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Herbarium specimens were collected of 648 plants during the inventory of plots to characterize the forest vegetation on Mount Wilhelm between 200 and 3700 m above sea level. Specimens are deposited mainly at LAE, MPU, P, and The New Guinea Binatang Research Centre. Nearly 93% have been identified to species or "morphospecies" level. The highest species richness diversity was observed among Rubiaceae, with 42 species. Although several botanical expeditions have already visited the site, at least fourteen potentially new species have been collected, showing that the flora of Mount Wilhelm, as that of Papua New Guinea in general, remains poorly known

Los Andes generan tres cuencas hidrográficas: las vertientes del Pacífico, Atlántico y el sistema endorreico de altura del lago Titicaca. En Perú, las palmeras son mayormente diversificadas y documentadas en la vertiente oriental (cuenca atlántica), en comparación a la cuenca pacífica, donde la escasez en la distribución de palmeras es evidente ante el extenso desierto de Perú-Chile. El presente trabajo busca inventariar y determinar la distribución de las palmeras de la vertiente occidental de Perú. Se realizó revisión bibliográfica y de muestras de herbarios de la zona de estudio, completada por nuevas colectas de especímenes en las provincias de Santa Cruz y San Miguel (Cajamarca). Se registraron 7 especies de palmeras distribuidas en 4 géneros, siendo de mayor representatividad el género Ceroxylon, con 4 especies, seguido de Geonoma, Chamaedorea y Aiphanes con una especie cada uno. En Cajamarca se registró a Ceroxylon quindiuense, C. parvifrons, C. parvum, C. vogelianum y Geonoma undata, asimismo en Tumbes se registró a Chamaedorea linearis y Aiphanes eggersii. La representatividad del género andino Ceroxylon se debe a la dispersión y la continuidad o subcontinuidad pasada de los bosques nublados con la vertiente interandina en la deflexión de Huancabamba. Geonoma undata ha sido registrada en una sola localidad (Monteseco), ausente en bosques cercanos y aislada de las poblaciones de la vertiente oriental. Aiphanes eggersii es una palmera endémica de los bosques tropicales estacionalmente secos (BTES) de Tumbes compartidos por Perú y Ecuador, mientras que Chamaedorea linearis es una especie de amplia distribución andino- pacífica, con presencia en el bosque montano subhúmedo de Tumbes. La deflexión Amotape- Huancabamba permitió un flujo entre la vertiente occidental y oriental que explica la presencia de especies de palmeras de los géneros Ceroxylon y Geonoma; para Ceroxylon, esta región biogeográfica fue un lugar de especiación por la presencia de especies endémicas Ceroxylon parvum, C. peruvianum y C. quindiuense (peruana) The Andes Mountains generate three hydrographic basins: The Pacific and the Atlantic basins, and the high elevation endorheic system of Lake Titicaca. In Peru, palm trees are largely diversified and documented in the eastern side of the Andes (Atlantic basin), in comparison to the Pacific basin, where the scarcity in the distribution of palm trees is evident before the extensive desert of Peru-Chile. This study seeks to inventory and determine the palm tree distribution in the Pacific basin of Peru. A bibliographical review and examination of herbarium collections from the study area where done, this was complemented with new specimens collected in the province of Santa Cruz (Cajamarca). A total of 7 species of palm trees were registered, distributed in 4 genera; genus Ceroxylon with greatest presence, with 4 species, followed by Geonoma, Chamaedorea and Aiphanes with one species each one. The species found in Cajamarca are: Ceroxylon quindiuense, C. parvifrons, C. parvum, C. vogelianum and Geonoma undata, and in Tumbes: Chamaedorea linearis and Aiphanes eggersii. A good representation of the Andean genera Ceroxylon is due to the dispersion and continuity or previous subcontinuity of the cloud forests with the inter-Andean slopes at Huancabamba deflection. Geonoma undata was registered in one location (Monteseco), but it is absent in nearby forests and isolated from populations of the eastern slopes. Aiphanes eggersii is an endemic palm tree of Tumbesian seasonally dry tropical forests shared by Peru and Ecuador, while Chamaedorea linearis is a species of wide Andean-Pacific distribution, with presence in subhumid montane forest of Tumbes. Amotape-Huancabamba deflection allowed a flow between the western and eastern slopes which explains the presence of palms species of the genera Ceroxylon and Geonoma; for Ceroxylon this biogeographic region was a place of speciation due to the presence of endemic species Ceroxylon parvum, C. peruvianum and C. quindiuense (Peruvian)

