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In a class of high quality (Q-) factor dielectric resonators with low radiative losses, including popular whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonators with high azimuthal mode numbers, due to high confinement of modal field in dielectric, the Q-factor is limited by the value of inverse dielectric loss tangent of dielectric material. Metal enclosures necessary for device integration only marginally affect the Q-factor while eliminating the residual radiative loss and allowing the optimization of input and output coupling. While very high Q-factors ∼ 200 000 are available in sapphire WGM resonators in X-band, at millimeter wave frequencies increasing dielectric loss limits the Q-factor to much smaller values, e.g. ∼50000 and ∼25000 for quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes, correspondingly, at 36 GHz. The use of distributed Bragg reflection (DBR) principle allows to push modal energy outside dielectric while also isolating it from Joule losses in metallic enclosure walls. Very high Q ∼ 600 000 > --> t g δ has been demonstrated in X-band [C. A. Flory and R. C. Taber, IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr., Freq. Control 44, 486–495 (1997).] at the expense of impractically large dimensions. In this work, we report on the assembly and testing of a compact Ka-band sapphire distributed Bragg reflector cavity characterized with Q-factor seven times larger than one predicted by the material's dielectric loss at the frequency of interest. An intrinsic Q-factor of ∼ 200 000 is demonstrated at 36 GHz for the lowest order TM-mode of a sapphire DBR. The resonator has 50 cm 3 volume, smaller than previously demonstrated DBRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design and simulate a near-zero flat dispersion As2S3 photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a circular shape to generate a broad and smooth supercontinuum (SC). A near-zero flattened dispersion in the all-normal dispersion PCF is maintained in the 4–6.2 μ m wavelength range. A 6 μ m hyperbolic pulse is injected into this fiber, producing a flat spectrum from 2.45 to 8.4 μ m at a peak power of 5 kW. The generated SC in anomalous dispersion PCF can cover multi-octaves by a pump laser with a 6500 nm wavelength, 10 kW of peak power, and a 90 fs duration in 10 cm of the proposed fiber structure. These results are achieved by optimizing the fiber structure through the core size. In general, the proposed structures could be used for broadband smooth low-cost SC generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization filters based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have undergone rapid development in recent years. In this work, a dual D-type PCF polarization filter based on SPR is designed and analyzed. The filter improves the limiting loss of the core mode by gilding the semi-circular split ring and inlaying amethyst. The influence of the structural parameters of the filter on the filtering characteristics is analyzed by the finite element method. The results show that the core mode losses of the x and y polarized light are 32 dB/cm and 910.56 dB/cm at 1.55 μ m, respectively. For a fiber length of 1000 μ m, the crosstalk and bandwidth are 763.11 dB and 700 nm, respectively. In addition, the impact of manufacturing errors in the structural parameters on the filter performance is discussed. The filter has excellent filtering characteristics and large potential in optical communication and optical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the spectral bandwidths of previous publications are still limited by high input powers making them economically less than ideal. By using a benzene core (C6H6) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as a new supercontinuum (SC) light source, it is possible to achieve a very large spectral broadening with hundreds of times lower peak power. Due to the change in the diameter of air holes in the first ring near the core, near-zero flattened dispersion, high nonlinearity and small attenuation can be achieved for spectral broadening. The structural geometries of two C6H6-PCFs are optimized to generate wide SC at low input energy. The SC spectrum produced in 1 cm long of all dispersion fiber extends from a part of visible light to the near-infrared range at 1.3 μ m wavelength and a small pulse energy of 18 pJ (or 450 W of electrical input). The second PCF shows wide soliton-induced SC from 0.8 to 4.2 μ m with 71 pJ pulse energy (or input power approximately 790 W) at 1.5 μ m wavelength within a fiber of 12 cm. The proposed structures have the potential to become a new class of microstructured optical fibers for low-cost, broad-spectrum SC generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A terahertz photonic crystal fiber with two sensing channels was designed. Graphene coated on the micro-grooves in the cladding was used as plasma material to introduce tunability. The dispersion relation, mode coupling, and sensing characteristics of the fiber were studied using the finite element method. Ultrahigh sensitivity of 2.014 THz/RIU and 0.734 GHz/°C were obtained for analytes with refractive index in the range of 1.33 to 1.4 and environment temperature in the range of 10–60 °C, respectively. Refractive index resolution can reach the order of 10−5. The dual parameter simultaneous detection, dynamic tunable characteristics, and working in the low-frequency range of terahertz enable the designed photonic crystal fiber to have application prospects in the field of biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic crystal fiber is a category of optical fibers, getting great attention by its promise to offer a range of optical characteristics that are not achievable in conventional optical fibers. Engineered dispersion and nonlinear characteristics of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) make it an attractive candidate for nonlinear optics and advanced optical networking in the all-optical domain. An optical network consists of different optical components such as laser sources, amplifiers, regenerators, and convertors for proper signal transmission over long distances. In recent years, the performance of the components has been improving by employing the appealing properties of PCF. The PCF's application on such components is discussed, and the simulated results on gain amplification, regeneration, conversion, fiber laser are reviewed. These developments reveal that the enhanced performance provided by PCF makes it suitable for different optics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mode coupling in a graded-index polymer photonic crystal fiber (GI PPCF) with a solid core has been investigated using the Langevin equation. Based on the computer-simulated Langevin force, the Langevin equation is numerically integrated. The numerical solutions of the Langevin equation align with those of the time-independent power flow equation (TI PFE). We showed that by solving the Langevin equation, which is a stochastic differential equation, one can successfully treat a mode coupling in GI PPCFs, which is an intrinsically stochastic process. We demonstrated that, in terms of effectiveness, the Langevin equation is preferable compared to the TI PFE. The GI PPCF achieves the equilibrium mode distribution (EMD) at a coupling length that is even shorter than