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Photogrammetry systems are widely used in industrial manufacturing applications as an assistance measurement tool. Not only does it provide high-precision feedback for assembly process inspection and product quality assessment, but also it can improve the flexibility and robustness of manufacturing systems and production lines. However, with growing global competition and demands, companies are forced to enhance production efficiency, shorten production lifecycle and increase product variety by incorporating reconfigurable factory design that can meet challenging timeline and requirements. Although dynamic facility layout is widely investigated, the position selection for the photogrammetry system in dynamic manufacturing environment is usually overlooked. In this paper, dynamic layout of the V-STARS photogrammetry system is investigated and optimised in a digital-twin environment using deep reinforcement learning. The learning objectives are derived from the field of view (FoV) evaluation from point clouds 3D reconstruction, and collision detection from the digital twin simulated in Visual Components. The application feasibility of the proposed dynamic layout optimisation of the V-STARS photogrammetry system is verified with a real world industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This pilot study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the changes in facial tissues following the placement of a single dental implant. Method and materials: Patients were scanned with a 3D facial scanner (3dMD) before implant surgery, immediately after surgery (T1), at 7 days postoperatively (T2), and at the impression stage (T3). Acquired images were processed using the 3dMDvultus (3dMD) software program and volume differences and linear depth measurements were calculated to determine the morphometric changes over time. A total of 11 patients were included in the analyses. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. Results: The volumetric changes and maximum depth differences indicated an initial increase, followed by a progressive decrease in tissue volume after implant placement in the area of the surgery. The volume change values ranged between 2.5 and 3.9 cm³ for T1, whereas for T2, the volume change decreased to a range of 0.8 to 1.8 cm³. Maximum depth differences ranged between 2.06 and 2.80 mm in the soft tissues immediately after the implant surgery and reduced to around 2.01 to 0.55 mm at the impression stage. The amount of painkiller used was not related to the magnitude of linear depth measurements at any assessed time point. Conclusion: There was a longitudinal decrease in soft tissue volume and depth difference in extraoral soft tissues in the region of implant placement after surgery up to 6 weeks. The use of a facial scanner is a promising noninvasive method to monitor 3D morphometric changes after implant surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immediate full-arch loading is a highly complex and techniquesensitive procedure. Digital impression techniques aim to replace conventional analog systems to carry out dental treatments in a more predictive, safer, and less time-consuming way. This case report describes a patient with a guarded periodontal prognosis, who was rehabilitated with implant-supported fixed prostheses after full-mouth extractions. Immediate full-arch loading was performed by means of two digital impression systems: photogrammetric technology with PIC dental in the maxillary arch, and MedicalFit in the mandible. Immediate provisional prostheses in acrylic resin (polymethyl methacrylate) were milled and placed within 12 hours after implant placement surgeries. Both provisional structures fitted properly providing adequate esthetics and function. After the implant osseointegration period, final digital impressions were registered, and definitive zirconia full-arch implant-supported prostheses were delivered. The 24-month follow-up did not show biologic or mechanical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of preserved museum specimens is transforming and increasing by three-dimensional (3D) imaging that creates high-fidelity online digital specimens. Through examples from the openVertebrate (oVert) Thematic Collections Network, we describe how we created a digitization community dedicated to the shared vision of making 3D data of specimens available and the impact of these data on a broad audience of scientists, students, teachers, artists, and more. High-fidelity digital 3D models allow people from multiple communities to simultaneously access and use scientific specimens. Based on our multiyear, multi-institution project, we identify significant technological and social hurdles that remain for fully realizing the potential impact of digital 3D specimens.

ABSTRACT This study presents the results of aerial and geophysical measurements carried out on the Notre‐Dame‐du‐Val chapel in Sotteville‐sur‐Mer (Normandy, France), a former leprosarium dating from the 15th century; the chapel is now deconsecrated and has been showing signs of ageing in recent years. Restoration work is planned, and geophysical investigations of the area around the chapel have been commissioned. In this article, we propose a robust methodology combining aerial and terrestrial measurements in the visible range with surface prospecting methods. Compiling all the measurements within a perfectly georeferenced 3D model allows the joint analysis of the results of different physical measurement methods to provide unexpected architectural and archaeological information. Photos were taken from the ground and using a drone to build photogrammetric models of the interior and exterior of the chapel. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were the two survey methods deployed in the area surrounding the chapel. The geophysical measurements clearly reveal traces of apses—which have now disappeared—at the crossing of what would have been the building's transept, which match up with the filled‐in openings that are present. The existence of these apses can only be assumed from inside the chapel. The resistivity anomalies are perfectly correlated with the radar anomalies and allow new hypotheses to be formulated about the original structure of the chapel. Finally, mapping the local geology of the surroundings based on a geophysical survey provides crucial information about the history of the church's construction. Bringing this unknown architectural element to light and carrying out precise mapping of the local geology surrounding the chapel constitute a major breakthrough, as this will make it possible to improve our knowledge of the history of the chapel, in particular its origins, through research based on archaeological surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards achieving Fit-for-Purpose (FFP) cadastral mapping, this study compares conventional cadastral mapping methods of theodolite traverse, total station and Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) with high-resolution aerial imagery in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Evaluating time, cost, accuracy, and coverage, it finds that high-resolution aerial imagery can achieve results comparable to conventional instruments with wider coverage, thereby expediting land registration and fostering sustainable development. However, challenges in obtaining high-resolution imagery necessitate regulatory reform for UAV use. The study recommends adoption of innovative solutions to improve the spatial, legal, and institutional frameworks in the state and enhance land governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the application of real scene 3D technology has become widespread in urban planning and cultural heritage protection. However, there has been relatively little attention paid to the construction of real scene 3D models for special natural landscapes such as caves. Given the global distribution of karst topography and the large number of naturally developed caves with diverse types, unique landscape styles, and significant scientific value, this paper enriches the research in this