El género Attalea presenta 56 de las 459 especies de palmeras sudamericanas y 28 desde Colombia a Bolivia. Se encuentran desde México a Bolivia, en diferentes tipos de vegetación: bosques húmedos bajos en vegetación secundaria y estacionalmente inundada y otras ecoregiones, bosques secos tipo sabana, matorral costero tropical, bosques húmedos tropicales y en bosques premontanos y montanos hasta los 1600 msnm. En la región amazónica es uno de los géneros típicos de significativas radiaciones a nivel específico junto a Bactris, Geonoma y Astrocaryum con alrededor de 28 especies, teniendo como rango altitudinal desde el nivel del mar hasta los 1600 msnm. En el Perú, Attalea ocurre en valles de las vertientes orientales con marcados endemismos y comparte con Bolivia ocho especies. En la Amazonía, la diversidad fenotípica de Attalea se basa en caracteres vegetativos observables a partir del tamaño y complejidad caulinar distinguiéndose especies de baja estatura, al presentar tallo subterráneo, y las de gran magnitud con tallo columnar y macizo. La problemática de la identificación en este grupo se basa en una escasa colección de material botánico de exsiccatae de ambos sexos en herbarios nacionales, así como pérdida total o parcial de especímenes tipo y el empleo de diferentes conceptos del género por los taxónomos. Innovaté Perú

With the aim of testing the evolutionary relationships between Oenocarpus bataua (formerly Jessenia bataua) and other Oenocarpus species (Arecaceae), a phylogenetic study of tribe Euterpeae (Arecaceae) was conducted using 3,6 kb of non-coding chloroplast DNA sequence data. The results of maximum parsimony analysis support the monophyly of Euterpeae and the inclusion of O. bataua within the Oenocarpus clade. Our results show substantial molecular divergence between O. bataua var. bataua and var. oligocarpus suggesting that, according to their original description, these two taxa may indeed represent different species. However, our phylogenies should be considered as tentative due to low statistical support., Las relaciones evolutivas entre la especie Oenocarpus bataua (anteriormente denominada Jessenia bataua) y otras especies del género Oenocarpus fueron estudiadas mediante un análisis filogenético de la tribu Euterpeae (Arecaceae) en base a 3,6 kb de secuencias de espaciadores intergénicos del cloroplasto. Los cladogramas recuperados sugieren: (1) la monofilia de la tribu Euterpeae, (2) la inclusión de los individuos de O. bataua dentro del clado de Oenocarpus, y (3) la divergencia molecular entre O. bataua var. bataua y var. oligocarpus, sugiriendo que estos taxa podrían representar especies distintas, así como fueron descritos originalmente. Sin embargo, los patrones filogenéticos mencionados tuvieron un bajo soporte estadístico, por lo cual las conclusiones derivadas de estos permanecen tentativas.

International audience; Date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) is the mainstay of oasis agriculture in the Saharan region. It is cultivated in a large part of the Mediterranean coastal area of the Sahara and in most isolated oases in the Algerian desert. We sampled 10 oases in Algeria to understand the structure of date palm diversity from the coastal area to a very isolated desert location. We used 18 microsatellite markers and a chloroplast minisatellite to characterize 414 individual palm trees corresponding to 114 named varieties. We found a significant negative inbreeding coefficient, suggesting active farmer selection for heterozygous individuals. Three distinct genetic clusters were identified, a ubiquitous set of varieties found across the different oases, and two clusters, one of which was specific to the northern area, and the other to the drier southern area of the Algerian Sahara. The ubiquitous cluster presented very striking chloroplast diversity, signing the frequency of haplotypes found in Saudi Arabia, the most eastern part of the date palm range. Exchanges of Middle Eastern and Algerian date palms are known to have occurred and could have led to the introduction of this particular chlorotype. However, Algerian nuclear diversity was not of eastern origin. Our study strongly suggests that the peculiar chloroplastic diversity of date palm is maintained by farmers and could originate from date palms introduced from the Middle East a long time ago, which since then, hasbeen strongly introgressed. This study illustrates the complex structure of date palm diversity in Algerian oases and the role of farmers in shaping such cryptic diversity.

