts. We employ two bimodal linguistic tasks: (1) acceptability judgment task (B-AJT) and (2) appropriateness preference task (B-APT). Both present contextualized prompts similar to previous studies, followed by response options with accompanying audio to control for intonation and pauses. Results suggest a number of key findings: (1) by the high intermediate level, L2ers acquire the relevant syntactic and syntax information structure interface competencies for both predicate types; (2) native speakers and L2 groups exhibit optionality, and only differ in nuanced ways; and (3) advanced learners show signs of acquiring syntactic and syntax-information structure competencies in numerous contexts, but display minor differences regarding optionality with corrective focus, an interface incorporating multiple interfaces (syntax-prosody pragmatics). Unlike the predictions of the Interface Hypothesis (IH), this subtle, non-native-like divergence is characterized by divergent knowledge of optionality similar to that found among native speakers. Attempting to understand more completely the development of native-speaker optionality, we also conduct a corpus study of child-directed Spanish from CHILDES and find that, although syntactic theory explains much of the data, it cannot account for all of the variability in the data. Results suggest that children are exposed to apparent optionality from the earliest stages.

This article explores pedagogical renewal through an analysis of vignettes from four international pre-service teachers in an initial teacher education programme at an Australian university where learner-centred practices are prioritised. To understand their pedagogical journeys during their course, data was collected through a series of questions and graphic elicitation activities at the start and endpoint of their studies. From this data, vignettes were created to illustrate changes and continuities of participants' understandings of teaching and learning, and to gain insights into how these conceptions evolved in distinct ways throughout the course. Pedagogical renewal involves learning new skills and knowledge, understanding how new knowledge is linked to practice, and recognising how underlying beliefs influence the selection, enactment, and reflection of pedagogical approaches. These factors point to the importance of individual agency in this process.

This study looked at the perceptions of the three practicum actors (prospective teachers, placement school teachers (mentors), and teacher educators (tutors) of the primary teacher education practicum program of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. To that end, a mixed methods approach with a concurrent design was utilized. The quantitative data were collected from randomly selected 799 participants (290 prospective teachers, 252 placement school teachers, and 257 teacher educators) using a survey questionnaire; while the qualitative data were garnered using interviews and focus group discussions from 60 practicum actors. The data were analyzed quantitatively using mean, standard deviation, one sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA and qualitatively using descriptions and narrations. The findings revealed that although teaching practicum is supposed to be an imperative aspect of teacher learning that is instrumental to putting theories into practice, the overall perception of the three practicum actors was lower than the expected level. By far, student teachers' and placement school teachers' level of understanding of the basic assumptions of practicum in line with the reflective practitioner model of teacher education was minimal. Knowledge is still considered as transferring from the teacher to students, learning as receiving, and teaching as a process of transferring knowledge. Hence, continuous awareness creation on the basic assumptions of the reflective practitioner model of practicum and its core values is required. Besides, there should be a structure formed carefully of experts in teacher education to lead the program through strong school-college link and collaborative work of the hosting schools and teacher education colleges.

Understanding the rural intentions of medical students has the potential to improve the effective allocation of rural clinical placements, the demand for which regularly exceeds availability. Longitudinal studies on students' rural intentions have been published but a refined understanding of the spectrum of intentions is absent in the literature. To fully understand students' rural intentions, and the factors influencing those intentions, comprehensive research, at all stages of a student's academic career, is required. The project used for this article, identifies a group with neutral intention and explores the influence of a range of demographic factors and variety of rural experience for their potential to move students towards high rural intention. The study also identifies trends in student perceptions of potential locations for rural practice in Western Australia. This more detailed approach is offered as a basis for a future model to inform the allocation of scarce rural placement opportunities, known to be significant in converting rural intention into practice. The project responds to increasingly frequent calls for changes to policy and practice regarding the allocation of rural clinical placements to better realise their value in improving the maldistribution of Australia's medical workforce. The study suggests that a greater range of indicators, beyond being of rural origin, can lead to neutral or high rural intention. The results of this study suggest a model that incorporates these additional elements and tracks their development over time would be a valuable component in initiatives aimed at building positive rural intention.

The present study asks what challenges student teachers meet in today's school and how they present, respond to, and reflect on these challenges in an online discussion forum. The study explores these questions by analysing cases written by student teachers in their last practice placement in a one-year post-graduate teacher education programme for secondary school in Norway. The findings show that the cases centre around students and classroom management, and that student teachers take on a role as either participant or observer. The responses are a mix of advice, descriptions of similar experiences, and support. They tend to normalise the situations rather than explore them. Learning from challenging incidents does not happen by itself. Timing is crucial, and so is space for reframing, reflection, and for considering alternative perspectives. This means that there is a need for distance to the situation and a process of interaction with various perspectives.