field. By combining ground-based and aerial remote sensing techniques, and based on 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry, we have successfully constructed a real scene 3D model of the internal structure of a karst cave with a precision better than 4 cm. Utilizing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) oblique photography, we established a real scene 3D model of the external karst landform with a precision better than 2 cm. We also integrated the internal and external 3D models of the cave, developing a new, complete, and high-precision method for constructing real scene 3D models of karst cave landscapes. Furthermore, we proposed a method for texture reproduction in the dark environment inside the caves, enhancing the reproduction and visual appeal of the real interior. The establishment of high-precision real scene 3D models can not only serve as an effective tool for scientific research on caves but also, as replicas of the real world, play a crucial role in public dissemination and education, thereby enhancing public understanding of cave geological landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of video surveillance systems has highlighted the interest in forensic anthropometric analysis of subjects who commit crimes and are captured by cameras during their criminal activities. There are different methodologies for human height estimation. Forensic researchers developed a methodological approach that allows the height of a subject to be estimated through a combined model of 3D laser scanning acquisition and video images acquired by video surveillance systems. The proposed study had highlighted three limits: not assessments had been made for image correction to limit the distortion effect, the method had been tested by only one laboratory and probably height assessment was dependent on the ergonomics. To overcome these limitations, in this paper the analysis was repeated by correcting the images to compare the new results obtained with the previous ones. Furthermore, the same methodological approach was applied by estimating the height of a mannequin, to limit the ergonomic effects, and proposing the same study to three different forensic laboratories to compare the results. The presented study demonstrates the reliability and repeatability of the system, as the results obtained by the three laboratories are very similar. They have obtained the same trend and the maximum estimate distance is approximately 6 cm. Furthermore, it has showed that the accuracy of results is dependent on image correction, which has little impact (approximately 1 cm more accurate on the corrected frame than the normal frame) on the height evaluation and they are not dependent to the ergonomics of the subject captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefit of the computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique for stand-alone genioplasty remains uncertain and was evaluated in this study. Patients who underwent a conventional genioplasty (n = 20) or genioplasty with the CAD/CAM technique (n = 20), and for whom cephalometry and photogrammetry were performed before and 6 months after surgery, were included. Deviations from predictions of the soft tissue pogonion (Pg′), lip inferior point to aesthetic line (Li–Esth), facial convexity angle (FCA), mentolabial angle (MLA), and ratios of soft to hard tissue movements were calculated. No significant deviation was observed for Pg′ in either the conventional group (3.85 ± 4.36 mm; 1.91 ± 1.11 mm) or CAD/CAM group (1.28 ± 1.16 mm; 2.81 ± 3.08 mm), for horizontal and vertical movements, respectively. However, for forward movement, deviation from the prediction of Pg´ in the CAD/CAM group was significantly lower than that in the conventional group (P = 0.015). Deviations of Li–Esth, MLA, and FCA did not differ significantly between the groups. No definite preference for the CAD/CAM technique could be established, because deviations from predictions were not significant in either of the technique groups and lay within the clinically acceptable range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Surface reconstructions from laryngoscopic videos have the potential to assist clinicians in diagnosing, quantifying, and monitoring airway diseases using minimally invasive techniques. However, tissue movements and deformations make these reconstructions challenging using conventional pipelines. Methods: To facilitate such reconstructions, we developed video frame pre-filtering and featureless dense matching steps to enhance the Alicevision Meshroom SfM pipeline. Time and the anterior glottic angle were used to approximate the rigid state of the airway and to collect frames with different camera poses. Featureless dense matches were tracked with a correspondence transformer across subsets of images to extract matched points that could be used to estimate the point cloud and reconstructed surface. The proposed pipeline was tested on a simulated dataset under various conditions like illumination and resolution as well as real laryngoscopic videos. Results: Our pipeline was able to reconstruct the laryngeal region based on 4, 8, and 16 images obtained from simulated and real patient exams. The pipeline was robust to sparse inputs, blur, and extreme lighting conditions, unlike the Meshroom pipeline which failed to produce a point cloud for 6 of 15 simulated datasets. Conclusion: The pre-filtering and featureless dense matching modules specialize the conventional SfM pipeline to handle the challenging laryngoscopic examinations, directly from patient videos. These 3D visualizations have the potential to improve spatial understanding of airway conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pavement texture wavelength and mean texture depth (MTD) of the pavement macrotexture significantly affect functional performance. However, owing to its higher correlation with the wavelength, the Exposed Aggregate Concrete Pavement (EACP) texture was evaluated based on the MTD and exposed aggregate number (EAN) in the same location. The MTD contributes significantly to road surface friction and tire-pavement noise and is vital for anti-sliding and noise reduction. Conventional methods for MTD measurement require considerable human effort when the sample size is large and sensitive to the operator. Furthermore, it is time-consuming to measure the MTD together with the EAN. Recently, image-based estimation has become a new trend, owing to its economy and convenience. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the MTD of the EACP pavement surface texture at an image-based level as an alternative measurement approach simultaneously within the EAN location. Initially, the image acquisition was created based on aerial photography. Subsequently, photogrammetry was used to reconstruct a high-resolution point cloud of the pavement texture. Subsequently, the MTD was estimated analytically from image-based point clouds. Experiments were conducted at over 60 locations in three field tests of the EACP in South Korea. The MTD results showed good agreement and a higher correlation between the image-based and sand-patch test (SPT) methods. The image-based method showed results higher than the SPT with a value of 22%. Therefore, the developed method can be used to estimate the MTD using the established regression equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police investigation in real-life crime scenes is an essential aspect of forensic science education. However, the practicality of bringing young investigators to actual crime scenes is often hindered by the costs and challenges involved. In order to overcome these obstacles, new technologies such as mixed reality (MR) are being explored as potential solutions. MR technology offers an interactive and cost-effective way to simulate real-life crime scenes, providing a valuable training experience for young investigators. This paper presents a novel design of a MR system using Microsoft HoloLens 2.0, which is tailored to work in a spatial 3D scanned and reconstructed crime scene using FARO point cloud 3D scanner X130 blended with photogrammetry techniques. The