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The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of selected essential oils as more environmentally friendly, sustainable antimicrobial agents in photographic films for long‐term data storage. For this purpose, essential oils of oregano, thyme, and lemongrass were added in concentrations ranging from 0.4% to 4% to the gelatin comprising a protective layer for photographic microfilms. The emulsions were analyzed via UV‐Vis for their optical transparency, then tested for their antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thin coatings generated by spreading and drying the emulsions onto photographic film substrates were then characterized morphologically via SEM before and after standardized artificial aging procedures. It was found that oregano oil at a concentration of 0.4% maintained the optical and physical properties of the emulsion and proved highly effective against all tested bacteria. Thyme and lemongrass oil also exhibited some antimicrobial activity, however, were not able to inhibit the bacterial growth completely. At higher concentrations of the oils, the gelatin coatings cracked after artificial aging, which makes them unsuitable for the application. To conclude, selected essential oils like oregano oil can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent without compromising the quality of the photographic films. Practical Applications: The results of our research can be applied directly to the manufacturing of photographic films, specifically ones intended for long‐term data storage. Furthermore, many applications of gelatin or related materials which require antimicrobial activity, such as food packaging, could be enhanced by the addition of essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which offers a response to Dawn M. Wilson's article "Invisible Images and Indeterminacy: Why We Need a Multi-Stage Account of Photography," published in a 2021 issue of "The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism." Topics discussed include the single-stage accounts of photography which involves the exposure of a photo-sensitive surface to light and the storage of a latent image on a photographic film, the arguments raised by Wilson against latent photographic images, the relationship between latent and patent images proposed by Wilson, and the role of tonal contrast in the development of photographs.

Digital scans of analogue photographic film typically contain artefacts such as dust and scratches. Automated removal of these is an important part of preservation and dissemination of photographs of historical and cultural importance. While state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models have shown impressive results in general image inpainting and denoising, film artefact removal is an understudied problem. It has particularly challenging requirements, due to the complex nature of analogue damage, the high resolution of film scans, and potential ambiguities in the restoration. There are no publicly available high‐quality datasets of real‐world analogue film damage for training and evaluation, making quantitative studies impossible. We address the lack of ground‐truth data for evaluation by collecting a dataset of 4K damaged analogue film scans paired with manually‐restored versions produced by a human expert, allowing quantitative evaluation of restoration performance. We have made the dataset available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21803304. We construct a larger synthetic dataset of damaged images with paired clean versions using a statistical model of artefact shape and occurrence learnt from real, heavily‐damaged images. We carefully validate the realism of the simulated damage via a human perceptual study, showing that even expert users find our synthetic damage indistinguishable from real. In addition, we demonstrate that training with our synthetically damaged dataset leads to improved artefact segmentation performance when compared to previously proposed synthetic analogue damage overlays. The synthetically damaged dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21815844, and the annotated authentic artefacts along with the resulting statistical damage model at https://github.com/daniela997/FilmDamageSimulator. Finally, we use these datasets to train and analyse the performance of eight state‐of‐the‐art image restoration methods on high‐resolution scans. We compare both methods which directly perform the restoration task on scans with artefacts, and methods which require a damage mask to be provided for the inpainting of artefacts. We modify the methods to process the inputs in a patch‐wise fashion to operate on original high resolution film scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical aerial photos are important historical records, and subsequently, they have been widely used in many fields to study the physical and human characteristics of a place. Unfortunately, most historical aerial photos remain un-digitized and un-georeferenced on aging photographic film rolls, which significantly limits their usefulness for research and practice. This article is dedicated to discussing a funded initiative focusing on digitizing, georeferencing, creating metadata, indexing, archiving, and web-publishing New Mexico's historical aerial photos. As part of this initiative, a web application was developed to enable online georeferencing to increase georeferencing productivity, bounding box display to present the ground coverage extent of each historical aerial photo, and spatial search to increase the discoverability and use of historical aerial photos. Based on a set of open standards and open source software and libraries, application programming interfaces for the aforementioned web application were also developed and freely shared with archival and record management organizations across the United States to enable them to develop similar web applications, and ultimately, promoting the access and use of historical aerial photos for various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nitrate (CN) has been used in the past as support for photographic negatives and cinematographic films. This material is particularly unstable and can undergoes severe degradation due to thermal, photocatalytic and hydrolytic loss of nitro groups from the lateral chain. Thus, to prevent the disappearance of the movies, their scanning and digitalization become a priority. However, CN bases degradation may prevent the scanning of the films. The decrease in pH, for instance, lowers the viscosity of gelatin, which becomes softer. This causes the formation of gelatin residues which stick on the back of the superimposed frames inside the reels creating a deposit. Traditional approaches to clean gelatin residues from the surface of CN bases include the mechanical removal with scalpels and the use of organic solvents (such as isopropyl alcohol). However, these methods are either slow and ineffective or could potentially damage the degraded CN supports. To overcome these drawbacks, we have evaluated the performance of three choline chloride and betaine-based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) formulations as alternative for the removal of gelatine residues from CN supports. These solvents are inexpensive (when compared to traditional solvents), easy to prepare, green (non volatile, safe towards the operators and the environment, and potentially recyclable), non flammable and have been previously proposed for the extraction of proteinaceous materials, but their use for the restoration of photographic negatives or cinematographic films has not been reported yet. Selected areas over the frames of a real deteriorated CN cinematographic film were cleaned comparing the DES performances with the ones obtained using isopropyl alcohol as an example of a traditional method. In particular, the tested DES formulations showed superior cleaning power compared to isopropyl alcohol and, at the selected application times, resulted capable to remove the gelatin residues without affecting the CN film supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nitrate (CN) has been used in the past as support for photographic negatives and cinematographic films. This material is particularly unstable and can undergoes severe degradation due to thermal, photocatalytic and hydrolytic loss of nitro groups from the lateral chain. Thus, to prevent the disappearance of the movies, their scanning and digitalization become a priority. However, CN bases degradation may prevent the scanning of the films. The decrease in pH, for instance, lowers the viscosity of gelatin, which becomes softer. This causes the formation of gelatin residues which stick on the back of the superimposed frames inside the reels creating a deposit. Traditional approaches to clean gelatin residues from the surface of CN bases include the mechanical removal with scalpels and the use of organic solvents (such as isopropyl alcohol). However, these methods are either slow and ineffective or could potentially damage the degraded CN supports. To overcome these drawbacks, we have evaluated the performance of three choline chloride and betaine-based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) formulations as alternative for the removal of gelatine residues from CN supports. These solvents are inexpensive (when compared to traditional solvents), easy to prepare, green (non volatile, safe towards the operators and the environment, and potentially recyclable), non flammable and have been previously proposed for the extraction of proteinaceous materials, but their use for the restoration of photographic negatives or cinematographic films has not been reported yet. Selected areas over the frames of a real deteriorated CN cinematographic film were cleaned comparing the DES performances with the ones obtained using isopropyl alcohol as an example of a traditional method. In particular, the tested DES formulations showed superior cleaning power compared to isopropyl alcohol and, at the selected application times, resulted capable to remove the gelatin residues without affecting the CN film supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexographic printing has received tremendous attention in the printing field due to the advantages of short preparation processes and high printing efficiency. Its printing quality heavily depends on the preparation of the printing plate. However, plate clarity and plate softness are contradictory. This paper reports the development of a clear and soft self-plasticizing modified polyvinyl alcohol (m-PVA) coating that can be UV-cured at room temperature. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was used to prepare unsaturated m-PVA (m-PVA-GMA) in an aqueous system. Meanwhile, the effects of acidic and alkaline environments on the grafted products have been further investigated, suggesting that they differ from those obtained via the dimethyl sulfoxide system. The structural comparison has demonstrated that the reactivity of GMA and m-PVA is higher in alkaline aqueous than in acidic conditions. When the unsaturation degree increases, the crystallization of PVA chain segments will be effectively destroyed. The photographic film, which can be directly photo-crosslinked, was prepared by m-PVA-GMA and washed away the uncrosslinked portion with water. The glass transition temperature (31.4 °C) of the photographic m-PVA-GMA film prepared under alkaline conditions is close to room temperature, and the crosslink density is as high as 3.01 × 103 mol m−3. More importantly, the elongation at break after water washing and the elastic recovery are 110.8 ± 5.3 % and 99 %, respectively. In addition, irradiating selected areas and then removing the non-irradiated portions with water could produce patterns. The m-PVA-GMA film prepared under alkaline conditions has outstanding development accuracy, much higher than the commercially available product nyloprint®. This direct UV-curable film with water-soluble and water-developable properties enables it to be a promising candidate in the fine flexographic printing industry, such as photoresists, electronic