The Northern Ontario School of Medicine delivers medical education aiming to improve the health outcomes for persons living in Northern Ontario, including those in underserviced rural and geographically remote communities. Second year students experience rural medicine and living during two four-week long placements set in remote and rural communities (RRCP) supervised by local physicians. This place-based approach to medical education aims to equip learners with the skills and dispositions needed to work there successfully. The goal of the study was to develop a better understanding of RRCPs from different perspectives: Institutional, community-preceptors and students. Data was collected by review of institutional documents, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires to obtain information about the aims of each group. A place-based educational framework informed the analysis which developed themes and sub-themes using a constructivist approach. The aims of each group were in five themes, social accountability, community engagement, integrated learning, forming the rural clinician, and living in place as a rural clinician. Differences were, however, apparent in terms of emphasis and perceived relevance, with these being related to the perceptual, political, ideological and social dimensions. For example, the finding that students did not value extra-clinical learning about or within the wider community can be viewed as students having a different place-relationship with the community than their teachers in terms of the social dimension. The data suggests that curricula should include consideration of the various ways students and teachers interact with placement communities with the aim of gaining understanding of, and bridging the gap between, their different expectations.

A growing literature documents the importance of student teaching placements for teacher development. Emerging evidence from this literature highlights the importance of the mentor teacher who supervises this placement, as teachers tend to be more effective when they student teach with a mentor who is a more effective teacher. But the efficacy of policies that aim to have effective teachers serve as mentors depends a great deal on the availability of effective teachers to serve in this role. We therefore use data from Washington State to illustrate that there is ample scope for change in student teacher placements; in other words, there are far more effective teachers within fifty miles of a teacher education program (TEP) who could host a student teacher in each year than the number of teachers who serve in this role. We also discuss the considerable challenges to improvement efforts related to the need for better coordination between TEPs, K-12 school systems, and states. Finally, we argue that, if policy makers value teacher candidate development equivalently to teacher in-service development, they should be willing to pay substantially more than the current average compensation for mentor teachers to recruit effective teachers to serve in this role.

Immersive 360 videos are increasingly being used in pre-service teachers (PST) education. There is preliminary evidence that this technology may benefit future educators' focus and attention to classroom settings and events. However, more analytical efforts are needed to better understand its potential impact on reported focus of attention (RFA) among future educators. This article addresses this gap by presenting the findings of a study on 360 videos that involved 92 PSTs. Three predictors of RFA were addressed: 1) the construct of presence as the feeling of "being there" within the 360 environment, 2) the use of 3D realistic audio (also called ambisonic audio) in the recording (related to "perceptual capacity"), and 3) different camera locations or placements. Results show that presence is a positive predictor of RFA. Moreover, 3D audio is a positive predictor of RFA but only with specific camera placement. The study provides support for examining presence in 360 videos for PSTs. Findings also point to the use of 3D audio to mitigate camera placement and support RFA within these mediated environments.

This study examined Oregon's early intervention (EI) and early childhood special education (ECSE) pipelines as a function of children's intersecting ethnicity and home language(s) with a focus on children from Latino/a backgrounds with communication disorders. We found differences in children's referral source and age of referral, likelihood of evaluation and placement, and type of placement for conditions related to communication, including autism spectrum disorder and hearing impairment. Results showed differences in EI and ECSE; however, disproportionality appeared greatest among Spanish-speaking Latino/a children and non-Latino/a children who spoke languages other than English compared to non-Latino/a English-speaking counterparts. Our findings suggest that attending to children's intersecting ethnicity and language backgrounds in referral, evaluation, and placement add nuance to examinations of disproportionality. Results also indicate that practices related to characterizing children's communication disorders likely make substantial contributions to inequities in EI and ECSE. Precise identification of differences in service provision can lead to targeted policy and practice solutions to reduce structural barriers to care in EI/ECSE systems and improve equity, particularly as related to placement for children of color with communication concerns.

For foster care involved children and youth, the primary goal is placement permanency into safe, supportive, and stable home environments. Although schools play an integral role in permanency planning and success during this transition, little is known about educator perspectives regarding education related transition planning and student needs. In this exploratory study we sampled education professionals' perspectives (N = 10) on student and caregiver educational related preparedness, supports, and primary needs through surveys and focus groups. Nearly 60% perceived students to only be "somewhat" prepared for this transition and believed caregivers to be even less prepared (70% perceived caregivers as only "somewhat" prepared). Likewise, half believed that the schools were only "somewhat" prepared, and 40% believed that schools are "not all prepared" for student transitions. Educators perceived school-based access to mental health supports as most important and academic assistance as least important to transition success. Finally, when examining educator identified recommendations for education related transition supports, four themes emerged: access to social-emotional supports, collaboration across team members, incorporating transition-based supports, and documentation related to the student's educational history and records. Discussion, limitations, and implications are provided.

Families are the experts on their children. They often have the most knowledge about their children's strengths, support needs, and preferences. Furthermore, the family plays a critical role in their child's development, partnering with professionals in early intervention to identify child and family needs and to develop and implement strategies to address them. The Initial Practice-Based Professional Preparation Standards for Early Interventionists/Early Childhood Special Educators (EI/ECSE) describe the knowledge, skills, values, and dispositions professionals need to be competent practitioners. The purpose of this article is not only to highlight the core theme of family partnership in the EI/ECSE Standards but also to identify ways in which the standards can serve as a resource to families. Using actual questions raised by families, answers and solutions are provided to demonstrate how families can use the EI/ECSE Standards to build their understanding of the knowledge, skills, values, and dispositions expected of EI/ECSE professionals and how to advocate for gaps in services they may be experiencing.

