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BACKGROUND Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of Hansen’s disease, causes neural damage through the specific interaction between the external phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) and laminin subunit alpha-2 (LAMA2) from Schwann cells. OBJECTIVE To design a LAMA2-based peptide that targets PGL-1 from M. leprae. METHODS We retrieved the protein sequence of human LAMA2 and designed a specific peptide using the Antimicrobial Peptide Database and physicochemical parameters for antimycobacterial peptide-lipid interactions. We used the AlphaFold2 server to predict its three-dimensional structure, AUTODOCK-VINA for docking, and GROMACS programs for molecular dynamics simulations. FINDINGS We analysed 52 candidate peptides from LAMA2, and subsequent screening resulted in a single 60-mer peptide. The mapped peptide comprises four β-sheets and a random coiled region. This peptide exhibits a 45% hydrophobic ratio, in which one-third covers the same surface. Molecular dynamics simulations show that our predicted peptide is stable in aqueous solution and remains stable upon interaction with PGL-1 binding. In addition, we found that PGL-1 has a preference for one of the two faces of the predicted peptide, which could act as the preferential binding site of PGL-1. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our LAMA2-based peptide targeting PGL-1 might have the potential to specifically block this key molecule, suggesting that the preferential region of the peptide is involved in the initial contact during the attachment of leprosy bacilli to Schwann cells.

BACKGROUND: To establish the diagnosis of leprosy accurately, additional examination such as serologic examination with ELISA is required. There are considerations about taking a blood sample from the earlobe region.AIM: To determine the differences in IgM anti-PGL-1 antibody levels from earlobe capillary and median cubital vein blood sample in leprosy patients.METHODS: An observational analytic study using a cross-sectional study involving 30 patients with leprosy. ELISA examination of earlobe blood samples with filter paper, and the median cubital vein blood samples with filter paper and conventional methods were performed to determine IgM anti-PGL-1 antibody levels.RESULTS: The mean value of IgM anti PGL-1 antibody levels from earlobe blood samples with filter paper (1476.62 μ/ml) was relatively similar with median cubital vein blood samples with conventional method (1476.77 μ/ml), but the mean value of IgM anti PGL-1 antibody levels from median cubital vein blood samples with filter paper (1210.37 μ/ml) was lower from other methods. However, there was no statistically significant difference between them.CONCLUSION: There are no significant differences between the mean levels of IgM anti-PGL-1 antibody from earlobe and the median cubital vein blood samples.

Introdução: As reações hansênicas caracterizam-se por eventos imunológicos agudos que ocorrem antes, durante ou após a Poliquimioterapia da hanseníase, sendo desencadeadas principalmente pela interação entre os antígenos do Mycobaterium leprae, PGL-1 e LAM, com os componentes da imunidade do hospedeiro, TLR1 e TLR2, que consequentemente induzem outras células a sintetizar citocinas que favorecem o controle ou disseminação bacilar. Objetivos: Estabelecer e quantificar as relações causais entre os antígenos de M. leprae (PGL-1 e LAM) e os receptores TLR1, TLR2 e seus efeitos na expressão de citocinas IFN-γ e IL-10 nas reações hansênicas. Material e métodos: Por meio da sorologia ELISA foi possível dosar os níveis de IgM anti-PGL-1 e IgG anti-LAM e com emprego da RT-qPCR procedeu-se a análise da expressão gênica de TLR1, TLR2, IFN-γ e IL-10 utilizando amostras do sangue de 17 pacientes com reação hansênica e 17 sem reação (caso-controle) que posteriormente foram subdivididos em 4 grupos. Na comparação entre as médias das variáveis nos diferentes grupos, utilizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) e na avaliação do grau de associação entre as principais variáveis, a matriz de correlação de Pearson. Ao final, elaborou-se a análise de trilha para verificar relações causais envolvendo os antígenos e receptores do tipo Toll tendo como efeitos direto e indireto a expressão de citocinas. Resultados: Do total de 34 pacientes, 76,4% (26/34) eram MB e 23,6% PB, sendo que 100% (17/17) dos casos reacionais eram MB e dos controles 53% (9/17). Analisando o grupo reacional, 41,2% (7/17) apresentaram reação tipo 1, enquanto que 58,8% (10/17) tiveram reação tipo 2, destacando que na reação tipo 1, 57,1% (4/7) dos pacientes tiveram reação antes do tratamento (downgrading), 14,2% (1/7) durante e 28,8% (2/7) após PQT. Na reação tipo 2, todos desenvolveram reação após alta. Os níveis de anti-PGl-1 estiveram elevados na reação tipo 1 e na reação tipo 2, com diferença significativa entre as médias desses grupos quando comparados aos controles PB (F=6,42; p=0,002). Em relação ao anti-LAM, esse esteve associado a reação do tipo 2, grupo cujas médias foram mais elevadas, e apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparado aos demais grupos (F=15,27; p