devices, and sensors. • Glycidyl methacrylate was grafted onto self-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol molecular chain. • After washing, the elastic recovery rate of the photosensitive film can be up to 99 %. • The modified UV curing film has clearer images than the commercial product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the microstructural evolution of irradiated materials requires knowledge of the migration energies of point defects, which results from energetic particle radiation. Herein, we measured the growth rate of self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters in electron-irradiated α-iron at 275–320 K using in situ high-voltage electron microscopy. To improve the statistical accuracy of the measurement, we used photographic films and video data. This enabled analysis of a considerable amount of data by extracting several SIA clusters and tracking their size growth using image processing techniques. By fitting the temperature-dependent cluster growth rate to the Arrhenius relations derived using rate theory analysis, we obtained vacancy migration energy of 0.52 ± 0.03 eV. The validity of the estimation method was confirmed from the consistency of the dependence of the damage rate on the cluster growth rate using the applied rate theory analysis. We also investigated the possible roles of faster motion of tri-vacancies compared to those of mono- and di-vacancies, as demonstrated by first-principles calculations, on the obtained migration energy using a kinetic analysis model. In addition, the effects of impurities leading to decrease in the cluster growth rate were briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Salt of the Earth (2014) gathers two filmmakers, Wim Wenders and Juliano Ribero, and a photographer, Sebastião Salgado, to document Salgado's career and personal environment, which are highly related to his work. This research sets out three specific objectives: to define how these filmmakers characterize Salgado's persona and photographic act, to determine how his images are inserted in the film narration, and to figure out the most common photographic marks and effects in the movie. Methodologically, we have used the qualitative version of content analysis using Phillippe Dubois' contributions concerning the formulas to incorporate photography into the cinema, Raymond Bellour's work on photography as a real object in film productions, and Vítor Magalhães's insights about high-speed photography applied to the film image. We conclude that the most recurrent photographic marks are the succession of photographs that make up the film narration, image freezes, and overlays. These effects initially combine images from the family archive to later focus on Salgado's photographic projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Monitoring the food safety by using the intelligent packages in markets can improve the public health. • A colorimetric sensor array was developed using pH indicators immobilized on triacetyl cellulose (TAC) membrane to monitor the chicken meat freshness in referigrator. • Color change due to chicken meat spoilage was sharp and could be read even by untrained people. A new transparent colorimetric sensor array is presented for naked eye monitoring of the chicken meat freshness. This sensor array consists of four sensors fabricated by using pH indicators, immobilized on triacetyl cellulose (TAC) membrane. The sensor array represented obvious color change when it was exposed to the volatile organic compounds emitted from the chicken meat after 20 h keeping at room temperature or after four days of storage in the refrigerator. Therefore, it could easily identify spoiled meat from the fresh one assisted by chemometrics data analysis. Also, the color change of sensors due to the spoilage was sharp enough that could be read even by untrained people, providing naked eye monitoring the chicken meat freshness. The TAC polymer represented high physical stability for industrial scale-up. In addition, the immobilized indicators represented good stability against color change in humid condition. This offered the potential for continuous monitoring of the meat spoilage as smart labeling in the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers Harold Johnson's (Hariwe) 2014–2016 research project on 'Dark City', an informal vertical settlement in inner-city Johannesburg, as offering a productive arts-orientated, interdisciplinary study of and proposal for planning and design interventions in informally occupied urban spaces. Hariwe used his architectural skills to 'reverse design' the building according to its daily use by residents. Collaborators Jono Wood and Dirk Chalmers followed a similar research process with 'Dark City', using their own modalities of photography and film. The three exhibited at the Circa Gallery in Rosebank, Johannesburg in 2016, constructing an immersive simulation of the 'Dark City' environment to set their drawings, photographs and films within. This article uses the lenses of performance and performativity to argue for the research and creative processes of The 'Dark City' project as slowing down time, layering spaces across time and location and creating a sensual, immersive experience. These three effects serve to bring into view and experience the circumstances of 'Dark City', the kinds of inequalities at work in Johannesburg that produce such spaces and to propose design responses for spatial justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory research can change the view of children from research subjects to active partners. As active partners, children can be recognized as agents who can contribute to different steps of the research process. However, "participatory research" is an umbrella term that covers both the collection of data with children and children's participation in making decisions related to the research process. As such, it raises particular challenges for researchers. Based on a pragmatic ethics approach, we were inspired by the realist review methodology to synthesize the