the conventional GI plastic optical fiber (POF). The application of multimode GI PCFs in communications and optical fiber sensor systems will benefit from these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) constructions, controlled light propagation for measuring amplitude, phase, polarization and wavelength of the spectrum, and PCF-incorporated interferometry techniques are the foundations upon which sensors operate. But the existing PCF techniques have very large stretching that tends to be difficult to align due to the cross-polarization mode of the optical fiber structure. Hence, the novel Polymer graphene-based Hexagonal cladding is designed by using a hexagonal hollowed core and a cladding material of Polymethyl methacrylate reinforced with gyroidal graphene which increases confinement strength. Once the crystal structure is designed, normally the presence of substrate the Q-factors is degraded. On substrates, Q-factors are enhanced by fine-tuning the position of the neighboring holes. Hence, the novel Bilayer Grating Stratum solves the degrading issues in Q-factors, which utilizes a Silicon polyamide-coated FBG in the crystal that is incorporated using the Femto-laser technique thereby increasing the wavelength tenability. To identify the electric field pattern, the designed structure is simulated in COMSOL software. Thus, the proposed system has a high sensitivity of 22 with a low material loss of 0.1% and a low response time of 0.2 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refractive index (RI) sensor based on the D-type dual-mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed. The sensor employs a side-polished few-mode PCF that facilitates the transmission of the fundamental and second-order modes, with an integrated microfluidic channel positioned directly above the fiber core. This design minimizes the distance to the analyte and maximizes the interaction between the optical field and the analyte, thereby enhancing the SPR effect and resonance loss for improved sensing performance. Au-TiO2 dual-layer material was coated on the surface of a microfluidic channel to enhance the penetration depth of the core evanescent field and tune the resonance wavelength to the near-infrared band, meeting the special needs of chemical and biomedical detection fields. The finite element method was utilized to systematically investigate the coupling characteristics between various modes and surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes, as well as the impact of structural parameters on the sensor performance. The results indicate that the LP11b_y mode exhibits greater wavelength sensitivity than the HE11_y mode, with a maximum sensitivity of 33,000 nm/RIU and an average sensitivity of 8272.7 nm/RIU in the RI sensing range of 1.25–1.36, which is higher than the maximum sensitivity of 16,000 nm/RIU and average sensitivity of 5666.7 nm/RIU for the HE11b_y mode. It is believed that the proposed PCF-SPR sensor features both high sensitivity and high resolution, which will become a critical device for wide RI detection in mid-infrared fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize the use of hollow‐core photonic crystal fibers (HC‐PCF), their cores are filled with an atomic gas for an ultra‐enhanced interaction with an incident laser beam in applications such as atomic vapor microcells. One challenge in these gas‐filled HC‐PCFs is to control the physiochemical interactions between the gas medium and the silica inner surface of the fiber core surround. In this work, thus, the processing of ceramic coatings on glass substrates by chemical solution deposition is focused on. Also, the successful implementation of an original coating procedure for a deposition inside hollow‐core fibers with complex microstructures is described. It is indeed possible to form a thin, dense, inorganic, and amorphous layer with a low thickness, low roughness, and high transparency. To obtain such a result, several parameters must be controlled, including the concentration of the solution, the technique and the deposition time, as well as the heat treatment undergone by the fiber. In particular, the selected aluminosilicate coatings, which are nonporous and present a 20–30 nm thickness, demonstrate a considerable improvement of the lifetime properties of the fibers filled with rubidium vapor, without modifying its original guiding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) poses a significant public health threat due to its capacity to cause widespread and debilitating outbreaks. The virus is responsible for CHIKV fever, a disease characterized by severe joint pain, sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. The virus has been reported in various regions globally, with outbreaks occurring in parts of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Indian subcontinent. Consequently, the scientific community expends substantial efforts in developing dependable, rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective techniques in order to identify the CHIKV virus. In this study, an innovative biomedical sensor using photonic crystal fiber technology enables precise detection of the CHIKV virus through uric acid, normal and infected plasma, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The introduced sensor identifies those kinds with extremely increased relative sensitivity and minimal losses in contrast to alternative photonic crystal fiber-based biosensors. The introduced sensor showcases a minimal confinement loss of 2.25 × 10− 13 cm− 1, a relative sensitivity of 99.37%, an effective area of 1.36 × 105 µm2, with a minimal effective material loss of 0.001966 cm–1, a numerical aperture of 0.1874, and low dispersion of 0.06. Also, the demonstrated sensor is able to function within the terahertz spectrum, covering a substantial span from 0.8 to 2.6 THz. Furthermore, an extensive comparison analysis is performed between the showcased sensor and related literature on photonic crystal fibers to verify the reliability and effectiveness of the introduced structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the design and theoretical study of a Ga‐Sb‐S chalcogenide glass‐based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure for mid‐infrared supercontinuum generation. The proposed design is engineered by adjusting the diameter of air holes in the cladding region and pitch, giving us control over the dispersion characteristics of the fiber. The optimized structure design offers the Zero Dispersion Wavelength of 5.2 μm. When pumped with 50 fs secant hyperbolic pulses of peak power 4.9 kW, for a fiber of length 8 mm at pump wavelength of 5 μm, the proposed structure design produces an ultra‐broadband supercontinuum spectrum spanning 1.5–14 μm. Proposed PCF design should be helpful in, biomedical imaging, supercontinuum sources, biosesning, and optical coherence tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin cancer is a disorder marked by inappropriate skin cell proliferation, which is frequently brought on by UV radiation exposure from tanning booths or the sun. It can present as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or basal cell carcinoma, with varying levels of malignancy and available therapies. Our newly developed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has exceptional efficacy in the identification of skin cancer. The proposed US