This study examines associations between recidivism rates and groups/programs for legally mandated education, behavioral, and mental health services that court-ordered juvenile youth ("juveniles") with identified emotional disturbance or related conditions receive in secure-care juvenile facilities. Using statewide agency data in Minnesota, this exploratory analysis investigates whether there are racial/ethnic and county disparities in residential placements or secure-care settings via programs and groups for court-ordered juveniles (N = 1,092). The study also considers whether program and group placements contribute to racial/ethnic patterns of recidivism. This study finds that recidivism rate differences by program/group level are largely attributed to differences in racial/ethnic compositions. Findings suggest placements lack strong effects on recidivism, and assignments may perpetuate inequalities. In addition, from this exploratory analysis examination, this article offers considerations for future research-to-practice partnerships to strengthen legally and policy-mandated program and service delivery with practices that increase training to juvenile justice system professionals, access to secure-care setting services, and transition services for juveniles.

Recent migration combined with strategies to diversify the teacher workforce has led to complexities in teacher diversity identified by the term 'superdiversity' (Vertovec, 2006). This article builds on recent work on the processes of convergence and superdiversity (Wessendorf, 2011) by focusing on meaningful encounters in the mathematics classroom. A sociolinguistics approach is used to discuss the performance of teacher identity, focusing on accent. An analysis of power shows tensions between Standard English and local vernaculars, involving microaggressions and opportunities for intercultural learning. The article concludes by discussing coping with microaggressions and the systemic implications for school policies and initial teacher training. It shows how microaggressions offer opportunities for intercultural learning and how classroom spaces can be developed that promote both this and the dispositions of an intercultural habitus.

This research paper explores the processes and outcomes of a peer review system which was introduced to 74 first-year students on a BA Education programme in 2016-17. In this one-year action research study, students completed a series of tasks linked to both their academic work and professional teaching placements. The scaffolded nature of these tasks aimed to develop the students' skills, knowledge and confidence as novice peer reviewers. The students' task responses, written reflections of the peer review process and interviews were analysed, to explore the potential value of producing and giving formative feedback to peers. The sustainability of peer review was considered when peer review moved into the students' professional context. This considered how becoming peer reviewers helped students to develop two graduate attributes - forming evaluative judgements based on an understanding of quality and being able to communicate feedback orally - and the influence of these qualities on students' development of self-regulation. The students' challenges in engaging in the peer review process were also considered.

The primary mission of the Call Me MiSTER (CMM) program, founded in 2000 and headquartered at Clemson University, was originally developed in collaboration with three private historically Black institutions to address the significant shortage of African American men teaching in K-8 public elementary school classrooms. In this article, we describe the historical context of the program's origin and framework and explain program strategies and experiences in the execution of the CMM model that has led to its sustained success in recruiting, developing, and retaining African American men who have become effective teachers in multiple public elementary and middle schools in the state and beyond.

About one-fifth of children involved in investigations for abuse or neglect are placed in foster care. Although some return to their families quickly, others may remain in foster care for years without permanent family relationships. In this article, Mark Testa, Kristen Woodruff, Roseana Bess, Jerry Milner, and Maria Woolverton examine the Permanency Innovations Initiative (PII), a federally funded effort that tested innovative programs designed to prevent children from experiencing long stays in foster care and to build evidence for strategies that can be brought to scale in child welfare. PII aimed to follow a four-phase model for selecting, implementing, and testing interventions, including "exploration and installation, initial implementation and formative evaluation, full implementation and summative evaluation, and replication and adaptation." The results of the initiative were not encouraging. Some sites were never able to move to the full implementation phase. Others had significant trouble with participation rates. Two sites that were able to experimentally evaluate a fully implemented intervention found no significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups in achieving stable and permanent homes for children, and a third site found that the experimental results actually favored the comparison group. The authors "principal finding" is that "none of the promising innovations tested in this initiative yielded meaningful improvements in… stable permanence when rigorously evaluated." Discussing the implications for child welfare programs in general, they raise a fundamental issue: Should such programs primarily deal with maltreatment only after it has occurred? Or should they also work to prevent maltreatment from happening in the first place through early, universal interventions that strengthen protective factors within families?

This article aims to contribute new, longitudinal evidence on teacher self-efficacy (TSE) by investigating changes in TSE over the last 2 years of an Australian initial teacher education program. Two hundred and one pre-service teachers were surveyed at three timepoints: (1) after the first professional experience placement (2) before and (3) after the final placement, using the Scale for Teacher Self-Efficacy. Data were analysed using multilevel modelling. TSE for the domains of classroom management and student engagement decreased significantly between the first and before the commencement of the last professional experience placements. All three dimensions of TSE -- instructional strategies, student engagement and classroom management -- increased significantly during the final placement.