system was developed through the lens of Experiential Learning Theory and designed using a participatory approach, providing a cost-effective solution to help trained Kuwaiti police officers enhance their investigative skills. In order to evaluate the system’s user experience and user interaction, the Questionnaire of User Interaction Satisfaction and User Experience Questionnaire were utilised. Forty-four young police officers evaluated the system. Police students showed positive levels of satisfaction with user interaction and overall user experience with minimal negative feedback. Female students showed higher satisfaction with the overall impression compared to male students. Based on the positive feedback regarding the system expansion, the system will be taken into the commercialisation stage in the future to be provided as an essential tool for crime scene education and investigation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palaeolithic graphic activity documentation is essential not only for its preservation and dissemination but also for its scientific analysis. Nowadays, researchers can use advanced techniques such as photogrammetry, lidar, or structured light scanning to record this heritage. However, there is a lack of studies comparing these three technologies. Therefore, this article presents a comparison of these techniques based on three variables: namely, time employed, geometric reconstruction, and resolution. The study examines how these factors affect the final result of the digital recording of rock art. A mold of Rock 11 from Domingo García (Segovia, Spain) and the archaeological panel S.4 from La Salud (Salamanca, Spain) have been used as test control examples. The results indicate that photogrammetry using a DSLR camera is the most efficient technique, providing the necessary reconstruction to obtain scientific data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Pulse crops, including dry pea, lentil, and chickpea, are rich sources of protein, low digestible carbohydrates, and micronutrients. With the increasing demand for plant‐based protein with gluten‐free and allergen‐free foods, pulse crops have become of global importance for meeting the nutritional demand of growing populations. Breeding for nutritional quality is becoming a bottleneck for most breeding programs globally due to the cost of these available tools. Therefore, low‐cost, high‐throughput phenotyping tools will be a focus of interest for the selection of elite germplasm for cultivar development and gene identification for pulse cultivar development. This publication explains the emerging and future trends of phenotyping tools that are feasible for pulse breeding and improving nutritional quality.Precision agriculture tools based on spectroscopic and imaging techniques now contribute to high‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) pipelines for nutritional and agronomic traits to speed breeding and selection for cultivar development. Fourier transform mid‐infrared (FT‐MIR) spectroscopy has been a reliable HTP tool for macro nutritional traits in pulse crops. Hyperspectral, multispectral, and RGB (red‐green‐blue) imaging with unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) have been developed to measure agronomic traits for cereals, but these techniques have yet to be developed and validated for pulse crops. This review summarizes different phenotyping techniques applied to nutritional and agronomic traits for crop breeding and reviews applications of machine learning tools for optimizing HTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis and preservation of the cultural heritage sites are critical for maintaining their historical and architectural integrity, as they can be damaged by various factors, including climatic, geological, geomorphological, and human actions. Based on this, the present study proposes a semi-automatic and non-learning-based method for detecting degraded surfaces within cultural heritage sites by integrating UAV, photogrammetry, and 3D data analysis. A 20th-century fortification from Romania was chosen as the case study due to its physical characteristics and state of degradation, making it ideal for testing the methodology. Images were collected using UAV and terrestrial sensors and processed to create a detailed 3D point cloud of the site. The developed pipeline effectively identified degraded areas, including cracks and material loss, with high accuracy. The classification and segmentation algorithms, including K-means clustering, geometrical features, RANSAC, and FACETS, improved the detection of destructured areas. The combined use of these algorithms facilitated a detailed assessment of the structural condition. This integrated approach demonstrated that the algorithms have the potential to support each other in minimizing individual limitations and accurately identifying degraded surfaces. Even though some limitations were observed, such as the potential for the overestimation of false negatives and positives areas, the damaged surfaces were extracted with high precision. The methodology proved to be a practical and economical solution for cultural heritage monitoring and conservation, offering high accuracy and flexibility. One of the greatest advantages of the method is its ease of implementation, its execution speed, and the potential of using entirely open-source software. This approach can be easily adapted to various heritage sites, significantly contributing to their protection and valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in high-throughput phenotyping have led to the use of drones with RGB sensors for evaluating plant traits. This study explored the relationships between vegetation indices (VIs) with grain yield and morphoagronomic and physiological traits in maize genotypes. Eight maize hybrids, including those from the UENF breeding program and commercial varieties, were evaluated using a randomized block design with four replications. VIs were obtained at various stages using drones and Pix4D Mapper 4.7.5 software. Analysis revealed significant differences in morphoagronomic traits and photosynthetic capacity. At 119 days after planting (DAP), the RGB vegetation index VARI showed a significant correlation (r = 0.99) with grain yield. VARI also correlated with female flowering (r = −0.87), plant height (r = −0.79), 100-grain weight (r = −0.77), and anthocyanin concentration (r = −0.86). PCA showed a clear separation between local and commercial hybrids, explaining 46.7% of variance at 91 DAP, 52.3% at 98 DAP, 64.2% at 112 DAP, and 66.1% at 119 DAP. This study highlights the utility of VIs in maize phenotyping and genotype selection during advanced reproductive stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new software, cLASpy_T, that helps design models for the automatic 3D point cloud classification of coastal environments. This software is based on machine learning algorithms from the scikit-learn library and can classify point clouds derived from LiDAR or photogrammetry. Input data can be imported via CSV or LAS files, providing a 3D point cloud, enhanced with geometric features or spectral information, such as colors from orthophotos or hyperspectral data. cLASpy_T lets the user run three supervised machine learning algorithms from the scikit-learn API to build automatic classification models: RandomForestClassifier, GradientBoostingClassifier and MLPClassifier. This work presents the general method for classification model design using cLASpy_T and the software's complete workflow with an example of photogrammetry point cloud classification. Four photogrammetric models of a coastal dike were acquired on four different dates, in 2021. The aim is to classify each point according to whether it belongs to the 'sand' class of the beach, the 'rock' class of the riprap, or the 'block' class of the concrete blocks. This case study highlights the importance of adjusting algorithm parameters, selecting features, and the large number of tests necessary to design a classification model that can be generalized and used in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing trends in