current literature, identify different strategies used to engage children aged 12 and below in participatory research, and analyze how they affect children's active participation and the ethical aspects related to each. Fifty-seven articles were retained for inclusion in the review. A variety of strategies were used to involve children in the research process, including discussion groups, training/capacity-building sessions, photography and filming, children as data collectors and questionnaires. The most prevalent ethical considerations identified were related to power dynamics and strategies to facilitate children's expression and foster the authenticity of children's voices. Researchers should address these ethical considerations to actively involve children within the research process and prevent tokenistic participation. Active inclusion of children in research could include co-identifying with them how they want to be involved in knowledge production (if they want to) from the beginning of a project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant petrels Macronectes spp. are the largest avian predator-scavengers in the Southern Ocean and feed both by direct predation and by scavenging carrion. However, they are not considered to be predators of adult albatrosses. We report the first records of Southern Giant Petrels M. giganteus attacking and killing incubating Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses Thalassarche chlororhynchos on Gough Island. From 2017 to 2019, a total of 87 adult carcasses were found near nests within long-term monitoring areas. In 2019, 16 motion-activated cameras filmed 32 nests between September and January, during incubation up until chicks were no longer guarded by their parents. Camera footage revealed at least six different male Southern Giant Petrels independently attacking 11 incubating Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatrosses, killing and feeding on 5 of those. We also recorded a Southern Giant Petrel attacking a brooding Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross and carrying its chick away. Of these camera-monitored nests breeding success was 18.75%, nest failure was due to parent mortality (n = 6), chick mortality (3) and nest abandonment (17), with giant petrels being confirmed or strongly suspected in at least 14 of 26 cases (54%). We observed these attacks in two out of 11 study areas, but it is uncertain whether this behaviour occurs elsewhere on Gough Island, or whether it is a novel hunting method learnt by a few individuals. However, if this behaviour spreads across albatross colonies, the resulting increase in adult mortality could have a significant impact on this endangered Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1930s, new photographic technologies and practices addressed the difficulties of dealing with different kinds of climate, in Britain and her colonies. This article draws on archival material associated with two brands of photographic film manufactured in England by Ilford Limited: Selochrome and Dufaycolor. It describes these films as involved in a process of 'worlding', and as part of a 'photography complex' which produces the tropics and the British seaside as testing grounds for photography. Worlding involves the harnessing of light and air, the recalibration of bodies, the redistribution of sensory experiences and the production of new materialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Laue x-ray diffraction systems using the Polaroid XR-7 Land Diffraction Cassette camera became inactive after production of the required high sensitivity Polaroid T-57 instant film ceased. This Tutorial reports on a low-cost solution using the readily available replacement film with push processing to increase the effective film speed. The use of this film in the polaroid camera is described along with film development and digitization. The orientation of single crystals with the obtained data and free software is explained. A simple method to prepare single crystals with surfaces perpendicular to a desired crystallographic orientation is described. The content of this Tutorial may prove beneficial for educational and research laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white spots known as microbubbles that are formed in cellulose acetate film, significantly affects the texture of the image. However, the formation of microbubbles and their corresponding microstructure are poorly understood. In this paper, cellulose acetate microfilm from the Republic of China (AD 1912–1949) collected in the Second Historical Archives of China was chosen as a prototype to investigate the causes of microbubble disease for the first time. A comparative study was conducted between the film samples with and without microbubbles. Herein, the microstructural analyses including optical and SEM microscopy were conducted. The crystals in the microbubbles proved to be triphenyl phosphate as identified by NMR spectroscopy and SEM–EDX. Comparative properties of the film substrate with and without microbubbles were measured by TG, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results show that formation of microbubbles was generally accompanied with the vinegar syndrome and was produced between the protective and emulsion layers with the different types of shapes along the closed structure (the diameter of ~ 0.1–2 mm). The formed microbubble was filled with plasticizer. Based on the above-mentioned results, the possible formation process of microbubble was proposed in the present study. The results can provide support for the cause of microbubbles and basis for the conservation of photographic films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines stardom and atrocity, exploring how leftist militants revealed the violent truth of colonial rule in Algeria in the late 1950s. It examines how revelations led to the rise of what Jean-Paul Sartre termed "une mauvaise foi douloureuse" in French society. It adds how stars function in both of these films as mirrors which projected, back onto France, the face that it desired.

