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5 results on '"PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE"'

3. Biased predation could promote convergence yet maintain diversity within Müllerian mimicry rings of Oreina leaf beetles

Author

Johanna Mappes, Susanne Dobler, David W. Kikuchi, Samuel J. Waldron, Janne K. Valkonen, and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Male, Frequency-dependent selection, color polymorphism, lehtikuoriaiset, FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION, AVOIDANCE, PREY, Asteraceae, 01 natural sciences, Müllerian mimicry, Predation, PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS, Convergent evolution, Pigmentation, Biological Mimicry, Oreina, Coleoptera, WARNING COLORATION, PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE, CHEMICAL DEFENSE, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Female, varoitusväri, evoluutio, Zoology, Aposematism, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, colour polymorphism, monimuotoisuus, Animals, aposematism, convergent evolution, Selection, Genetic, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, konvergenssi, mimikry, biology.organism_classification, EVOLUTION, PATTERN, 030104 developmental biology, Mimicry, warning signal, SHIFTING BALANCE, Adaptation, Apiaceae
Abstract

Mullerian mimicry is a classic example of adaptation, yet Muller's original theory does not account for the diversity often observed in mimicry rings. Here, we aimed to assess how well classical Mullerian mimicry can account for the colour polymorphism found in chemically defended Oreina leaf beetles by using field data and laboratory assays of predator behaviour. We also evaluated the hypothesis that thermoregulation can explain diversity between Oreina mimicry rings. We found that frequencies of each colour morph were positively correlated among species, a critical prediction of Mullerian mimicry. Predators learned to associate colour with chemical defences. Learned avoidance of the green morph of one species protected green morphs of another species. Avoidance of blue morphs was completely generalized to green morphs, but surprisingly, avoidance of green morphs was less generalized to blue morphs. This asymmetrical generalization should favour green morphs: indeed, green morphs persist in blue communities, whereas blue morphs are entirely excluded from green communities. We did not find a correlation between elevation and coloration, rejecting thermoregulation as an explanation for diversity between mimicry rings. Biased predation could explain within-community diversity in warning coloration, providing a solution to a long-standing puzzle. We propose testable hypotheses for why asymmetric generalization occurs, and how predators maintain the predominance of blue morphs in a community, despite asymmetric generalization.

Published
2019

5. Evolutionary pathways to self-fertilization in a tristylous plant species

Author

Barrett, S. C. H., Ness, R. W., Vallejo-Marin, M., Barrett, S. C. H., Ness, R. W., and Vallejo-Marin, M.

Abstract

P>Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing occur commonly in heterostylous genera. The morphological polymorphisms that characterize heterostyly provide opportunities for different pathways for selfing to evolve. Here, we investigate the origins and pathways by which selfing has evolved in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata by providing new evidence based on morphology, DNA sequences and genetic analysis. The primary pathway from outcrossing to selfing involves the stochastic loss of the short-styled morph (S-morph) from trimorphic populations, followed by the spread of selfing variants of the mid-styled morph (M-morph). However, the discovery of selfing variants of the long-styled morph (L-morph) in Central America indicates a secondary pathway and distinct origin for selfing. Comparisons of multi-locus nucleotide sequences from 27 populations sampled from throughout the geographical range suggest multiple transitions to selfing. Genetic analysis of selfing variants of the L- and M-morphs demonstrates recessive control of the loss of herkogamy, although the number of factors appears to differ between the forms. Early stages in the establishment of selfing involve developmental instability in the formation of flowers capable of autonomous self-pollination. The relatively simple genetic control of herkogamy reduction and frequent colonizing episodes may often create demographic conditions favouring transitions to selfing in E. paniculata. New Phytologist (2009) 183: 546-556doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02937.x., Times Cited: 1

Published
2009

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