population abundance and demographics is crucial for managing long‐lived and slow‐reproducing species. Obtaining demographic data, and age‐structure information, is challenging, notably for cetaceans. To address this, we combined Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS; drone) photogrammetry data with long‐term (>20 years) photo identification data to assess the age‐structure of the critically endangered sub‐population of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of the Gulf of Ambracia, Greece. We compared our findings with two extensively studied non‐endangered bottlenose dolphin populations (T. aduncus in Shark Bay, Australia, and T. truncatus in Sarasota Bay, USA). Using a log‐linear model, we estimated the total body lengths (TL) of 160 known‐aged dolphins between 2021 and 2023 from blowhole‐to‐dorsal‐fin distance (BHDF) measurements collected during surfacing. Subsequently, we tested four growth models to establish an age‐length growth curve. We assessed the sub‐population's age‐structure using three methods: (1) UAS‐derived TL estimates, (2) age‐length growth curve and (3) long‐term monitoring data (i.e. actual age‐structure). UAS‐measured TL (247.6 ± 32.2 cm) and UAS‐estimated TL (246.0 ± 34.7 cm) of the Greek sub‐population showed no differences. The Richards Growth model suggested an asymptotic length of 258.5 cm. In Greece, resulting age‐structure estimates across the three methods revealed no significant differences (P > 0.1). The Gulf of Ambracia and Shark Bay populations shared similar age‐structures, while Sarasota had higher proportions of 2–10 year‐olds and lower proportions of 10+ year‐olds. All populations had a comparable proportion of 0–2 year‐olds (~14%), indicating a similar reproductive rate. Our findings suggest stability in the Greek sub‐population; however, additional monitoring of reproductive parameters is essential before concluding its status. We demonstrated the effectiveness of UAS‐photogrammetry in rapidly quantifying population age‐structure, including scenarios with limited or no demographic data. This technique shows promise for enhancing precision, timeliness, cost‐effectiveness and efficiency in population monitoring and informing timely conservation management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global healthcare market is expanding, with a particular focus on personalized care for individuals who are unable to leave their homes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the implementation of personalized care is challenging due to the need for additional devices, such as smartwatches and wearable trackers. This study aims to develop a human body simulation that predicts and visualizes an individual's 3D body changes based on 2D images taken by a portable device. The simulation proposed in this study uses semantic segmentation and image-based reconstruction techniques to preprocess 2D images and construct 3D body models. It also considers the user's exercise plan to enable the visualization of 3D body changes. The proposed simulation was developed based on human-in-the-loop experimental results and literature data. The experiment shows that there is no statistical difference between the simulated body and actual anthropometric measurement with a p-value of 0.3483 in the paired t-test. The proposed simulation provides an accurate and efficient estimation of the human body in a 3D environment, without the need for expensive equipment such as a 3D scanner or scanning uniform, unlike the existing anthropometry approach. This can promote preventive treatment for individuals who lack access to healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation abstract Reality Capturing – Innovative use of drones for planning, documentation and preservation of evidence in specialist civil engineeringThe GoWest commercial quarter – a future‐orientated, sustainable commercial location is currently being built on the site of the former Reemtsma cigarette factory in Berlin‐Schmargendorf. On an area of approx. 50,000 m2, 12 commercial courtyards with up to 6 upper floors are being built. The entire quarter will have a full 3‐storey basement. The 14 metre deep excavation pit is secured with a diaphragm wall in conjunction with a supporting beam shoring in front of it. A digital 3D model of the construction site created using reality capturing is being used to plan the excavation pit and document the construction work. The possible applications of such a model are presented in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quarter of a century ago, during cartographic works using then-known field methods for measuring structural features, on the boundary of the Sudetic and Fore-Sudetic blocks, new phenomena were recognised; these were interpreted to be tectonic in nature and the result of left-lateral strike-slip movement in the subsurface. Grabens, half-grabens, shear zones and seismites in the gold-bearing sands and gravels that form the slopes of the valley of the River Kaczawa, are estimated to be of Pliocene and early Pleistocene age, having been interpreted as deposits of the pre-Kaczawa alluvial fan system. The natural exposures documented 25 years age have now all disappeared. In 2022, these levels became exposed again as a result of renewed gravel exploitation and phenomena described in the past reappeared. Field measurements were made again, this time using modern data-recording techniques, such as photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning. This work has enabled a comparison of field measurement methods with those obtained from the point clouds data. The results were found to be highly consistent. At the same time, precise reconstructions of the structures and their connection to the geodetic reference system make it possible to supplement previous geokinematic interpretations for this segment of the Sudetic Marginal Fault Zone (SMFZ). A formerly postulated left-lateral strike-slip regime in this zone was confirmed during the period of formation of the pre-Kaczawa alluvial fan deposits, but also probable is a kinematic inversion that must have occurred during, or just after, the early Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative evaluation of the performance of a mobile device camera and an affordable full-frame mirrorless camera in close-range photogrammetry applications involves assessing the capabilities of these two types of cameras in capturing images for 3D measurement purposes. In this study, experiments are conducted to compare the distortion levels, the accuracy performance, and the image quality of a mobile device camera against a full-frame mirrorless camera when used in close-range photogrammetry applications in various settings. Analytical methodologies and specialized digital tools are used to evaluate the results. In the end, generalized conclusions are drawn for using each technology in close-range photogrammetry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to map and analyze the spatial pattern of the surface deformation associated with the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake (Mw7.5) using structure-from-motion/multi-view-stereo (SfM–MVS), an advanced photogrammetric technique. The analysis was conducted using digital aerial photographs with a ground pixel dimension of 0.2 m (captured the day after the earthquake). Horizontal locations of GCPs were determined using pre-earthquake data to remove the wide-area horizontal crustal deformation component. The elevations of the GCPs were corrected by incorporating quasi-vertical values derived from a 2.5-dimensional analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) results. In the synclinorium structure area, where no active fault had previously been identified, we observed a 5 km long uplift zone (0.1 to 0.2 km in width), along with multiple scarps that reached a maximum height of 2.2 m. The area and shape of the surface deformation suggested that the induced uplift and surrounding landslides were related to fold structures and their growth. Thus, our study shows the efficacy of SfM–MVS with respect to accurately mapping earthquake-induced deformations, providing crucial