Prior experiments of membrane inflation (biaxial extension) on ultrathin polymer films have evidenced a dramatic stiffening in the rubbery regime whose origins remain unclear. Here, we describe results from bubble inflation measurements on ultrathin films of a previously unexamined material [poly (n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA)] and show that the observed rubbery stiffening behavior can be attributed to a mixture of “molecular or confinement-induced stiffening” and surface tension effects. The results suggest that the molecular stiffening contribution is significant, with the macroscopic surface tension being unchanged even for films as thin as 20 nm. It is also found that PBMA exhibits a significantly different behavior from both poly(vinyl acetate) and polystyrene, illustrating that the magnitude of the molecular or confinement-induced stiffening in ultrathin films depends on the polymer repeat unit structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The article describes a principle, design and test results of a device for simultaneous capture of electron beam current ejected through an anode and optical image of a cathode surface. The device was tested on "ASTRA-M" pulsed electron accelerator (TPU, Russia) with the following parameters: 300 kV, 0.6 kA and beam current duration of 150 ns (FWHM). Light emission points have been registered for several individual emitters of the tested cathode. CMOS optical sensor of the device provides PC compatibility and detection of disturbances in the cathode or vacuum diode operation for single pulses and in burst mode. The efficiency of electron beam current ejection can be also estimated during vacuum diode adjustment. Detailed cathode images captured by photographic film include both frontal and angle (circular) projections of the cathode surface and can be used to study processes in the accelerating gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory video research methods were applied to engage members from two flood-impacted Indigenous communities to tell their film stories. The process and product outcomes for three films were assessed by eight indicators of community participation in the filming process as well as by seven measures regarding the films outreach for social change. These fifteen indicators are not limited to First Nations or displacement but are broad general categories that can be easily applied to any film story and can be objectively checked by viewing the credits in the film for director, videographer, editor, narrator, etc., as well as YouTube views and publication dates. The indicators show that community members were able to engage in all the film-making process, except for hands-on editing, with the resulting film showing compelling visible evidence of their suffering due to the long displacement and flood. Digital stories from elders, youth and women over the seven years of displacement created awareness about the injustice of targeting their Indigenous communities with diverted flood waters and provoked social change. Each successive film documenting another few years of displacement will be continued into the future as they have requested we train youth to film the issues that arise as they resettle. These indicators signal that the process and product outcomes are better than that for journal paper writing and meet the benchmark for qualitative academic research and participatory action research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel optical chemical sensor was constructed for measurement the concentration of Hg 2+ ion in solutions by covalent immobilization of thiazole yellow dye on a triacetyl cellulose film via epichlorohydrin as a linker. The chemical interaction between the Hg 2+ ion and immobilized thiazole yellow molecules was studied by UV–vis spectrophotometry at 420 nm. The effect of influencing parameters on immobilization of the dye molecules on the surface of the film and also for improving the sensitivity of the constructed optode was studied. The optode showed a dynamic range from 1 × 10 −7 to 3.2 × 10 −5 M with respect to concentration of Hg 2+ ion at pH 9 and its limit of detection was found to be: 1 × 10 −8 M. The fabricated optical chemical sensor has good analytical performance such as good selectivity and sensitivity, adequate short term and long term stability and a good reproducibility and repeatability. The response of the fabricated sensor to Hg 2+ ion is completely reversible and it can be regenerated easily at pH 5 buffer solution in about 2 min. Its response time is 12 min. The constructed optode was successfully applied for determination of Hg 2+ ion in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals often hold historical MR image data printed on films without being able to make it accessible to modern image processing techniques. Having the possibility to recover geometrically consistent, volumetric images from scans acquired decades ago will enable more comprehensive, longitudinal studies to understand disease progressions. In this paper, we propose a consistent framework to reconstruct a volumetric representation from printed films holding thick single-slice brain MR image acquisitions dating back to the 1980's. We introduce a flexible framework based on semi-automatic slice extraction, followed by automated slice-to-volume registration with inter-slice transformation regularisation and slice intensity correction. Our algorithm is robust against numerous detrimental effects being present in archaic films. A subsequent, isotropic total variation deconvolution technique revitalises the visual appearance of the obtained volumes. We assess the accuracy and perform the validation of our reconstruction framework on a uniquely long-term MRI dataset where a ground-truth is available. This method will be used to facilitate a robust longitudinal analysis spanning 30 years of MRI scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur cycling is ubiquitous in sedimentary environments, where it plays a major role in mediating carbon remineralization and impacts both local and global redox budgets. Microbial sulfur cycling is dominated by metabolic activity that either produces (e.g., sulfate reduction, disproportionation) or consumes (sulfide oxidation) hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). As such, improved constraints on the production, distribution, and consumption of H 2 S in the natural environment will increase our understanding of microbial sulfur cycling. These different microbial sulfur metabolisms are additionally associated with particular stable isotopic fractionations. Coupling measurements of the isotopic composition of the sulfide with its distribution can provide additional information about environmental conditions and microbial ecology. Here we investigate the kinetics of sulfide capture on photographic films as a way to document the spatial distribution of sulfide in complex natural environments as well as for in situ capture of H 2 S for subsequent stable isotopic analysis. Laboratory experiments and timed field deployments demonstrate the ability to infer ambient sulfide abundances from the yield of sulfide on the films. This captured sulfide preserves the isotopic composition of the ambient sulfide, offset to slightly lower δ 34 S values by ~ 1.2 ± 0.5‰ associated with the diffusion of sulfide into the film and subsequent reaction with silver to form Ag 2 S precipitates. The resulting data enable the exploration of cm-scale lateral heterogeneity that complement most geochemical profiles using traditional techniques in natural environments. Because these films can easily be deployed over a large spatial area, they are also ideal for real-time assessment of the spatial and temporal dynamics of a site during initial reconnaissance and for integration over long timescales to capture ephemeral processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photographic film is the familiar image of recording X-ray method. Examinations performed with radiographic intensifying screens reduce the patient's exposure to radiation of X-rays compared with those without radiographic intensifying screens, where it directs less than half of the light emitted from the X-ray film with a screen interaction. A reflective layer made of magnesium oxide or titanium dioxide is located between the screen and the base of the film; this layer can help regain the control of the header light in other directions and is forwarded to the film. One-dimensional array of photonic crystals (PCs) consists of MgO with Al and TiO2 with Al used as reflectors. This array may increase the reflected intensity by an amount of 10.88% if MgO-Al PCs with periodicity are used as reflectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses photographs from a 1941 Hollywood movie 'Nazi Agent' which illustrated some stereoscopic visual distractions which illustrates that the photographs were shot using expensive camera lens and balanced film and aperture speed. The author mentions that the visual distraction recorded on the photograph is ephemeral in nature which should not have been captured by the still camera.