Germ granules are widely conserved, germ-cell-specific, ribonucleo protein organelles. In C. elegans, germ granules (P granules) are necessary for fertility... The germ cells of multicellular organisms protect their developmental potential through specialized mechanisms. A shared feature of germ cells from worms to humans is the presence of nonmembrane-bound, ribonucleoprotein organelles called germ granules. Depletion of germ granules in Caenorhabditis elegans (i.e., P granules) leads to sterility and, in some germlines, expression of the neuronal transgene unc-119::gfp and the muscle myosin MYO-3. Thus, P granules are hypothesized to maintain germ cell totipotency by preventing somatic development, although the mechanism by which P granules carry out this function is unknown. In this study, we performed transcriptome and single molecule RNA-FISH analyses of dissected P granule-depleted gonads at different developmental stages. Our results demonstrate that P granules are necessary for adult germ cells to downregulate spermatogenesis RNAs and to prevent the accumulation of numerous soma-specific RNAs. P granule-depleted gonads that express the unc-119::gfp transgene also express many other genes involved in neuronal development and concomitantly lose expression of germ cell fate markers. Finally, we show that removal of either of two critical P-granule components, PGL-1 or GLH-1, is sufficient to cause germ cells to express UNC-119::GFP and MYO-3 and to display RNA accumulation defects similar to those observed after depletion of P granules. Our data identify P granules as critical modulators of the germline transcriptome and guardians of germ cell fate.

Objective/Background: Phagolysosome process in macrophage of leprosy patients' is important in the early phase of eliminating Mycobacterium leprae invasion. This study was to clarify the involvement of Rab5, Rab7, and trytophan aspartate-containing coat protein (TACO) from host macrophage and leprae lipoarabinomannan (Lep-LAM) and phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) from M. leprae cell wall as the reflection of phagolysosome process in relation to 16 subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) M. leprae as a marker of viability of M. leprae. Methods: Using a cross sectional design study, skin biopsies were obtained from 47 newly diagnosed, untreated leprosy at Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. RNA isolation and complementary DNA synthesis were performed. Samples were divided into two groups: 16S rRNA M. leprae-positive and 16S rRNA M. leprae-negative. The expressions of Rab5, Rab7, TACO, Lep-LAM, and PGL-1 were assessed with an immunohistochemistry technique. Result: Using Mann–Whitney U analysis, a significant difference in the expression profile of Rab5, Rab7, Lep-LAM, and PGL-1 was found (p < .05), but there was no significant difference of TACO between the two groups (p > .05). Spearman analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between the score of Rab5, Rab7, Lep-LAM, and PGL-1 and the score of 16S rRNA M. leprae (p < .05). Conclusion: In M. leprae infection, Rab5, Rab7, and Lep-LAM play important roles in the failure of phagolysosome process via a membrane trafficking pathway, while PGL-1 plays a role via blocking lysosomal activities. These inventions might be used for the development of an early diagnostic device in the future.

Unlike the soma, which ages during the lifespan of multicellular organisms, the germ line traces an essentially immortal lineage. Genomic instability in somatic cells increases with age, and this decline in somatic maintenance might be regulated to facilitate resource reallocation towards reproduction at the expense of cellular senescence. Here we show that Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with increased longevity exhibit a soma-to-germline transformation of gene expression programs normally limited to the germ line. Decreased insulin-like signalling causes the somatic misexpression of the germline-limited pie-1 and pgl family of genes in intestinal and ectodermal tissues. The forkhead boxO1A (FOXO) transcription factor DAF-16, the major transcriptional effector of insulin-like signalling, regulates pie-1 expression by directly binding to the pie-1 promoter. The somatic tissues of insulin-like mutants are more germline-like and protected from genotoxic stress. Gene inactivation of components of the cytosolic chaperonin complex that induce increased longevity also causes somatic misexpression of PGL-1. These results indicate that the acquisition of germline characteristics by the somatic cells of C. elegans mutants with increased longevity contributes to their increased health and survival.