data for understanding seismic activity and informing disaster-response strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working with pushbroom imagery in photogrammetry and remote sensing presents a fundamental challenge in object-to-image space transformation. For this transformation, accurate estimation of Exterior Orientation Parameters (EOPs) for each scanline is required. To tackle this challenge, Best Scanline Search or Determination (BSS/BSD) methods have been developed. However, the current BSS/BSD methods are not efficient for real-time applications due to their complex procedures and interpolations. This paper introduces a new non-iterative BSD method specifically designed for line-type pushbroom images. The method involves simulating a pair of sets of points, Simulated Control Points (SCOPs), and Simulated Check Points (SCPs), to train and test a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model. The model establishes a strong relationship between object and image spaces, enabling a direct transformation and determination of best scanlines. This proposed method does not rely on the Collinearity Equation (CE) or iterative search. After training, the MLP model is applied to the SCPs for accuracy assessment. The proposed method is tested on ten images with diverse landscapes captured by eight sensors, exploiting five million SCPs per image for statistical assessments. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values range between 0.001 and 0.015 pixels across ten images, demonstrating the capability of achieving the desired sub-pixel accuracy within a few seconds. The proposed method is compared with conventional and state-of-the-art BSS/BSD methods, indicating its higher applicability regarding accuracy and computational efficiency. These results position the proposed BSD method as a practical solution for transforming object-to-image space, especially for real-time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-cost, efficient and accurate structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry is used to reconstruct the complex morphologies of unevenly deforming hydrogels during the drying process. The primary setups comprise a camera and rotary platform, which are low-cost and works stably for most drying conditions. The dynamic three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of cylindrical hydrogel samples is achieved by SfM through the generation of point clouds, and the 3D morphologies are calculated by a Poisson reconstruction algorithm based on these point clouds. The accuracy of SfM in quantitatively measuring large-scale deformation is validated, and its applications in drying studies are explored. The results show that as drying proceeds, the maximum measurement deviation of the hydrogel volume between SfM and the traditional buoyancy force method is 1.93% at a volume shrinkage of 69%, confirming the accuracy of the current method for measuring large-scale drying shrinkage. Based on SfM, the temporal evolution of the cross section of the hydrogel is obtained. Comparing to conventional drying experiments that assess the dryness of deformed materials based on overall moisture content changes, SfM enables the evaluation of localized complete drying by quantitative analysis of deformation parameter variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discontinuity is critical for strength, deformability, and permeability of rock mass. Set information is one of the essential discontinuity characteristics and is usually accessed by orientation grouping. Traditional methods of identifying optimal discontinuity set numbers are usually achieved by clustering validity indexes, which mainly relies on the aggregation and dispersion of clusters and leads to the inaccuracy and instability of evaluation. This paper proposes a new method of Fisher mixed evaluation (FME) to identify optimal group numbers of rock mass discontinuity orientation. In FME, orientation distribution is regarded as the superposition of Fisher mixed distributions. Optimal grouping results are identified by considering the fitting accuracy of Fisher mixed distributions, the probability monopoly and central location significance of independent Fisher centers. A Halley-Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is derived to achieve an automatic fitting of Fisher mixed distribution. Three real rock discontinuity models combined with three orientation clustering algorithms are adopted for discontinuity grouping. Four clustering validity indexes are used to automatically identify optimal group numbers for comparison. The results show that FME is more accurate and robust than the other clustering validity indexes in optimal discontinuity group number identification for different rock models and orientation clustering algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Photogrammetry (PG) appeared as an alternative for multiple implant impressions. Stereo-photogrammetry is a more sophisticated alternative to PG, which estimates the 3D coordinates of the points of an object, making the process quicker and more precise. A search in PubMed MEDLINE, PMC, and Google Scholar was conducted to find systematic reviews published in the last 10 years. The PICdental® camera (IDITEC NORTH WEST, SL; Torrelodones, Spain) is a stereocamera that records implant positions in the mouth by means of photogrammetry with the objective of registering and obtaining a viable, reliable, and direct digital impression of the positions of the multiple implants. The use of photogrammetry via PiCdental® camera as an alternative to digital impression for multiple implants is an easy and trustworthy technique that permits an adequate fit without prosthetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess modelled facial development of infants with unilateral cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip and palate (UCLP) compared to controls up to two years of age. Design and Participants: A total of 209 facial images of children (CL: n = 37; UCLP: n = 39; controls: n = 137) were obtained in four age categories (T0 = 0.2–0.5; T1 = 0.6–1.0; T2 = 1.1–1.5; T3 = 1.6–2.0 years) and were evaluated using stereophotogrammetry and geometric morphometry. All patients underwent lip surgery before T0, patients with UCLP underwent palatoplasty (T0, T1 before palatoplasty; T2, T3 after palatoplasty). Results: In patients with CL, the forehead was significantly retracted (p ≤ 0.001), while the supraorbital and ocular regions were prominent (p ≤ 0.001). The oronasal region appeared convex (p ≤ 0.001). The lower lip and chin were non-significantly protruded. In patients with UCLP, a significantly retracted forehead and prominent supraorbital region were apparent (p ≤ 0.001). A retrusive oronasal region (p ≤ 0.001) was observed in the middle face. The chin was anteriorly protruded (p ≤ 0.01). No progression of deviations was found with increasing age. After the first year, a slight improvement in the morphological features became apparent. The shape variability of the clefts and controls overlapped, suggesting a comparable modelled facial development. Conclusions: The facial morphology of individuals with cleft was comparable to the norm. Shape deviation was apparent in the oronasal region, forehead, and chin, which minimised with increasing age even in complete clefts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of video images have been collected for decades by scientific and governmental organizations in deep (>1000 m) water using manned and unmanned submersibles and towed cameras. The collected images were analyzed individually or were mosaiced in small areas with great effort. Here, we provide a workflow for utilizing modern photogrammetry to construct virtual geological outcrops hundreds or thousands of meters in length from these archived video images. The photogrammetry further allows quantitative measurements of these outcrops, which were previously unavailable. Although photogrammetry had been carried out in recent years in the deep sea, it had been limited to small areas with pre-defined overlapping dive paths. Here, we propose a workflow for constructing virtual