Two graphical methods of exploring aspects of cutting structure in film using shot-length data are presented. The first of these converts the cumulative frequencies of shot-lengths to tabular form that can be displayed in various ways, including the use of correspondence analysis. The method is used to investigate the differences in cutting rates used by Mack Sennett and Charlie Chaplin while directing films for the Keystone Company in 1912-14. Results suggest that previous analyses based on the average shot-length may over-simplify the contrast, and some evidence for the evolution of Sennett's style in 1913 is also suggested. The methods used, like much of the literature, do not take into account the timeseries structure of the shot-lengths. In the second approach presented, this is allowed for by smoothing the time-series of shot-lengths using non-parametric regression. A computer-intensive way of presenting results graphically is developed, that does not commit the analyst to a particular choice of smoothing level, and is used to investigate an 'hypothesis' about D. W. Griffith's cutting style suggested by a 'prescription' for pacing implied in comments made in an article published under his name in the 1920s. It is shown that his major feature films between 1914 and 1921 conform to the prescription, but there is not much evidence for it in his earlier and later work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nitrate was widely used as a film base for photography, cinematography, and radiography in the first half of the twentieth century. Its stability is inherently poor and subject to environmental storage conditions. The risk of fire and the cross-infection effect on the cellulose acetate film stored at the same location necessitate that cellulose nitrate is identified within collections and stored separately. Not only medical archives, but also museums using radiography in their research may hold a sizeable amount of historical X-ray films. The Natural History Museum, London has been using film for X-radiography since before World War II. This suggests that some of the X-ray materials in its collections have a cellulose nitrate rather than ‘safety’ (cellulose acetate or polyester) film base. X-ray sheets rarely contain information related to their composition so science-based identification methods must be used. We propose the determination of nitrogen content in the film by organic elemental analysis (OEA) as a reliable method for the identification of films (X-ray, photographic, or cinematographic) with a cellulose nitrate base. Though it is a destructive method, the sample size required is small (<1 mg). This method does not require any sample preparation apart from weighing the samples and wrapping them in tin foil. OEA proved to be more accurate than the ‘float’ test in trichloroethylene and quicker and more straightforward to perform than infrared spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes practical design guidelines for roll-to-roll (R2R) slot-die coating equipment with a precision mechanism enabling high-accuracy coating performance. The equipment is developed for specially fabricating organic photovoltaic devices. An R2R transportation module (capable of unwinding, in-feeding, out-feeding, and rewinding), a slot-die coating module, a far-infrared drying module, and a cleanliness control module are incorporated into the equipment. When used to apply an organic solution, the developed equipment can provide an operating tension of 2.3%–11.3%, a coating velocity of 2–7 m/min, a coating thickness of 28–95 nm, a uniformity of 8%–23%, and a roughness of 2.86–7.71 nm. A review of this equipment on the basis of theoretical and experimental approaches is included in the detailed equipment specifications and design guidelines for R2R slot-die coating machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of the isotopic composition of sulfate and sulfide have been essential to uncovering the microbial and geochemical processes that drive Earth's sulfur cycle. These processes routinely operate over submillimeter spatial scales in anaerobic environments, necessitating sulfur isotopic measurement techniques that can identify isotopic variability over equivalently small scales. Here we present a new method for small-scale (10² μm) measurements of d34S using black and white photographic film sulfide capture coupled with d34S determination using laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We find that the method enables measurement of d34S for aqueous sulfide in natural waters at high spatial resolution (<1 mm²) with reasonable accuracy (<0.9?, 2s) and external precision (<0.8?, 2s), and across an environmentally relevant concentration range (0.01--20 mmol L-1). A concentration-dependent correction is required during data analysis to achieve these specifications, which corrects d34S measurements for mixing with sulfur native to the film material and fractionation due to Ag2S precipitation from aqueous sulfide. We demonstrate the applicability of our technique using an anaerobic incubation of seawater and sediment, mapping two-dimensional d34S sulfidc at a 535 μm × 535 μm spatial scale, with internal precisions of 1.4 to 1.5. Our method offers the benefits of minimal sample preparation and common availability of sampling material (black and white photographic film), while