Se reportan los datos de evaluaciones de comunidades de palmeras que se encuentran en zonas inundables del bajo río Ucayali y el alto río Huallaga. En el alto Huallaga, la vegetación de tierras bajas está dominada por bosques de quebrada irregularmente inundados durante la estación lluviosa, y por bosques sobre suelos aluviales inundados anualmente por el río Huallaga, con presencia de especies como Astrocaryum carnosum, Euterpe precatoria y Oenocarpus mapora entre otros. Por otro lado, en el bajo Ucayali, los bosques de quebrada, en las terrazas medias, inundadas por el agua de escorrentía, son dominados por pocas especies, estos bosques son conocidos como sacha aguajales. En los bosques sobre suelos aluviales se encuentran comunidades de palmeras como los shapajales (Attalea huebneri), huicungales (Astrocaryum chonta) y yarinales (Phytelephas tenuicaulis). En las áreas pantanosas destacan por su extensión los aguajales, formaciones densas de Mauritia flexuosa, mixtas con huasai (Euterpe spp) y varias especies de latifoliadas. También hay otras agrupaciones de palmeras menos extensas en las orillas de los cursos de agua, conocidas como los manchales de huiririma (Astrocaryum jauari) y/o los ñejillales (Bactris riparia).

Attalea blepharopus Mart. in Orb., Voy. Amér. Mér. 7(3): 116. 1847. Ξ Scheelea blepharopus (Mart.) Burret in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 541. 1829. Lectotypus (designated here): BOLIVIA: “ Yuracares ” (Martius, 1847: tab. V, fig. 2; tab. XXXIC); isolecto-: P [P01797296]!) (Fig. 1). Epitypus (designated here): BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Prov. Villa Tunari, Isinota, 16°44’07’’S 65°38’07’’W; 203 m, 10.IV.2015, Moraes & Pintaud 2518 (LPB!; isoepi-: BOLV!, G!, NY!, P!) (Fig. 2). Solitary, monoecious, arborescent, medium-sized palm, 12-19 m high, 50-58 cm diameter, stem 6-8 m, covered by persistent and woody leaf bases on obliquely-8 ranked with thick fibrous margins that form a net of fibers 1-5 mm wide. Leaves sessile leaves 18-21 ascending and arching distally, 7-8 m long, apical leaves upright, green lustrous adaxially, glaucous abaxially; sheath ca. 140 cm long × 40 cm wide at base; petiole 50 cm long, rachis 6.6-7.6 m long, slightly carinate adaxially, rounded abaxially, initially with a dense appressed grey-white indumentum, aging thin and glaucous white adaxially, thin, appressed, dark reddish-brown abaxially; prophyll not seen. Pinnae 185-195 per side, rather stiff, regularly arranged and inserted on one plane, lanceolate to subulate, lower segments hanging, upper ones held distichously on distal part of rachis, 120-130 cm long and 8-10 cm wide, very thin waxy-glaucous indumentum on stomata lines, elongated, basal pulvinulus prominent, swollen, shallowly channeled, light green, apex not bifid, basal pinnae: 2.5-3 cm × 135 cm, medial pinnae: 8.2-9.4 cm × 124- 126 cm and apical pinnae: 1-1.5 cm × 43 cm; proximal five pinnae densely grouped, subsequent segments not grouped and progressively more distant (1.5 to 8 cm from each other). Inflorescences (2 staminate and one pistillate, 1 infructescence and 15-20 old ones on same individual) erect; staminate inflorescence with peduncular bract fusiform in bud stage, boat-shaped, widely open at anthesis, fibrous, plicate, deeply sulcate, dark reddish brown with thin, appressed, finely lepidote indumentum, ca. 2 m long; peduncle subulate, dorsoventrally compressed, erect, slightly recurved, glabrous, pale yellow at anthesis, ca. 100 cm long; rachis 55-62 cm long, terete, pale yellow at anthesis, glabrous; rachillae 180-193, ascending-spreading, stiff and spirally arranged on the rachis, swollen base, finely covered with a silvery-white indumentum made of stellate-hairy scales, flower pits spirally arranged, basal rachillae 18-25.3 cm long with 322-334 flowers, medial rachillae 22.5-24.3 cm long with 250-262 flowers and terminal rachillae 12-14 cm long with 248-259 flowers; staminate flowers inserted solitary, total length of 14-17 mm, sessile, cream and strongly scented at anthesis; sepals 3 connate basally, triangular, membranous, glabrous, 