outcrops from archived exploration dives, which addresses the complicating factors posed by single non-linear and variable-speed vehicle paths. These factors include poor navigation, variable lighting, differential color attenuation due to variable distance from the seafloor, and variable camera orientation with respect to the vehicle. In particular, the lack of accurate navigation necessitates reliance on image quality and the establishment of pseudo-ground-control points to build the photogrammetry model. Our workflow offers an inexpensive method for analyzing deep-sea geological environments from existing video images, particularly when coupled with rock samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the principles of designing the objects of the inclusive environment with the employment of additive manufacturing technologies, and to discover methods and techniques for creating an inclusive objective environment using the example of our own development. The results of the survey, which has been directed to investigate the topicality of the problem of inclusiveness in Ukraine and the means of its solution, are presented in the article. In the course of work, the principal peculiarities of three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing technologies have been established, and promising areas of their application have been proposed. The principles of designing an inclusive objective environment have been detected with the use of photogrammetry and 3D printing, due to which the model can be constructed by considering a person's individual physical characteristics. Moreover, due to the wide range of materials for 3D printing, various types of objects can be realized. It gives great potential for the employment of 3D printing when designing an inclusive environment and considerably simplifies the manufacturing process while taking the individual characteristics of every person into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building information modeling (BIM) can greatly improve the management and planning of historic building conservation projects. However, implementing BIM in the heritage has many challenges, including issues with modeling irregular features, surveying data occlusions, and a lack of predefined libraries of parametric objects. Indeed, surface features can be manually distinguished and segmented depending on the level of human involvement during data scanning and BIM processing. This requires a significant amount of time and resources, as well as the risk of making too subjective decisions. To address these bottlenecks and improve BIM digitization of building geometry, a novel deep learning based scan-to-HBIM workflow is used during the recording of the historic building in historic Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The proposed workflow enables access to laser scanner and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery data to create a complete integrated survey using high-resolution imagery acquired independently at the best position and time for proper radiometric information to depict the surface features. By employing deep learning with orthophotos, the method significantly improves the interpretation of spatial weathering forms and façade degradation. Additionally, an HBIM library for Saudi Hijazi architectural elements is created, and the vector data derived from deep learning-based segmentation are accurately mapped onto the HBIM geometry with relevant statistical parameters. The findings give stakeholders an effective tool for identifying the types, nature, and spatial extent of façade degradation to investigate and monitor the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community structure and ecological function of marine ecosystems are critically dependent on phytoplankton. However, our understanding of phytoplankton is limited due to the lack of detailed information on their morphology. To address this gap, we developed a framework that combines scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) with photogrammetry to create realistic 3D (three-dimensional)models of phytoplankton. The workflow of this framework is demonstrated using two marine algal species, one dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans and one diatom Halamphora sp. The resulting 3D models are made openly available and allow users to interact with phytoplankton and their complex structures virtually (digitally) and tangibly (3D printing). They also allow for surface area and biovolume calculations of phytoplankton, as well as the exploration of their light scattering properties, which are both important for ecosystem modeling. Additionally, by presenting these models to the public, it bridges the gap between scientific inquiry and education, promoting broader awareness on the importance of phytoplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hippopotamus antiquus was an extinct semiaquatic megaherbivore foraging mainly on aquatic vegetation, with a biochronological range in the Italian peninsula spanning from around 2.2 to 0.4 Ma. Considering its large body size, and its lifestyle considered to be more aquatic than the current form H. amphibius, a correct estimate of the body mass is interesting to correctly interpret various biological aspects of this extinct megaherbivore. In this contribution, we propose an estimate of the body mass of H. antiquus by comparing the results obtained with classical regression formulae with the values obtained through a new 3D volumetric approach. For both approaches, we used the mounted specimen on display at the Museum of Geology and Palaeontology of the University of Florence. As already found in recent contributions, the estimates obtained with the regression methods provide very high ranges compared to the volumetric approach, with minimum estimates of 200 kg and maximum estimates of over 6 tons, completely incompatible with a tetrapod of this size. The new volumetric estimate provides an average value for the BM in H. antiquus of approximately 3170 tons, thus confirming a body weight approximately double compared to the average values in the extant species H. amphibius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) based structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry surveys are becoming a standard tool for ecologists to measure plant structure and biomass in non-forest ecosystems. The reproducibility of SfM survey results under different operational conditions, namely wind speed, sun elevation, and cloud condition, is poorly understood. It is also unclear to what extent commonly applied point-to-grid interpolation of derived point clouds affects inference of vegetation structure. These knowledge gaps limit the use of these methods for measuring and monitoring detection. We captured 61 UAV SfM surveys at the same study area under a range of wind/sun/cloud conditions over a 24-day period during 2021 and used generalized linear mixed effects models to test how the structural reconstructions varied with environmental conditions. Wind speed significantly influenced the canopy height reconstructions, with greater wind speeds reducing mean canopy height. Different plant species exhibited varying sensitivities to wind that are likely related to leaf attributes (size, structure, and density), growth form of the canopy, and physical properties such as limb flexibility. The movement of plants can reduce canopy height estimates derived from photogrammetric surveys, even under relatively low wind speeds. Reconstructed canopy heights were comparatively insensitive to solar elevation variations. Cloud conditions and illumination by direct sunlight had a weak, non-significant effect on reconstructed canopy height, with sunny conditions (generating shadows) resulting in a measurable but marginal reduction in mean canopy heights. When comparing canopy heights of interpolated and discontinuous derived canopy height models the results highlighted that these were insensitive to interpolation in this specific setting. We recommend measuring mean wind speeds throughout surveys where comparisons are to be made between different drone-based SfM surveys of vegetation