PROQUALI (UFJF) A infecção subclínica pode ser avaliada por meio de teste sorológico, que determina imunoglobulinas circulantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a reatividade de diferentes antígenos em casos novos de hanseníase, contatos domiciliares de casos e em população de área endêmica, com o intuíto de identificar o melhor antígeno para o diagnóstico sorológico da hanseníase e detecção de indivíduos infectados pelo Mycobacterium leprae. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de natureza exploratória e analítica. A reatividade anti-LID1, NDO-LID, NDO-HSA e PGL-1 foi avaliada por meio do enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Foram analisadas amostras de sangue total em papel de filtro Whatman de 2494 indivíduos da população de sete municípios da microrregião de Almenara e de soro de 94 casos novos de hanseníase e 104 contatos domiciliares de casos residentes no município de Uberlândia. O Banco de Dados foi criado no Software Epi Info versão 3.5.1 e análise realizada no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows 18 e no GraphPad Prism versão 5. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os seguintes testes: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis one-way (H), Mann-Whitney (U) com correção de Bonferroni, kappa, Spearman (rho), teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística binária. Foi observado maior soropositividade no grupo de casos multibacilares (MB), em contatos domiciliares de casos MB e nos indivíduos residentes nos municípios de Almenara e Jequitinhonha. Obteve-se correlação positiva entre a sorologia e o índice baciloscópico, concordância substancial e significativa no grupo de casos novos de hanseníase e correlação positiva para todos os antígenos testados. Os testes anti-LID-1 e anti-NDO-LID apresentaram melhor performance para identificar os contatos domiciliares e ou indivíduos da população infectados pelo M. leprae. O PGL-1 nativo teve maior positividade do que o NDO-HSA para todas as formas clínicas da hanseníase e no grupo de contatos domiciliares. A prevalência de soropositividade na população foi superior à taxa de detecção de casos de hanseníase em todos os municípios avaliados. A faixa etária, a renda familiar, residir em município endêmico, conhecer alguém que teve ou tem hanseníase, ter ou ter tido caso de hanseníase na familia e residir ou ter residido com caso de hanseníase são fatores que podem explicar a diferença de soropositividade anti-NDO-LID. Apenas a faixa etária e conhecer alguém que teve ou tem hanseníase é capaz de explicar a diferença de soropositividade anti-NDO-HSA. E em relação ao LID-1 nenhuma variável foi explicativa. Todos os antígenos analisados podem auxiliar na diferenciação e caracterização da hanseníase MB e na identificação de indivíduos expostos ao M. leprae, porém o NDO-LID apresentou melhor performance na identificação desses indivíduos e dos casos paucibacilares, quando comparado aos testes envolvendo os antígenos LID-1 e NDO-HSA separadamente, portanto fornece benefício adicional a esses antígenos e poderia ser utilizado como ferramenta auxiliar na vigilância epidemiológica da hanseníase. The subclinical infection can be evaluated by serologic test which determine circulating immunoglobulins. The aim of this study was to analyze the reactivity of different antigens in leprosy cases, household contacts of index cases and the population of the endemic area to identify the best antigen for the diagnosis of leprosy and detection of individuals infected with Mycobacterium leprae. It is a cross-sectional study of exploratory and analytical nature. The reactivity anti-LID-1, NDO-LID, NDO-HAS e PGL-1 were evaluated using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The whole blood in Whatman filter paper of 2494 individuals from the general population of seven municipalities in the micro-Almenara and serum of 94 patients with leprosy and 104 household contacts of patients residing in Uberlândia were analyzed. The database was created in Epi Info software version 3.5.1 and analysis in the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 18 and GraphPad Prism version 5. For statistical analysis the following tests were used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal Wallis one-way (H), Mann-Whitney (U) with Bonferroni correction, kappa, Spearman (rho), chisquare test of Pearson and binary logistic regression. Identied higher seropositivity in the group of MB patients, household contacts of MB patients and in individuals living in the municipalities of Almenara and Jequitinhonha. Observed positive correlation between serology test and bacterial index, substantial agreement and significant