model has a heptagonal core and a clad surface with a heptagonal pattern. The PCF analyzer that has just been released shows a maximum relative sensitivity (RS) of 95.35% as well 94.29% for the basal (cancer) alongside basal (normal), respectively. For the aforementioned cells, we also looked at the confinement loss (CL) of 1.74 × 10–14 dB/m, 5.98 × 10–13 dB/m, plus the effective material loss (EML) of 0.0077 cm−1, 0.0088 cm−1. Rapid identification in skin cancer allows for improved results, tailored treatment, and prompt intervention. Early detection of cancer makes milder medications available, which lessens the need for aggressive treatment. Moreover, increasing the treatment of patients and simplifying the continual sickness monitoring process. Accurate evaluation also helps with research into developments that enhance global recognition as well as treatment options. The new PCF, with its exceptional detecting capacity, may have been instrumental in the prompt discovery of such harmful organisms. In summary, there are a lot of opportunities in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel highly sensitive D-shaped photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensor for dual parameters of refractive index and temperature detecting is proposed. A PCF cladding polishing provides a D-shape design with a gold (Au) film coating for refractive index (RI) sensing (Core 1) and a composite film of silver (Ag) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for temperature sensing (Core 2). Comsol Multiphysics 5.5 is used to design and simulate the proposed sensor by the finite element method (FEM). The proposed sensor numerically provides results with maximum wavelength sensitivities (WSs) of 51,200 and 56,700 nm/RIU for Core 1 and 2 as RI sensing while amplitude sensitivities are −98.9 and −147.6 RIU−1 with spectral resolution of 1.95 × 10−6 and 1.76 × 10−6 RIU, respectively. Notably, wavelength sensitivity of 17.4 nm/°C is obtained between −20 and −10 °C with resolution of 5.74 × 10−3 °C for Core 2 as temperature sensing. This sensor can efficiently work in the analyte and temperature ranges of 1.33–1.43 RI and −20–100 °C. Due to its high sensitivity and wide detection ranges, both in T and RI sensing, it is a promising candidate for a variety of applications, including chemical, medical, and environmental detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a flat-top and broadband supercontinuum (SC) generation in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) infiltrated with carbon tetrachloride ( CCl 4) with different air hole diameters in the cladding has been introduced. The optical properties of the fundamental mode are analyzed by numerical simulation. Based on the obtained results, two optimized PCFs with small dispersion are proposed and verified against SC generation in detail. The first fiber has an all-normal dispersion of −9.376 ps.nm − 1 .km − 1 at the pump wavelength of 0.98 μ m, generating broadband of 768 nm and flat-top with only 0.3 nJ of input energy and time duration of 90 fs. In the meantime the dispersion property of the second fiber is anomalous, which equals 1.105 ps ⋅ nm − 1 ⋅ km − 1 at 1.3 μ m pump wavelength. The second fiber generates a SC spectrum of 1,751.1 nm with input energy and time duration of 0.55 nJ and 55 fs, respectively. Proposed fibers are suitable for all-fiber SC sources which could lead to new low-cost all-fiber optical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses numerical investigation to present an efficient photonic crystal fiber (PCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. The proposed sensor is simulated and modelled by the finite element method (FEM). The plasmonic and analyte layers are utilized on the fiber's exterior to ease practical implementation. Additionally, the designed sensor contains all the circular air holes, making it simpler and easier to fabricate using currently available techniques. Silver (Ag) and tantalum pentaoxide (Ta2O5) are used as plasmonic materials for surface plasmon generations and to achieve smooth coupling. The sensor achieves the maximum wavelength sensitivity of 22860 nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity of 1758 1/RIU. Moreover, the sensor shows a wide refractive range of chemical sensing capabilities within 1.375-1.400. Due to the broad RI detection range, the proposed sensor can detect various biological cells, biochemicals, and food additives, making this sensor applicable in medical applications and food quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential biomarker for diagnosing and treating various diseases, low-cost, quantitative detection methods for complementary DNA (cDNA) have received much attention. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technique is an effective measurement scheme, but the ambient temperature and pH variations have a non-negligible impact. In this work, we developed a triple-probe SPR sensing system for detecting cDNA concentration, temperature, and pH. In order to satisfy the triple parameter measurements, we used a microstructured optical fiber as the sensing platform, silver and gold films as the excitation layer, and a MoS2 film as the modulation layer. First, we explore the modulation mechanism of SPR and the conditions for excitation of triple SPR and demonstrate that the carrier concentration is a crucial factor affecting the resonance wavelength. Then, the feasibility of the sensing system for triple-probing is theoretically analyzed. Finally, in the experiment, the optimal parameters of the sensor were determined, and the triple parameter detection was successfully realized. The experimental results show that the three probes can work independently, and the hybridized DNA probe can realize the selective detection of cDNA with a sensitivity of 0.249 nm/(nmol/l). The maximum sensitivity of the pH probe and the temperature probe are 51.5 nm/pH and 6.14 nm/°C. In addition, the experimental results show that the sensing probes have excellent reproducibility. This paper's innovation is using the fiber optic SPR effect to achieve quantitative detection for cDNA, temperature detection, and pH detection. Therefore, the sensor has a promising future in early diagnosis and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor that can be used to measure the temperature and magnetic field simultaneously, and to monitor the changes in them in the environment. When we designed the fiber structure, two circular channels of the same size were added to the fiber to facilitate the subsequent addition of materials. A gold film is added to the upper channel (ch1), and the channel is filled with a magnetic fluid (MF). The sensor can reflect changes in the temperature and magnetic field strength. The two channels containing MF and PDMS in the proposed fiber are called ch1 and ch2. The structure, mode and properties (temperature and magnetic field) were analyzed and discussed using the finite element method. By using the control variable method, the influence of Ta2O5 or no Ta2O5, the Ta2O5 thickness, the diameter of the special air hole, the distance from the fiber core and the distance between them in the displacement of the loss spectrum and the phase-matching condition of the coupling mode were studied. The resulting maximum temperature sensitivity is 6.3 nm/°C (SPR peak 5), and the maximum magnetic field sensitivity is 