retaining the necessary precision to identify sulfide d34S variability and isotopic fractionations at high ambient sulfate and with high spatial resolutions in sulfidic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyvinylchloride (PVC) membrane silver(I) selective electrode was developed for the determination of silver(I) ions in photographic film developing solutions. The electrode was embedded into a home-made flow cell and successfully used as a potentiometric detector in a flow injection potentiometric (FIP) system. Under the optimized flow injection conditions, the electrode exhibited a non-Nernstian slope of 67.20±0.80 mV in the linear range from 1.0×10-5 to 1.0×10-1 mol/L (R²=0.9961) and the lowest value for limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 7.1×10-6 mol/L. The electrode displayed good sensitivity, selectivity, repeatable and rapid response towards silver(I) ions. Lifetime of the electrode was determined as at least two months in FIP system. The electrode was also successfully applied for the potentiometric determination of silver(I) ions in photographic film developing solution samples in FIP system. The results attained from FIP system were compared with the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) results by using student's t-test at 95 % confidence level and relative deviation (RD) between the two methods was < 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Children's performance on target-absent photographic line-ups may improve when they have the option of pointing to a wildcard - a photo of a silhouetted figure with a question mark superimposed. We investigated whether the wildcard's physical properties influence its success. Methods Children (7-11 years, N = 237) briefly saw one of two confederates during a staged event; 1-2 days later, they completed either a target-present or target-absent line-up task. Within each condition, children either saw a wildcard with a plausible silhouette (i.e., consistent with the silhouette of the target), a wildcard with an implausible silhouette (i.e., inconsistent with the silhouette of the target), a wildcard with no silhouette (i.e., a question mark only), or no wildcard. Results Wildcard condition did not influence children's target-present performance. On target-absent line-ups only the plausible wildcard increased children's accuracy above that of children in the no wildcard control condition. Conclusions The wildcard may only be successful to the extent that its silhouette is a plausible representation of the target. Possible explanations for this outcome and implications for using wildcards in investigative practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insight is provided in this study for the effect of the TiO 2 film densification/compactness on polyethylene (PE-TiO 2 ) by sputtering TiO 2 at two very different energy levels. Uniform, adhesive low energy films were prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and compared with films sputtered at high energy levels by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS). Nano-particulate TiO 2 films sputtered by HPIMS presented sizes of ∼10.2 nm compared to films sputtered by DCMS with TiO 2 sizes of ∼16.5 nm as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The E. coli inactivation kinetics was three times faster for the samples sputtered by HIPIMS compared to their DCMS counterparts. This is an unexpected finding since the DCMS presenting larger TiO 2 sized nanoparticles released a higher amount of Ti-ions compared to the HIPIMS samples as monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Ti-ions released do not seem to react through an oligodynamic effect but diffuse through the less compact TiO 2 sputtered by DCMS. The faster bacterial inactivation kinetics observed by the HIPIMS sputtered samples can be understood in terms of the complete of Ti 4+ /Ti 3+ redox conversion during bacterial inactivation detected by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) compared to the smaller Ti 4+ /Ti 3+ effect observed in the DCMS-samples. A higher optical density was detected for the HIPIMS sputtered samples by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Evidence is presented for the shift in surface potential and local pH during bacterial inactivation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A reaction mechanism is suggested based on the findings described in this study. The sputtered films present the potential to hinder biofilm formation on flexible thin polymers/textiles widely used in hospitals and health facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ang Lee's The Life of Pi is based on Yann Martel's novel of the same name. The film expands upon the novel's fantastic story through the integration of new visual metaphors that invite religious reflection, and is reinforced by religious rituals within and beyond the film itself. Martel's novel invites readers to believe Pi's story without seeing it. Viewers of the film, by contrast, are invited to believe Pi's story precisely because they are seeing it so vividly. Ang Lee constructs a filmic world using such elaborately developed CGI (computer-generated imagery) that the film exhibits only a vestigial relationship to the real-life animals and locations used in its creation. Indeed, it is impossible to make sense of the film's