4-6 mm long; petals (3) free, slightly divergent and flexuose, firm fleshy, 14-16 mm long, caducous immediately after anthesis; stamens (6), filament length 1-1.5 mm, deltate, basifixed, connective narrow: thecae contiguous, yellow, anthers 2-3 mm long, linear sagittate, apex obtuse, base auriculate, dehiscence latrorse, pistillode length ca. 0.5 mm, trifid; pistillate inflorescence with peduncular bract erect, slightly recurved, peduncle ca. 50 cm, dorso-ventrally compressed, pale yellow, appressed, lepidote reddish-brown indumentum, 25-30 peduncular bracteoles, 2-9 cm long, triangular-winged, apiculate to mucronate, central part glabrous, lateral wings covered with an appressed lepidote, reddish-brown indumentum; rachis 88-92 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, elliptic in cross section, dorso-ventrally compressed, pale yellow, sparse reddish-brown, lepidote, appressed indumentum; terminal rachilla 15-18 cm long, basal diameter 2.6-3.1 cm; length of basal pistillate part 8-9 cm with 24-27 pistillate flowers, length of apical staminate part 7-9 cm with 20-50 staminate flowers; pistillate flowers spirally arranged, rachillae ascending, 160-175, dorso-ventrally compressed, zigzag in form, pale yellow, glabrous, subtending bract 4-8 cm long, triangular-winged, acuminate, membranaceous, phylotaxys alternate, pistillate flower receptacle rounded, superficial, triangular-acuminate; length of pistillate portion of basal rachillae 8-11 cm with 7-9 pistillate flowers, median rachillae 13-17 cm with 9-16 flowers and apical rachillae 7-13 cm with 4-8 flowers; pistillate flowers with pedicel of 1.5-2 mm, pale yellow turning brown, ovoid, 2.4-3 cm long, sepals free, concave-deltate, cartilaginous, pale yellow, turning brown, glabrous adaxially, glabrescent abaxially, initially with a whitish-brown lepidote appressed indumentum, triangularacute, glabrous, 2.7-2.8 cm long; petals concave-deltate, cartilaginous, pale yellow, turning brown, glabrous adaxially, glabrescent abaxially, initially with a thin, felt-like, white, lepidote indumentum, triangular-acute, glabrous, 2-4 cm long; staminodial ring free from corolla, cupular, cartilaginous, whitish-brown, lepidote, appressed indumentum, 9 mm heigth, 16 mm external diameter and 1.5-2 mm thickness; gynoecium pyriform, 3-carpellate, ovary 11 mm high, 16 mm width, covered with a brown floccose lepidote indumentum, stylar column of 7 mm, trifid, stigma angular, subulate, pale yellow, finely covered with a silvery-white indumentum made of stellate-hairy scales, apex pointed; inserted alternatespiral; floral bracteole deltate, cartilaginous, brown, glossy dark brown, cartilaginous, margin ciliate; basal rachillae total length of 0-3 cm, 0-12 cm long of proximal sterile part, 6 mm long of distal sterile part, with 20-30 staminate flowers, 8-9 cm total length of median rachillae with 25-35 flowers and 7 mm of total length for apical rachillae without flowers; staminate flowers not seen; staminate flowers in triads, 10 mm long, pedicel 1 mm. Infructescence with fruits densely packed, remaining perianth cupular, brown, 1.8-2.6 × 4.2-44 cm, greyish-brown, lepidote, appressed, partially caducous external indumentum, staminodial ring adnation free, plate-like, irregularly split, looking densely ciliate for the emergence of abaxial indumentum, light brown turning dark brown, hard, cartilaginous, glabrous adaxially, covered with a dense felt-like brown indumentum abaxially, 7-8 mm high; sepal concave-deltate, brown, cartilaginous, glabrous adaxially, with an appressed brown-lepidote indumentum abaxially, 2.6 cm length; petals broadly triangular acute, same color, texture and indumentum as sepals, 2.4 cm length. Barrelshaped fruits, 6.4-7.5 × 4.8-5.1 cm, beak narrowly conical with a broad flat base, brown, silvery-grey lepidote appressed indumentum, ca. 9 mm long, trifid; exocarp covered with a dense brown lepidote indumentum, orange-brown to light brown, thickness 4 mm, fibers rounded in cross section, solitary, dispersed, longitudinally arranged, anastomosing, orange-brown; mesocarp 