over either time or space. Care should be taken to ensure that the effects of wind are controlled for so that inferences are valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understanding the dispersal potential of different species is essential for predicting recovery trajectories following local disturbances and the potential for adaptive loci to spread to populations facing extreme environmental changes. However, dispersal distances have been notoriously difficult to estimate for scleractinian corals, where sexually (as gametes or larvae) or asexually (as fragments or larvae) derived propagules disperse through vast oceans. Here, we demonstrate that generational dispersal distances for sexually produced propagules can be indirectly inferred for corals using individual-based isolation-by-distance (IbD) analyses by combining reduced-representation genomic sequencing with photogrammetric spatial mapping. Colonies from the genus Agaricia were densely sampled across plots at four locations and three depths in Curaçao. Seven cryptic taxa were found among the three nominal species (Agaricia agaricites, Agaricia humilis and Agaricia lamarcki), with four taxa showing generational dispersal distances within metres (two taxa within A. agaricites and two within A. humilis). However, no signals of IbD were found in A. lamarcki taxa and thus these taxa probably disperse relatively longer distances. The short distances estimated here imply that A. agaricites and A. humilis populations are reliant on highly localized replenishment and demonstrate the need to estimate dispersal distances quantitatively for more coral species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in communication technology have catalyzed the widespread adoption of realistic content, with augmented reality (AR) emerging as a pivotal tool for seamlessly integrating virtual elements into real-world environments. In construction, architecture, and urban design, the integration of mixed reality (MR) technology enables rapid interior spatial mapping, providing clients with immersive experiences to envision their desires. The rapid advancement of MR devices, or devices that integrate MR capabilities, offers users numerous opportunities for enhanced entertainment experiences. However, to support designers at a high level of expertise, it is crucial to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data provided by these devices. This study explored the potential of utilizing spatial mapping within various methodologies for surveying architectural interiors. The objective was to identify optimized spatial mapping procedures and determine the most effective applications for their use. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the interior survey performance, using HoloLens 2, an iPhone 13 Pro for spatial mapping, and photogrammetry. The findings indicate that HoloLens 2 is most suited for the tasks examined in the scope of these experiments. Nonetheless, based on the acquired parameters, the author also proposes approaches to apply the other technologies in specific real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine both the size of a satellite antenna and the thermal deformation of its surface shape, a novel high-accuracy close-range photogrammetric technique is used in this study. The method is also applied to assess the performance of the antenna in orbit. The measurement principle and solution method of close-range photogrammetry were thoroughly investigated, and a detailed measurement test scheme was developed. A thermal deformation measurement of the surface shape of a satellite antenna was then carried out. The results show that the measurement error using close-range photogrammetry was smaller than 0.04 mm, which meets the accuracy requirement. Thanks to the high accuracy, it was discovered that both the surface shape and the rib precision of the satellite antenna deteriorate with decreasing temperature. The accuracy of the surface shape and ribs was lowest when the temperature node was −60 °C. The maximum root mean square errors (RMSEs) reached 0.878 mm and 0.761 mm, respectively. This indicates that the surface shape deformation error of the antenna caused by high and low temperatures is relatively high. However, the requirement for the technical design index (RMSE ≤ 1 mm for the surface shape accuracy of the antenna) is still met. Furthermore, for temperature differences of 40 °C and 80 °C, the measured RMSEs for the surface shape deformation were 0.216 mm and 0.411 mm, respectively. Overall, the technical design indicators (RMSE ≤ 0.3 mm and RMSE ≤ 0.5 mm, respectively) for the surface shape deformation of the antennas are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Traditional gait assessment methods have limitations like time-consuming procedures, the requirement of skilled personnel, soft tissue artifacts, and high costs. Various 3D time scanning techniques are emerging to overcome these issues. This study compares a 3D temporal scanning system (Move4D) with an inertial motion capture system (Xsens) to evaluate their reliability and accuracy in assessing gait spatiotemporal parameters and joint kinematics. (2) Methods: This study included 13 healthy people and one hemiplegic patient, and it examined stance time, swing time, cycle time, and stride length. Statistical analysis included paired samples t-test, Bland–Altman plot, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). (3) Results: A high degree of agreement and no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the two measurement systems have been found for stance time, swing time, and cycle time. Evaluation of stride length shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) between Xsens and Move4D. The highest root-mean-square error (RMSE) was found in hip flexion/extension (RMSE = 10.99°); (4) Conclusions: The present work demonstrated that the system Move4D can estimate gait spatiotemporal parameters (gait phases duration and cycle time) and joint angles with reliability and accuracy comparable to Xsens. This study allows further innovative research using 4D (3D over time) scanning for quantitative gait assessment in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern digital photogrammetry, an image is usually registered via a digital matrix with an array of colour filters. From the registration of the image until feature points are detected on the image, the image is subjected to a series of calculations, i.e., demosaicing and conversion to greyscale, among others. These algorithms respond differently to the varying light spectrum of the scene, which consequently results in the feature location changing. In this study, the effect of scene illumination on the localisation of a feature in an image is presented. The demosaicing and greyscale conversion algorithms that produce the largest and smallest deviation of the feature from the reference point were assessed. Twelve different illumination settings from polychromatic light to monochromatic light were developed and performed, and five different demosaicing algorithms and five different methods of converting a colour image to greyscale were analysed. A total of 300 different cases were examined. As the study shows, the lowest deviation in the polychromatic light domain was achieved for light with a colour temperature of 5600 K and 5000 K, while in the monochromatic light domain, it was achieved for light with a green colour. Demosaicing methods have a significant effect on the localisation of a feature, and so the smallest feature deviation was achieved for smooth hue-type demosaicing, while for greyscale conversion, it was achieved for the mean type. Demosaicing and greyscale conversion methods for monochrome light had no effect. The article discusses the problem and concludes with recommendations and suggestions in the area of illuminating the scene with artificial light and the application of the algorithms, in order to achieve the highest accuracy using photogrammetric methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ganzi–Xianshuihe Fault Zone is a large-scale sinistral strike-slip fault zone on the eastern Tibet. As the boundary