40 nm/Oe (SPR peak 4). Because the sensor can respond to temperature and magnetic field changes in the environment, it can play an important role in special environmental monitoring, industrial production and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous techniques and technologies have been proposed for the detection and identification of hazardous chemicals that can harm the lungs and respiratory system as well as the central nervous system and kidneys when inhaled. Most practical techniques can be carried out by extraordinary professionals in well-equipped facilities. A reliable, simple, highly sensitive, and feasible sensing technique is still required. A potential sensor for these harmful chemicals is the photonic crystal fiber (PCF), which achieves several unique properties. A square-core PCF sensor is proposed in this work for the detection of detrimental gases (tetra-chloro silane, tetra-chloro methane, turpentine, and tin terra-chloride) in the THz region. The cladding region is divided into three rings, and each ring has rectangular and square air holes. Within the operating region, we have found a relatively high sensitivity of 96.185% along with 95.407% core power fraction, 0.2211 numerical aperture, and a low effective area of 154 470 μm2 at 1.9 THz frequency. Ignorable confinement loss of 3.071 × 10−14 cm−1 and effective material loss of 0.007 72 cm−1 have been also found. Additionally, the current manufacturing techniques guarantee the viability of the proposed PCF sensor's manufacture. These obtained results demonstrate that the proposed sensor can be effectively employed for applications involving hazardous chemical compounds, gases, and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing technique, has recently found applications in various engineering fields due to its ability to produce freeform 3D structures beyond the ability of traditional subtractive manufacturing methods. In this respect, the field of THz photonics is no exception. The adoption of 3D printing technique resulted in a revolution in THz optics and device manufacturing and will continue advancing this field for years to come. In this Perspective paper, we consider, in particular, the fabrication of guided optics devices for the THz operation range using additive manufacturing. We first introduce the technical characteristics of various 3D printing techniques as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and main performance parameters. Then, various 3D printed THz waveguides and fibers and functional devices, such as metalized/metallic/dielectric rectangular waveguides, photonic crystal waveguides, hollow-core anti-resonant/Bragg waveguides, hybrid metal/dielectric waveguides, plasmonic waveguide, porous fibers, magic tee, and serpentine waveguide traveling-wave circuits, are discussed. We also highlight practical applications of 3D printed waveguides/fibers in manipulating THz waves, especially in the fields of sensing and communication, including the analyte thickness and refractive index sensors, subwavelength/suspended core fiber communication links, dispersion compensators, and add-drop multiplexers. Finally, the prospects of 3D printing techniques in the THz field are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are widely exploited in all‐dielectric metasurfaces to significantly enhance the Q‐factor and second harmonic generation (SHG). However, a higher SHG conversion efficiency is overshadowed by the narrow transparency window of all‐dielectric materials and strict requirement of polarization‐matching. Herein, an augmented SHG assisted is demonstrated by symmetry‐protected quasi‐BICs from z‐cut wurtzite GaN metasurfaces, whose wide transparent range suppresses self‐absorption of second harmonic. Strong resonances emerge under both X‐ and Y‐polarized excitations, where the multipole characters of each eigenmode are quantitatively identified via decomposition simulations. The local field enhancement enabled by the extreme energy confinement of quasi‐BICs contributes to an efficient SHG, recording a conversion efficiency up to 2 × 10−7 at moderately low input peak intensity (≈1 GW cm−2), orders of magnitude larger than bulk GaN. With proper design, the overlapping X‐ and Y‐polarized resonances can support SHG from excitation with arbitrary polarizations. The alleviation of polarization‐matching remarkably enhances the SHG power by 66.2% under unpolarized illumination condition. The results of intense SHG reveal GaN as a promising candidate for high‐performance nanoscale nonlinear photonic devices. The weak polarization sensitivity of the designed structure will chart a novel course for the advancement of next‐generation efficient all‐dielectric metasurfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a temperature insensitive wide-dynamic-range distributed strain sensor with centimeter-level spatial resolution based on optical frequency domain reflection technology is proposed. It adopts a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber as the sensing fiber, and experimental results demonstrate that its temperature sensitivity is much smaller than that of the standard polarization-maintaining fiber. Benefited from the specially designed cross-correlation algorithm, the sensor achieves the maximum measurable strain reaches 7000 μϵ with spatial resolution of 1.66 cm. This provides a new approach to address current issues with special fiber sensors, such as single-point sensing and low spatial resolution, which shows great significance for structural health monitoring of buildings, bridges and tunnels with urgent requirement of large dynamic range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double U-shaped PCF-SPR sensor is proposed for the detection of analytes with low refractive indexes (RI). The U-shaped structure facilitates the penetration of analytes. Compared with a single formant sensor, the sensor exhibits double formant characteristics. Therefore, the analytes to be measured can be identified more accurately. This study employs the finite element method (FEM) to analyze the sensor. The findings suggest that the sensor is capable of detecting analytes with low RI ranging from 1.15 to 1.33 over an ultra-wide wavelength range of 800–6400nm. The maximum wavelength sensitivities of the first and second peaks of the sensor are 54,300nm/RIU and 60,000nm/RIU, respectively. In addition, this paper introduces double peak shift sensitivity (DPSS), the highest DPSS value is 55,700nm/RIU. Owing to these distinct characteristics, the sensor has great application prospects in the field of biosensing, especially in drug detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz (THz) fields are increasingly being used to address the critical challenges associated with achieving high data rates and rapid communication. In this study, a hybrid plasmonic THz waveguide is designed and analysed operating in the 2.5–3.5 THz frequency range. The waveguide is constructed using gallium arsenide as the high-refractive-index core, surrounded by aluminium arsenide and silver placed on a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) substrate. Graphene is strategically positioned between the HDPE layers to enhance light confinement. The mode properties of the proposed waveguide are simulated with Comol Multiphysics using the finite-element method and show unique characteristics. Observation of