in patients positive and positive correlation for all antigens. The LID-1 and NDO-LID antigens showed greater ability to identify household contacts or the general population infected with M. leprae, but the performance of the NDO-LID was better. The native PGL-1 had higher seropositivity than the NDO-HSA for all clinical forms of leprosy and household contacts. The seropositivity prevalence in the general population was higher than the detection rate of leprosy cases in all evaluated municipalities. The age, family income, living in a city endemic, knowing someone who had or has leprosy, had or have the case in the family and live or lived with leprosy case are factors that can explain the anti-NDO-LID seropositivity difference. Only the age range and know someone who had or has leprosy is able to explain the anti-NDO-HSA seropositivity difference. And for the LID-1 no variable explained the anti-LID-1 seropositivity difference. All serological tests analyzed can assist in the differentiation and characterization of MB leprosy and the identification of individuals exposed to M. leprae, but NDO-LID performed better in identifying these individuals and PB patients, when compared to the tests involving the LID-1 and NDO-HSA antigens separately, therefore provides additional benefit to these antigens and could be used as an auxiliary tool in epidemiological surveillance of leprosy.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroids have been extensively used in the treatment of immunological reactions and neuritis in leprosy. The present study evaluates the serological response to steroid treatment in leprosy reactions and neuritis. METHODS: Seven serological markers [TNF-α, antibodies to Phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1 IgM and IgG), Lipoarabinomannan (LAM IgG1 and IgG3), C2-Ceramide and S100 B] were analyzed longitudinally in 72 leprosy patients before, during and after the reaction. At the onset of reaction these patients received a standard course of prednisolone. The levels of the above markers were measured by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared with the individuals own value in the month prior to the reaction and presented as percentage increase. RESULTS: One month before the reaction individuals showed a varying increase in the level of different markers such as TNF-α (53%) and antibodies to Ceramide (53%), followed by to PGL-1 (51%), S100B (50%) and LAM (26%). The increase was significantly associated with clinical finding of nerve pain, tenderness and new nerve function impairment. After one month prednisolone therapy, there was a fall in the levels [TNF-α (60%), C2-Ceramide (54%), S100B (67%), PGL-1(47%) and LAM (52%)] with each marker responding differently to steroid. CONCLUSION: Reactions in leprosy are inflammatory processes wherein a rise in set of serological markers can be detected a month before the clinical onset of reaction, some of which remain elevated during their action and steroid treatment induces a variable fall in the levels, and this forms the basis for a variable individual response to steroid therapy.

Contact surveillance is a valuable strategy for controlling leprosy. A dynamic cohort study of leprosy contacts was initiated in 1987 at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. The objective of this work was to review the data on the major risk factors leading up to the infectious stage of the disease, estimate incidence rates of leprosy in the cohort and characterise the risk factors for the disease among the contacts under surveillance. The incidence rate of leprosy among contacts of leprosy patients was estimated at 0.01694 cases per person-year in the first five years of follow-up. The following factors were associated with acquiring the disease: (i) not receiving the BCG vaccine, (ii) a negative Mitsuda reaction and (iii) contact with a patient with a multibacillary clinical form of leprosy. The contacts of index patients who had high bacilloscopic index scores > 1 were at especially high risk of infection. The following factors were associated with infection, which was defined as a seropositive reaction for anti-phenolic glicolipid-1 IgM: (i) young age (< 20 years), (ii) a low measured Mitsuda reaction (< 5 mm) and (iii) contact with an index patient who had a high bacilloscopic index. BCG vaccination and re-vaccination were shown to be protective among household contacts. The main conclusions of this study indicate an urgent need for additional leprosy control strategies in areas with a high incidence of the disease.