4-5 mm thick, orange, fleshy and fibrous, fibers filiform in middle mesocarp, flattened, bristle in inner mesocarp, fibers thickness very thin in middle mesocarp, 0.2-0.3 mm wide in inner mesocarp, arrangement of fibers very abundant in middle mesocarp, numerous, longitudinal in inner mesocarp, orange in middle mesocarp, dark glossy brown in inner mesocarp, inner mesocarp fibers adnate to the endocarp; endocarp narrowly ellipsoid; seeds 1-2, elliptical, 3.5-4 cm long. Seedling slender cylindrical, radicle axial, 2.6 mm diameter; four 1st adventitious roots, 2nd adventitious roots lateral forming a cross. Vernacular names. – “Corokke” (Yuracaré), “Palla” (colonos). Uses. – The Palla palm is utilized mostly for roofing (leaves) and oil (extracted from seeds). It has a number of minor uses. The mesocarp is edible but very fibrous. The Yuracaré use this species more frequently than colonial residents and other recent settlers. It was reported by the 80 % of Yuracaré people as the most used tree palm species (Montoya & Moraes, 2014). Distribution and ecology. – Attalea blepharopus is found in alluvial rainforest and primary floodplain forest of Cochabamba and La Paz departments of Bolivia. It grows in forests where other distinctive palms are also found: Astrocaryum gratum F. Kahn & B. Millán (dominant), Attalea princeps Mart., Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav., Oenocarpus bataua Mart., Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl., as well as with other species such as Inga sp. (Fabaceae), Theobroma sp. (Malvaceae), Virola sp. (Myristicaceae), and Triplaris sp. (Polygonaceae). Mature fruits and flowers at anthesis were observed simultaneously present in April. The species growth in rocky alluvium deposits of the Rio Chapare and tributaries in the upper Amazon drainage. Populations are well represented in the region of western Amazonia in Bolivia. The presence of Attalea blepharopus was somehow ignored because it has been undercollected in previous field surveys. Nevertheless its prescence from eastern La Paz department was co渟rmed by photographic records and from Cochabamba by a previous collections in fruits (Balslev 8235). The conservation status of this species is currently under evaluation and will be published in the upcoming “Red Book of Threatened Plants Bolivia - Volume II: Lowlands”. Notes. – Attalea blepharopus has remained a poorly known species since its description by MARTIUS (1847). The original d’Orbigny type in Berlin was destroyed and a throughout search in various herbaria led to the conclusion that the only available material are the drawing cited in the protologue. Therefore we designate these as lectotype including a duplicated at P. A recent collection made by the authors with complete material of leaves, pistillate and staminate flowers, fruits and seedlings is here designated as epitype (Moraes & Pintaud 2518). As we are in the process of better understanding the species diversity within the genus Attalea Kunth and have listed approximately 700 descriptors, we consider necessary to clearly fix the morphology of this species by designating an epitype that comes along with several observations and pictures in the field (Fig. 2). Attalea species with regularly-arranged pinnae have been poorly studied in southwestern Amazonia, although GLASS- MAN (1999) recognized a high variation among species and mentioned a complex of species. In the lowlands of Bolivia the lack of study is not an exception. When assigning the name Scheelea blepharopus, BURRET (1929) emphasized mostly the male inflorescence regardless of the original description of Martius and he did not take into account the combination of the features that were the basis for the species epithet “blepharopus”. Field observations allowed to note that the lower margins of the leaf rachis have several thick and long fibers on both sides giving the margins a ciliate aspect: “petiolo margine fibris longis strictis ciliato” (Fig. 2B), as stated by MARTIUS (1847) in the epithet “blepharopus”. It was also noted the corolla staminodial ring