fault zone of the Bayankala Block and the Chuandian Block, it controls the clockwise rotation of the southeastern Tibet. However, there is still controversy regarding the activity changes between fault zones. Therefore, accurately determining the slip rates of faults in the area is crucial for characterizing regional plate motions and assessing associated seismic hazards. We focused on studying four fault segments near the Ganzi–Xianshuihe Fault Zone, including the Manigango, Ganzi, Luhuo, and Daofu segments. In each segment, we selected typical sinistral piercing points and carried out Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to obtain high-resolution terrain data. We utilized LaDiCaoz_V2.2 and GlobalMapper software (LaDiCaoz_V2.2 and Global Mapper v17.0) to measure the offsets, together with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, to constrain the timing of fault activity. The estimated slip rates for the Manigango, Ganzi, Luhuo, and Daofu segments are as follows: 9.2 ± 0.75 mm/yr, 9.59 ± 1.7 mm/yr, 4.23 ± 0.66 mm/yr, and 7.69 ± 0.76 mm/yr, respectively. Integrating previous results with slip rates estimated in this study, our analysis suggests the slip rate of the Ganzi–Xianshuihe Fault Zone is around 8–10 mm/year, exhibiting a consistent slip rate from northwest to southeast. This reflects the overall coordination of the movement on the eastern Tibet, with the strike-slip fault zone only controlling the direction of movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital holographic stereograms have met expectations in various fields since their introduction. Traditionally, recording large outdoor physical models has required time-consuming and complex processes involving professional tools and technical expertise. This study, however, aims to streamline the process by utilizing simple equipment, such as an iPhone, basic tools, free phone applications, and free software. Four successful experiments were conducted and evaluated using the digital CHIMERA holographic stereogram-printing technique combined with photogrammetry, Gaussian splatting, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and image interpolation. This approach records large-scale outdoor content more efficiently and effectively. The selected method allows the development and large-scale dissemination of realistic outdoor content holograms to the public. This study demonstrates the feasibility of creating ultra-realistic outdoor holograms using accessible tools and methods, offering potential applications in various fields such as art, education, and entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facility management (FM) has been suffering significant changes since the introduction of building information modeling (BIM) in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) sector. However, there are still challenges in BIM implementation during the building use phase, such as the difficulties related to the personalization of the maintenance management information for each case, and modeling the as-built conditions. Disclosing building data to all the stakeholders involved in the building life cycle is also a challenging task. So, this paper aims to present an integrated solution for BIM–FM to categorize and prioritize maintenance management, with the resource to digital techniques. For this purpose, the methodology developed consists of 1—the recognition and preparation of the site conditions; 2—Image collection using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); 3—Image processing and software comparison; 4—Obtaining point cloud and its integration in a BIM software; 5—3D building modeling in Revit software, 5—Damage detection through Photogrammetry Point Cloud, and 6—Placement of building anomalies by means of placeholders. This work allows exploring BIM–FM representation and data integration for building condition assessment and its representation in a collaborative tool. This methodology will enhance the usability of BIM methodology in FM since it allows the data update in the model, avoids the information loss or fragmentation of the building life cycle and gives access to BIM users and non-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baleen whales are key consumers in marine ecosystems and can serve as ecosystem sentinels. Body condition, defined as an individual’s energy stores relative to its structural size, can provide a useful proxy for health in baleen whales. As capital breeders, important life history events in baleen whales such as seasonal migrations and reproduction depend on having sufficient energy stores. Spatiotemporal variability of body condition of baleen whales can reflect differences in energy accumulated during the foraging season. Here we assess and compare the body condition and mass of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) across four different foraging areas from the West Indies distinct population segment in the Northwest Atlantic. Morphometric measurements of humpback whales were obtained using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS, or drones) from the New York Bight, the Gulf of Maine, Iceland, and Greenland. Uncertainty in morphometric estimates was incorporated and propagated using a bootstrapping approach. Measurements were used to estimate body volume and calculate a body condition index (BCI) for each individual whale. Since body mass is a key parameter for understanding animal physiology and bioenergetics, we further compared whale body mass to body size between foraging areas by converting body volume to body mass using estimates of tissue density from tagging studies. BCI showed significant differences between foraging areas with a large effect size (ANCOVA: mean η² = 0.168; all p< 0.001) when incorporating day of year and year as covariates. Humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine showed significantly higher BCI than those in the New York Bight, Iceland, and Greenland. Standardized Major Axis (SMA) regressions comparing log-log relationships of both body volume and body mass, respectively, to total length reinforced these results. Humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine showed significantly higher elevation in the SMAs than those in the other study regions (p<0.001), implying that humpback whales foraging in the Gulf of Maine accumulated greater energy reserves for a given body size. Estimates of body mass indicate that for a given body length, humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine have an 18% greater body mass than those in the New York Bight, Iceland, or Greenland. Regional differences in prey availability or anthropogenic threats could contribute to the observed patterns in body condition. Our findings highlight the importance of regional environmental factors to the nutritional health of baleen whales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated warming since the 1950s has caused dramatic change to ice shelves and outlet glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula. Long observational records of ice loss in Antarctica are rare but essential to accurately inform mass balance estimates of glaciers. Here, we use aerial images from 1968 to reveal glacier configurations in the Larsen B region. We use structure-from-motion photogrammetry to construct high-resolution (3.2 m at best) elevation models covering up to 91% of Jorum, Crane, Mapple, Melville and Flask Glaciers. The historical elevation models provide glacier geometries decades before the Larsen B Ice Shelf collapse in 2002, allowing the determination of pre-collapse and post-collapse elevation differences. Results confirm that these five tributary glaciers of the former Larsen B Ice Shelf were relatively stable between 1968 and 2001. However, the net surface elevation differences over grounded ice between 1968 and 2021 equate to 35.3 ± 1.2 Gt of ice loss related to dynamic changes after the ice shelf removal. Archived imagery is an underutilised resource in Antarctica and was crucial here to observe glacier geometry in high-resolution decades before significant changes to ice dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]