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CHAPTER I: Leprosy presents a clinical spectrum that spans from a strong cellular mediated immunity and bacili growth control of Mycobacterium leprae at the tuberculoid pole to a poor T cell immunity with extensive bacterial load at the lepromatous pole. The antigenic profile characterization in both clinical forms is a necessary step for discover and evaluation of recombinant peptides that are mimotopes of M. leprae antigens, which may present immunogenic potential, in order to obtain a beTer understanding of the disease evolution, and allowing the improvement of diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. Mimotopes of M. leprae antigens were selected from a random heptapeptide conformational library expressed in fusion with the pIII protein of the M13 phage, using as the ligand target the total purified IgM from leprosy patients of clinical forms, tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous (LL), and a healthy control population. Recombinant peptides were selected by glycine elution (unspecific) and by mitsudin elution (specific). All clones, after bioinformatic analyses, were validated by immunoenzymatic and colony reduction assays. For the glycine selection, the TT pole presented 24 distinct fagotypes, while the LL pole presented only 14 fagotypes. For the mitsudin selection, only 4 fagotypes were obtained in the LL pole, and 8 fagotypes in the TT pole. The two most frequent mimotopes, in both TT and LL poles and in both elution protocols, were coincidents. The peptides LFPAMHQ and VERHPST were more frequent in the LL pole, and the peptides KNPTTGT and ETHPTTR were more frequent in the TT pole. The three cited first mimotopes had an accentuated plaque reduction with incubation of sera from LL patients; however, the mimotope ETHPTTR presented the highest reduction with sera from TT patients. The immunogenic potential of these mimotopes may be useful in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for leprosy control in the future. CHAPTER II: The phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1) is a membrane antigen highly specific of M. leprae, and it is not found in other mycobacteria. Serological tests with PGL-1 have been performed to detect circulating antibodies in multibacillary patients. Due to its importance in the clinical classification of leprosy patients, we have developed mimotopes of this non-proteic antigen through phage display in order to improve serological assays. In this investigation, a random heptapetide conformational library was selected to obtain specific ligands to the monoclonal antibody anti-PGL-1 CS-48. After three rounds of selection, 14 clones were sequenced and translated, generating six distinct peptides. The mimotope HWMLPED was the most frequent one (57%), suggesting an immunodominance. Serological tests with this mimotope were performed in comparison to the synthetic PGL-1 for 39 patients, classified according to their clinical form, together with their 44 household contacts, classified according to their index cases. Results were similar for T and LL patients. However, the intermediate forms were variable, differently from those results with PGL-1, which presented positivity only for multibacillary patients. The clinical form BT presented a seropositivity of 55.5% for the mimotope against 0% for the PGL-1, probably due the greater avidity of the mimotope to circulating antibodies, or due to the greater spepcificity of the peptide in detecting pure neural reaction, or yet a cross reaction with other human antibodies. The serological tests of household contacts for this same phage clone presented an average positivity of 20.5% versus an average of 7.5 for the PGL-1 antigen. It is probable that there was cross reaction of the mimotope with other antibodies; once it presented partial identity with other M. leprae proteins. The mimotopes must be further investigated, once they may be putative targets for the PGL-1 action in the immune humoral response, and also they could be useful in diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. CAPITULO I: A hanseníase apresenta um espectro clínico que varia de uma forte resposta imune mediada por células e controle do crescimento do bacilo Mycobacterium leprae no pólo tuberculóide (T), a uma anergia em resposta celular, com alta carga bacteriana, no pólo virchoviano (V). A caracterização do perfil antigênico do bacilo nas formas clínicas se faz necessária para que novos peptídeos recombinantes, mimotopos de antígenos de M. leprae, sejam avaliados quanto ao seu potencial imunogênico, para que se tenha um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de evolução da doença, e para permitir o aprimoramento do diagnóstico, prognóstico e terapêutica. Mimotopos de antígenos de M. leprae foram selecionados