the simulated results at 2.5–3.5 THz reveals a high effective refractive index of 3.79, a maximum effective mode area of 1.88 mm2, a high birefringence of 0.2, a low dispersion of 0.10 ps THz−1 cm−1, a high mode field diameter of 15.8 mm, a high beat length of 123 mm and a low confinement loss of 1.79 × 10−9 mm−1. These features make the proposed waveguide suitable for applications in photonic integrated circuits for THz communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to diagnose six distinct kinds of cancers (skin cancer, cervical cancer, adrenal gland cancer, blood cancer, and breast cancer types 1 and 2) in cells is demonstrated here and incorporates with two microchannels and a bimetallic configuration. The numerical analysis utilizes the finite element method (FEM) combined with perfectly matched layers (PML). The plasmonic material employed in the biosensor is gold (Au), and a supportive material, titanium dioxide (TiO2), is combined with Au. By combining these two materials, the sensor's performance is improved. The numerical calculations indicate that breast cancer type 2 has the highest wavelength sensitivity (24,285.71 nm/RIU) and amplitude sensitivity (3959 RIU−1). The rest of the cancer cells' wavelength sensitivities are 11,000.00 nm/RIU (skin cancer), 13,333.33 nm/RIU (cervical cancer), 15,000.00 nm/RIU (blood cancer), 17,142.85 nm/RIU (adrenal gland cancer), and 21,428.57 nm/RIU (breast cancer type 1). This advanced biosensor has several uses in biological sensing and medical technology, and it has the potential to revolutionize cancer identification and medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the immediate requirements of modern high-speed and high-capacity integrated optical circuit development, this study introduces a broadband all-fiber polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on silicon dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and gold layers. Simulation results demonstrate that silicon as the substrate material is conducive to extending the operating range to the mid-infrared band of 3.0 ~ 3.6 μm. The modulation effect of the gold ring layers on the left and right sides of central elliptical hole is very impressive, and when the cladding hole diameter d1 = 1.3 μm, gold-coated hole diameter d2 = 1.8 d1 = 2.34 μm, hole-to-hole pitch Λ = 2.0 μm, gold layer thickness t = 50 nm, long axis a = 2.08 μm, and short axis b = 1.43 μm, coupling length ratio (CLR) between x- and y-polarized super-mode exactly is equal to 2. According to performance investigation by finite element method (FEM), this PBS is well suited for splitting out x-polarized light in core A, which can possess a minimum size of 0.66 mm, a maximum extinction ratio (ER) of 78 dB at 3.3 μm, a broad operating bandwidth of 450 nm, and a low insertion loss (IL) of 0.15 dB at 3.3 μm simultaneously. The proposed PBS features both high integration and high performance, which will be applicable to all-optical networks in mid-infrared fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A surface plasmon resonance-based hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HC-SPR-PCF) is developed to detect gasoline adulteration with kerosene. The SPR-PCF sensor is fabricated via stack and draw, and atomic layer deposition (ALD). The performance of SPR-PCF sensors, such as sensitivity, loss, figure of merit (FoM), responsivity, and response time, are analysed experimentally in the wide refractive index (RI) range of 1.428–1.45. This experimental result shows that the proposed sensor with thin gold and aluminium oxide (Au + Al 2 O 3 ) plasmon active material exhibits a high amplitude sensitivity (321.59/RIU), low loss (0.0529 dB/cm), high responsivity (0.355875), and good FoM (1247.5/RIU). The presented experimental study has excellent potential in biochemical sensing applications due to its high sensitivity, low loss, linearity and fast response time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact soliton solutions of perturbed Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation with both constant and variable coefficients are constructed in this work through the application of the modified F-expansion method. This method is used for the very first time on the considered equation. As a result, the traveling wave solutions including soliton solutions are obtained. These soliton solutions enhance understanding of nonlinear phenomena in the fields of photonic crystal fibers, fiber optics and nonlinear fiber optics. The explanation of the obtained results is provided by drawing some 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional graphs using Mathematica. Furthermore, this study discusses the modulation instability for the considered model. The considered method is found to be effective, simple and useful to study the perturbed Gerdjikov-Ivanov equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that seriously endangers human health, and monitoring glucose levels is one of the main diagnostic methods for its prevention and treatment. In this paper, we propose a high-performance glucose sensor based on the Sagnac interferometer (SI) utilizing photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with micro-holes. By setting two columns of micro-holes in the center of the PCF, the high birefringence effect is obtained to improve the detection sensitivity. All air holes are assumed to fill with the glucose solution, and the sensing characteristics of the PCF sensor are theoretically studied by the finite element method (FEM). The results show that the sensitivity and resolution of the PCF glucose sensor can reach 4.14 nm/(g/L) and 0.48 mg/dL within the concentration range of 0–120 g/L, respectively. In addition, the effects of the partial-filling methods and PCF structural parameters on the sensing performance are also analyzed to achieve optimal performance. The proposed glucose sensor possesses high sensitivity and simple structure, which exhibits good application prospects in the field of medical monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a new type of hybrid-structured Photonic Crystal Fiber (H-PCF) that includes a sectored core-cladding configuration. It's composed of a cladding with a regular circular sectored lattice structure and a core with a hexagonal sectored lattice structure. To extensively design, analyze, and calculate the fiber's properties, the finite element method has been used. The results provide validation for the superior performance of this novel fiber design. It simultaneously achieves extremely low effective material loss and confinement loss equal to 0.0145 cm⁻1 and 1 × 10⁻14 cm⁻1, respectively, at the 1 THz frequency. Furthermore, the fiber demonstrates nearly zero flattened dispersion (− 0.45 ± 0.55 ps/THz/cm) across the 0.9–1.3 THz frequency range, along with important attributes such as a large core power fraction (50%) and an effective area of 5 × 105 µm2. The suggested PCF design is practical for manufacturing utilizing currently available technologies. Moreover, the proposed PCF design, employing common structured regions in the circular and hexagonal patterns for the sectored cladding and core regions, respectively, is feasible for fabrication using existing technologies. Overall, this H-PCF shows significant potential for various THz applications, especially in THz wave guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed photonic crystal fiber sensors with two distinct plasmonic layers were proposed and compared in order to identify skin cancer cells in comparison to normal blood cells. In order to attain high sensitivity for the detection of this surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensor, a comparison is made between several layers of Silver-Titanium dioxide and Gold-Titanium dioxide. In addition, the presence of a TiO2 layer helps to lessen the chemical instability of silver and improves the SPR effect. For the purpose of this work, a numerical analysis of the sensor was performed using the finite element technique. It is possible to quantify the confinement loss of two sensors, as well as their sensitivity to changes in amplitude and wavelength, by modifying some influential factors such as the diameter of the airhole and the thickness of the plasmonic layer (Ag, Au). This allows for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the sensors in detecting a target analyte. For the purpose of identifying skin cancer cells, the highest amplitude sensitivity of silver as a plasmonic layer is 610 RIU-1, and the maximum spectral sensitivity is 7500 nm/RIU. The greatest spectral sensitivity of gold as a plasmonic layer for the detection of skin cancer cells is 7000 nm/RIU, while the maximum amplitude sensitivity of gold is 800 RIU-1. In-depth discussion has been held regarding the manufacturing procedure for the sensor that has been proposed. When it comes to the detection of organic and biological compounds, this biosensor that is now under investigation demonstrates promising characteristics due to its stability and good sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper comprehensively analyzes recent advancements in optical fiber‐based biosensors, focusing on conventional fiber and photonic crystal structures. This paper overviews the significant applications of optical fiber biosensors, including bioimaging, quality analysis, food safety, and field environment monitoring, setting the stage for subsequent discussions. The primary objective of the review is to systematically evaluate recent literature concerning optical fiber‐based biosensors, emphasizing their sensitivities and resolutions. The second section explores integrating plasmonic materials such as graphene, TDMC, germanium, black phosphorus, and silicon within optical fiber biosensors, elucidating their roles in enhancing sensitivity and resolution in biosensing applications. A detailed examination of photonic crystal fibers (PCF) follows, categorizing them into internally and externally metal film‐coated biosensors, highlighting their distinct advantages and limitations. Comparative analyses in two tables delineate the performance and sensitivity of optical fiber‐based biosensors, mainly focusing on different coating strategies. The final section of the review discusses emerging trends and applications in optical fiber biosensing technologies, underscoring their potential to transform biomedical and environmental monitoring fields. By synthesizing recent developments and challenges, this review aims to offer researchers and practitioners a comprehensive understanding of optical fiber‐based biosensors, facilitating informed decision‐making and driving further advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A light beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) is characterized by a helical phase‐front that winds around the center of the beam. These beams have unique properties that have found numerous applications. In the field of data transmission, they represent a degree of freedom that could potentially increase capacity. While an efficient method for (de)composing beams based on their OAM exists for free‐space optics, a device capable of performing this (de)composition in an integrated, compact fiber application without the use of external active optical elements and for multiple OAM modes and multiple wavelengths simultaneously has not been reported. In this study, two mechanisms are combined in a waveguide structure to demonstrate as a proof of principle that this can serve as a broadband fiber OAM (de)multiplexer. The structure design is based on the adiabatic principle used in photonic lanterns for highly efficient conversion of spatially separated single modes into eigenmodes of a few‐mode fiber. In addition, an artificial magnetic field is introduced by twisting the structure, which removes the degeneracy between modes having the same absolute OAM. This structure could simplify, stabilize, and miniaturize the creation or decomposition of OAM beams, making them useful for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the design and analysis of a novel surface plasmon resonance sensor based on D-type photonic crystal fiber. The analyte channel in the sensor comprises an open ring with a thin gold film deposited on the channel, inducing the surface plasmon resonance effect to enhance the resonance effect and improve the spectral sensitivity of the sensor. The proposed design eliminates the need to introduce liquid into the analyte channel. Upon inserting the sensor into the vessel, the analyte automatically flows into the liquid channel. Simulations illustrate the capability of the proposed sensor to detect low refractive indices spanning from 1. 1 5 to 1. 2 6 , exhibiting a remarkable spectral sensitivity of up to 9000 nm/RIU. The surface plasmon resonance sensor presented in this study emerges as a competitive candidate for applications requiring low refractive index detection. It is all because of its promising sensing results, wide refractive index sensing range, and simple, compact fiber design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular defect in 2D photonic crystal (CirD) lasers is developed, which has the potential to achieve a target communication density of 10 Pbps cm−2 for intrachip optical communications by vertical current injection. The AlGaOx cladding layer's oxidation width strongly influences the device's light confinement and electronic resistance. Herein, samples with different oxidation widths are fabricated and the relationship between threshold power and oxidation width through photoexcitation is revealed. The optimal range of the oxidation width is found to be 349–439 nm, which can ensure low electronic resistance and low threshold power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of photonic crystal (PhC) to form photonic bandgaps is expected to be applied to optical communications, and various studies have been conducted on this technology. In a previous study, the current‐injected Circular Defect (CirD) in 2D PhC laser is proposed. At that time, the dry‐etching process involves three steps. However, three‐step dry etching cannot be used to simultaneously form drainage trench and PhC air holes. In this study, a one‐step dry‐etching process for CirD lasers is conducted. Optical measurements are performed on the successfully fabricated samples. As a result, the first lasing of a CirD laser with a contact layer and an upper cladding layer fabricated with a one‐step dry etching is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) refractive index (RI) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect is proposed. By introducing a smiley-faced hole and Ag-TiO2 composite micro-grating, the high RI sensing performances can be realized. With finite element method, the