in the fruit: “staminodial ring adnation free, platelike, irregularly split, looking densely ciliate for the emergence of abaxial indumentum”. Important morphological characters that allow to separate A. blepharopus from related species, i.e. Attalea peruviana Zona, A. bassleriana (Burret) Zona, A. moorei (Glassman) Zona, that are typical of the NW Amazon, and mostly concentrated in northern Bolivia are: sessile leaves (petiole absent), glaucous leaf abaxially, orange and fleshy mesocarp, 1-6 pistillate flowers per rachillae, thick rachillae of staminate inflorescence with spirally inserted flowers, endocarp with scattered fibers, and peduncular bract relatively thin and shallowly sulcate. Additional material examined. – BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: 1.5 km NE of San Benito village, next to the Isiboro river, 120 km NE of Cochabamba, 127 m, 16°31’53’’S, 65°29’32’’W, 23.III.2010, Balslev 8235 (AAU, USZ)., Published as part of Moraes, Mónica R. & Pintaud, Jean-Christophe, 2016, Attalea blepharopus Mart. (Arecaceae) from Bolivia revisited since Martius, pp. 27-32 in Candollea 71 (1) on pages 29-32, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v711a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5721492

Moraes, Mónica R., Pintaud, Jean-Christophe (2016): Attalea blepharopus Mart. (Arecaceae) from Bolivia revisited since Martius. Candollea 71 (1): 27-32, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v711a6

Until now the altitudinal factor has not been taken into account to estimate tropical arthropod diversity. The ultimate aim of the terrestrial biodiversity survey "Our Planet Reviewed – Papua New Guinea" was to estimate biological diversity generated by altitudinal turnover of arthropod species. It took place on Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea highest peak (4509 m a.s.l.), and one of the few equatorial mountains outside the Andes left with a continuous undisturbed forest from the sea level all the way to the timber line limit. An unprecedented sampling effort was concentrated over 16 days in 2012 with a semi-simultaneous sampling at eight different elevations (every 500 m from 200 m to 3700 m a.s.l.). Arthropods were collected with various methods: flight interception traps (targeting Coleoptera), Malaise traps (targeting Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera), Steiner traps (targeting tephritid flies), beating of the understorey vegetation, and insecticide spraying on tree barks (various groups targeted). A botany survey was conducted at each elevation to characterize vegetation. An additional site, Wanang, was sampled according to the same protocol, as replicated lowland site. Our team combined international experts with local postgraduate students, para-ecologists and villagers. Arthropod samples collected during the biotic survey were pre-sorted in Papua New Guinea and forwarded to taxonomists worldwide. The current book presents the first taxonomic results of the biotic survey. Project outputs included not only species discovery, but also direct financial benefits to landowner communities, raised profile of conservation areas, training of paraecologists and postgraduate students, education programmes and, finally, crucial biodiversity information needed for ecological analyses and conservation management.

Populations in Bolivia of an Attalea Kunth species (Arecaceae) with regularly spaced pinnae were historically assigned to Attalea butyracea (Mutis) Wess. Boer, which also occurs in Colombia, western Venezuela and northern Ecuador. During a recent fieldtrip to the Chapare province in Cochabamba department (central Bolivia), we visited the Yuracare people's territory that Alcide d'Orbigny mentioned as harboring a large and distinct palm, Attalea blepharopus Mart. Based on its morphology, we recognize the species as distinct from Attalea butyracea and designate a lectotype based on the original illustrations and an epitype based on a recent complete collection. The species is described in details and illustrated with photographs for the first time.