a partir de uma biblioteca conformacional de heptapeptídeos randômicos expressos em fusão com proteína pIII de fagos M13, utilizando como alvo ligante IgM total purificada de pacientes portadores de hanseníase de ambos os pólos, tuberculóide e virchoviano, e de contatos intradomiciliares sadios. Os peptídeos recombinantes foram selecionados por eluição em tampão glicina (inespecífico) e por eluição com mitsudina (específico). Todos os clones, após análises de bioinformática, foram validados por ensaios imunoenzimáticos e alguns por ensaios de redução de colônias. Na eluição com glicina, o pólo tuberculóide apresentou 24 fagótopos distintos, enquanto que o virchoviano apresentou 14. Já na eluição com mitsudina, foram obtidos apenas 4 fagótopos para pólo virchoviano e 8 para o pólo tuberculóide. Os dois mimotopos mais freqüentes, em ambas as formas clínicas e para as duas eluições foram coincidentes, sendo que os peptídeos LFPAMHQ e VERHPST foram os mais freqüentes no pólo virchoviano e os peptídeos KNPTTGT e ETHPTTR os mais freqüentes no pólo tuberculóide. Os três primeiros peptídeos, dos quatro acima citados, tiveram redução de colônias mais acentuada com soro de pacientes V, e o mimotopo ETHPTTR foi o que apresentou a maior redução com soro de pacientes T. O potencial imunogênico destes mimotopos pode ser útil no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas para o controle da hanseníase. CAPITULO II: O Glicolipídeo Fenólico-1 (PGL-1) é um antígeno de membrana altamente específico de M. leprae, não sendo encontrado em outras micobactérias. Os testes sorológicos com o PGL-1 têm sido implementados para a detecção de anticorpos circulantes nas formas clínicas multibacilares. Por ser um alvo importante na classificação clínica dos pacientes, procurou-se desenvolver peptídicos miméticos deste antígeno não-protéico por phage display, como forma de aprimorar o teste sorológico. Neste estudo uma biblioteca conformacional de heptapeptídeos randômicos foi selecionada para obtenção de ligantes específicos ao anticorpo monoclonal anti-PGL-1 CS-48. Após 3 ciclos de seleção, 13 clones foram seqüenciados e traduzidos, gerando seis mimotopos distintos. O mimotopo HWMLPED foi o mais freqüente (61,5%), indicando ser imundominante entre os peptídeos. Testes sorológicos com este mimotopo foram realizados em comparação com o PGL-1 sintético para 37 pacientes, classificados conforme a forma clínica, juntamente com seus 44 contatos, classificados conforme seus casos índice. Os resultados obtidos com o mimotopo e PGL-1 foram similares nos pacientes com as formas clínicas polares T e V. Contudo, as formas intermediárias dimorfas foram altamente variáveis e significantes, diferentemente do PGL-1, que apresentou positividade somente para as formas multibacilares. A forma clínica DT, apresentou 55,5% de positividade com a utilização do fagótopo, contra 0% para o PGL-1, podendo ser uma maior avidez do fagótopo ao anticorpo circulante, ou maior especificidade do fagótopo para lesão neural pura, como também reação cruzada com outros anticorpos. O teste sorológico em contatos intradomiciliares para o fagótopo selecionado, apresentou uma média de 20,5% de positividade contra uma média de 7,5% no teste sorológico para o PGL-1. É provável que tenha ocorrido reação cruzada do mimotopo por este apresentar identidade parcial com proteínas do M. leprae. Os mimotopos devem ser analisados mais profundamente, pois podem indicar provável alvo de ação do PGL-1 na resposta imune humoral e ainda podem ser usados em estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas. Doutor em Genética e Bioquímica

Background Advanced stages of leprosy show T cell unresponsiveness and lipids of mycobacterial origin are speculated to modulate immune responses in these patients. Present study elucidates the role of phenolicglycolipid (PGL-1) and Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (Man-LAM) on TCR- and TCR/CD28- mediated signalling. Results We observed that lipid antigens significantly inhibit proximal early signalling events like Zap-70 phosphorylation and calcium mobilization. Interestingly, these antigens preferentially curtailed TCR-triggered early downstream signalling events like p38 phosphorylation whereas potentiated that of Erk1/2. Further, at later stages inhibition of NFAT binding, IL-2 message, CD25 expression and T-cell blastogenesis by PGL-1 and Man-LAM was noted. Conclusion Altogether, we report that Man-LAM and PGL-1 preferentially interfere with TCR/CD28-triggered upstream cell signalling events, leading to reduced IL-2 secretion and T-cell blastogenesis which potentially could lead to immunosupression and thus, disease exacerbation, as noted in disease spectrum.