propagation characteristics of the proposed D-shaped SPR-PCF RI sensor are numerically investigated. The simulation results show that the average wavelength sensitivity (WS) is 5400 nm/RIU, and the maximum WS can reach 15,500 nm/RIU in the RI range from 1.30 to 1.39. Besides, the proposed D-shaped SPR-PCF RI sensor can obtain the maximum resolution (R) of 4.95 × 10−5RIU and the maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 423.78 RIU−1, respectively. It is believed that the proposed SPR-PCF RI sensor has potential applications in the fields of environmental monitoring, biomedical analysis, and food safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Segmented Clad-Graded Index (SC-GI) photonic crystal fiber with a circular core composed of As38Se62 is proposed to realize the supercontinuum spectrum in the entire transparency range of As38Se62 (2–10 μm). SC-GI PCF conveys dual Zero Dispersion Wavelengths at around 2.4 μm and 6.4 μm. The devised PCF also offers a very small effective mode area of 2.46 μm2 and a very high nonlinear coefficient of 12,005 W−1 km−1 at the pump wavelength of 2.4 μm. Detailed numerical simulations reveal that a short length of SC-GI PCF (~ 28 mm) is capable of showing a broad SC spectrum ranging from 3 to 9.5 μm (− 30 dB level of power) using an input source of moderate peak power (1.8 kW) pumping at 3.4 μm. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first time report of SCG in Segmented Cladding Fiber design. The evaluated SC covers the transparency window of the background material and also covers the mid-IR region. This type of high broadening opens the gateway for applications like optical metrology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), food quality control, telecommunications and future applications covering the Mid-IR region.Please confirm the corresponding author is correctly identified and amend if necessary.Yes, Corresponding author is correctly mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is simulated and analyzed by finite element method (FEM). Gold and titanium oxide (TiO2) are used as plasmonic layers. The TiO2 layer is placed under the gold layer to increase the sensitivity of this sensor. The sensor's top and bottom surfaces are polished, and the plasmonic layer is placed on both these surfaces. Unlike sensors with typical external circular coating, less plasmonic material is used. Additionally, unlike internal coating sensors, there is no issue of partial air holes coating and achieving a uniform thickness of the plasmonic layer. Also using two plasmonic levels can expand the range of refractive index (RI) detection. The sensor's structure creates birefringence, allowing complete coupling between the core mode and both plasmonic layers. This results in more reliable detection ability. By optimizing the dimensions and arrangement of air holes and the sensor's structure, the ability to detect unknown analytes in the ultra-wide range of refractive index of 1.21–1.41 with the maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 61,000 nm / RIU , the maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 1294.29 RIU - 1 , the maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 657.14 RIU - 1 and the sensor resolution (SR) of 4.35 × 10–6 RIU have been obtained. This sensor operates in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range. During its design, feasibility in construction was taken into consideration, along with reducing the complexity and multiplicity of structural parameters. As a result, the sensor delivers excellent performance in detection parameters and is a suitable option for RI detection applications like organic chemicals and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive and simple structure side-polished micro-structured fiber (MOF) refractive index (RI) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed and studied by the finite element method. The gold nanofilm used to stimulate plasmons is directly deposited on the inner wall of the open-loop channel of a MOF consisting of an arrangement of six cladding air-holes. The sample analyte is arranged on the outer surface of the optical fiber to improve the utilization rate of the sensor and reduce the tediousness of operation. Meanwhile, in order to increase the leakage intensity of evanescent field, three large air-holes were introduced near the fiber core. Research has shown that the proposed sensor can achieve sensing detection in the range of 1.19–1.37 RI. The maximum sensitivity in the x-polarized direction can reach 12,500 nm/RIU, and its corresponding resolution is 3.64 × 10–5 RIU. Moreover, it has a high linear response of 0.9944 within the RI detection range of 1.19–1.33. Obviously, the proposed sensor has a simple structure, wide RI detection range, and high sensitivity, which can make it widely used in biomedical and analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hollow-core photonic crystal fiber based Refractive Index sensor in the terahertz frequency regime for bio-sensing application is proposed in this paper. Refractive index variation is used for the identification of different analytes with refractive indices ranging from n = 1.35 to 1.39. Zeonex is chosen as the fiber material. The proposed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor features a solitary rectangular core enclosed by an arrangement of 16 rectangular air holes within the cladding area with different heights and widths. Simulation and numerical analysis are conducted using Finite Element Method-based based Comsol Multiphysics Software. The proposed PCF sensor exhibits relative sensitivity of 98.8%, an Effective Mode Area of 1.06 × 10−7 m2 with a very low confinement loss of 7.751 × 10–14 dB/cm are achieved at a frequency of 1.4 THz for an analyte of refractive index 1.39 in X Polarization direction of electric field. Moreover, birefringence, non-linearity, effective refractive index and power fraction are also analyzed. Further simple PCF structure based on rectangle ensures that fabrication is feasible with current fabrication techniques.Please check and confirm that the authors and their respective affiliations have been correctly identified and amend if necessary.I have checked the authors name and affiliations and found its correct.Kindly check and confirm whether the corresponding author and corresponding mail ID is correctly identified.I have checked about corresponding authors name and email id. I found it correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a novel Si3N4-based five-ring hexa-circular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that shows a remarkably high nonlinear coefficient (NLC) and birefringence (Br). Several distinctive optical features, including birefringence, nonlinearity, effective area, numerical aperture, confinement loss, dispersion, etc., are investigated utilizing the COMSOL Software. The simulation analysis demonstrates that a zero-crossing dispersion for Y- polarization and an extremely high Br and NLC of 0.22 and 2687.51 W - 1 Km - 1 are reached at the wavelength of 1.55 μ m . The proposed PCF, having extremely high Br and NLC properties, can be useful for prospective future applications in the areas of supercontinuum generation, nonlinear optics, polarization-maintaining, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulating the propagation of mid-infrared (mid-IR) light is crucial for