extensive use of religious themes and rituals without understanding its use of immersive visual effects. For Ang Lee, the manufacture of a seamless, aesthetically appealing CGI world was a means of visually affirming the broadly conceived notions of interconnectedness and purpose that he borrowed from Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Jewish mysticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistive switching (RS) properties as a function of temperature were studied for Ag/La1-xSrxCoO3 (LSCO) interfaces. The LSCO is a fully relaxed 100 nm film grown by metal organic deposition on a LaAlO3 substrate. Both low and a high resistance states were set at room temperature, and the temperature dependence of their current-voltage (IV) characteristics was measured taking care to avoid a significant change of the resistance state. The obtained non-trivial IV curves of each state were well reproduced by a circuit model which includes a Poole-Frenkel element and two ohmic resistances. A microscopic description of the changes produced by the RS is given, which enables to envision a picture of the interface as an area where conductive and insulating phases are mixed, producing Maxwell-Wagner contributions to the dielectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author shares his views on his friend Hani Jawhariyyeh whom he got to know through his joint friendship with Samir Farah. The author says how he acted in some of his early comic films that Hani had filmed using an 8 mm camera at Samir's home in Jerusalem. Hani worked for a long time as an assistant to the optician Elia Adranly in his shop in the Old City of Jerusalem, located at the top corner of the steps starting right from Khan al-Zayt suq.

Discusses photoconductivity decay kinetics in silver bromide photographic films. Significance of the photoconductive transients that follow pulsed laser exposure of silver halide crystals; Interpretation of data on photoelectron decay kinetics; Schematic energy diagram of the model for the decay process.

Data from publications describing new minerals in the periods 2001–2005 and 2016–2020 have been analysed to evaluate the contributions of diffraction methods to the new mineral characterisations. The two periods were chosen to be on either side of a sudden increase in new mineral descriptions from ∼50 to 120 per year and coincidentally correspond to the changeover from the majority (60%) of the new descriptions using photographic film cameras to record the powder diffraction patterns of the minerals, to using modern diffractometers. During both periods, diffraction data obtained using laboratory-based single-crystal diffractometers accounted for almost three-quarters of the crystallographic studies. Modern diffractometers can now routinely be used to collect high-quality data on crystals down to a few μm in size, once the province of synchrotrons. Large facility-based diffraction centres like synchrotrons and scientific nuclear reactors account for less than 10% of the new mineral publications. The review focuses on diffraction methods for the characterisation of fine-grained minerals, with sub-μm sized crystals. Transmission electron microscopy/electron diffraction methods are important for these cases, with an exponential increase in 3D ED methods during the last 15 years and increased usage of electron back-scattered diffraction methods for micro-inclusion minerals, especially in meteorites. Percent contributions of different diffraction methods to new mineral publications during 2001–2005 (blue bars) and 2016–2020 (orange bars).Lab SC ​= ​laboratory-based single-crystal, PX ​= ​powder X-ray diffraction, SR ​= ​synchrotron-based, ED ​= ​electron diffraction, film ​= ​photographic film cameras. [Display omitted] • Comparative review of new mineral publications during 2001-2005 and 2016-2020. • Established the main changes in diffraction methods applied to new mineral characterisation. • Considered the different diffraction techniques used to characterise fine-grained minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented work describes a practical method using conventional photographic films; specifically, Ilford Pan F Plus 135-36, Black & White, ISO 50 film for obtaining images of alpha tracks. A variety of alpha radiation sources including electrodeposited planchets, Bomarc soil, and samples of bone containing Ra were placed directly on the film for up to 3 days. Post-exposure the film was developed using standard darkroom techniques with Kodak D-76 developer for 7 min, stop bath, and fixer. Tracks consisting of five or more grains were counted using an Olympus BX51 microscope at ×10 magnification in a 9 cm circular field-of-view. Initial analysis shows an efficiency of approximately 34.9 % with an uncertainty in track counts of ±2.4 % for the monoenergetic particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the changing preference of filmmakers from digital cinematography to celluloid imaging as film image offers superior set of visuality. Topics discussed include several filmmakers preferring film stock, Hollywood directors incorporating film image due to their human connection, filmmakers returning to film for better emotional image, several directors including Bennett Miller, Quentin Tarantino shooting in film formats, and film image proving to be the difficult project.