optical imaging, biosensing, photocatalysis, and guiding photonic circuits. Artificially engineered metamaterials were introduced to comprehensively control optical waves. However, fabrication challenges and optical losses have impeded the progress. Fortunately, two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials are alternatives because of their inherent optical properties, such as hyperbolic behavior, high confinement, low loss, and atomic-scale thickness. In this research, we conducted theoretical and numerical investigations on the α-phase molybdenum trioxide, a biaxial vdW material, with patterned graphene to assess the potential of the tunable focusing of mid-IR light. Our proposed method directly alters the path of excited light to focus mid-IR light by negative refraction. Further, the patterned graphene in our design offers enhanced focusing characteristics, featuring a significantly reduced waist diameter with 1/92 of the free-space wavelength, an enhanced beam quality without pronounced field ripples, and a fivefold increase in field intensity. Moreover, our approach significantly preserves the waist diameter of the focused beam while facilitating directional steering. Thus, the focused beam can propagate in a canalized manner toward the desired direction. These advancements lay the foundation for promising applications in planar photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a polarizing beam splitter (PBS) based on a hexagonal lattice silver-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with two silver wires, which possesses advantages such as a short splitting length, high extinction ratio (ER), and an ultra-wide bandwidth in commonly used communication bands. Utilizing the full-vector finite element method (FV-FEM), thorough investigations were conducted on lasers within the wavelength range of 1.1 to 1.9 μm. The PBS demonstrates a working bandwidth of 725 nm (1.14 to 1.865 μm) under an ultra-short splitting length of 55.3 μm, with an ER exceeding 20 dB, covering all bands of O + E + S + C + L + U optical communication, and achieving a maximum ER of 74.65 dB, where the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of silver metal plays a significant role. It not only features an ultra-short splitting length and an ultra-wide splitting bandwidth but also exhibits excellent manufacturing tolerances and anti-interference capabilities. This polarizing beam splitter represents a promising candidate in communication and may find various applications in optical communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial for a special issue of the journal Micromachines on photonic chips for optical communications. The editorial highlights the importance of integrated photonic chips in meeting the demands for cost-effectiveness and energy efficiency in applications such as data center interconnections and long-distance information transfer. The special issue features ten papers, six of which address challenges in the field of photonic chips, while the remaining four are review papers covering topics such as AlGaAs, femtosecond laser-fabricated chips, slow-light electro-optic modulators, and spectral interferometry with frequency combs. The editorial provides a brief overview of each review paper, discussing the materials, fabrication methods, and applications of integrated photonic chips. The document concludes by emphasizing the rapid evolution and practicality of photonic chips in optical communications. [Extracted from the article]

Organic single crystals with near‐infrared (NIR) emission demonstrate their excellent optical communications from well photonic confinement and low optical waveguide loss, which are considered as competitive candidates toward advanced optoelectronics. However, the increasingly diverse and sophisticated application demands result in the complicated design of NIR devices, which is hardly realized solely by the intrinsic properties of individual crystals. Herein, a programmable assembly strategy is presented to fabricate organic heterostructures. Triphenylene (TP), pyrene (Py) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) are primary selected to prepared organic cocrystals with narrow band gap and near‐infrared emission. Importantly, the charge‐transfer alloy with tunable emission from 700 nm to 850 nm and branched heterostructures with multichannel characteristics are prepared from these organic cocrystals by following the growth kinetics process at molecular level and lattice matching principle at structural level, respectively. Theses prepared heterostructures exhibit optical logic operation capabilities, which can serve as optical modulators. This work provides new insights into the manufacturing of organic NIR heterostructures applied in advanced optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of nanotechnology has motivated a revolution in the development of miniaturized sensors. Such sensors can be used for radiation detection, temperature sensing, radio-frequency sensing, strain sensing, and more. At the nanoscale, integrating the materials of interest into sensing platforms can be a common issue. One promising platform is photonic crystal fibers, which can draw in optically sensitive nanoparticles or have its optical properties changed by specialized nanomaterials. However, testing these sensors at scale is limited by the the need for specialized equipment to integrate these photonic crystal fibers into optical fiber systems. Having a method to enable rapid prototyping of new nanoparticle-based sensors in photonic crystal fibers would open up the field to a wider range of laboratories that could not have initially studied these materials in such a way before. This manuscript discusses the improved processes for cleaving, drawing, and rapidly integrating nanoparticle-based photonic crystal fibers into optical system setups. The method proposed in this manuscript achieved the following innovations: cleaving at a quality needed for nanoparticle integration could be done more reliably (≈100% acceptable cleaving yield versus ≈50% conventionally), nanoparticles could be drawn at scale through photonic crystal fibers in a safe manner (a method to draw multiple photonic crystal fibers at scale versus one fiber at a time), and the new photonic crystal fiber mount was able to be finely adjusted when increasing the optical coupling before inserting it into an optical system (before, expensive fusion splicing was the only other method). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of anti-resonant hollow-core fiber for terahertz waveguides is proposed. By introducing central support pillars and an elliptical structure, the fiber achieves high birefringence while maintaining low confinement loss and low material absorption loss. The fiber structure is optimized through simulation using the finite element method. The optimized fiber exhibits a birefringence of up to 1.22 × 10−2 at a frequency of 1 THz, with a confinement loss of 8.34 × 10−6 dB/cm and a material absorption loss of 7.17 × 10−3 dB/cm. Furthermore, when the bending radius of the fiber is greater than 12 cm, the bending loss of the anti-resonant optical fiber at 1 THz is less than 1.36 × 10−4 dB/cm, demonstrating good bending resistance and high practical value. It is expected to play a significant role in optical communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]