117 results on '"PERVERSE INCENTIVES"'
Search Results
2. Megajournal mismanagement: Manuscript decision bias and anomalous editor activity at PLOS ONE
- Author
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Petersen, Alexander M
- Subjects
Science ethics ,Editorial board service ,Perverse incentives ,Bias ,Self-citation ,Human analytics ,Information & Library Sciences ,Applied Mathematics ,Library and Information Studies - Published
- 2019
3. The Integrity of Islamic Finance
- Author
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Minhat, Marizah, Dzolkarnaini, Nazam, Abdullah, Mazni, La Torre, Mario, Series Editor, Minhat, Marizah, editor, and Dzolkarnaini, Nazam, editor
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Science and University Politics
- Author
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Bos, Jaap, Bos, Jaap, Hoeneveld, Friso, With Contrib. by, Steenbergen, Naomi van, With Contrib. by, Abma, Ruud, With Contrib. by, Meijl, Toon van, With Contrib. by, and Lepianka, Dorota, With Contrib. by
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Efecto cobra en México: gasto social y pobreza, 2008-2018.
- Author
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LORÍA, EDUARDO and MARTÍNEZ, EDUARDO
- Subjects
- *
ABSOLUTE poverty , *ELECTRONIC funds transfers , *ECONOMETRIC models , *RULE of law , *ECONOMIC expansion , *POVERTY reduction , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
We examine the efficiency of the cash transfers on multidimensional extreme poverty in the states of Mexico for 2008-2018. We estimate econometric models with panel data with OLS and 2SLS and with cross-section data with GMM that shield against endogeneity of the determinants of poverty. We prove that there are perverse incentives that have caused that transfers perpetuate poverty in the less developed states. Homicides and informal employment have perpetuated it. Agricultural labor productivity, economic growth, productive export orientation, and a better Rule of Law reduce it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
6. Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy
- Author
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Michael Norton, Andras Baldi, Vicas Buda, Bruno Carli, Pavel Cudlin, Mike B. Jones, Atte Korhola, Rajmund Michalski, Francisco Novo, Július Oszlányi, Filpe Duarte Santos, Bernhard Schink, John Shepherd, Louise Vet, Lars Walloe, and Anders Wijkman
- Subjects
carbon accounting ,carbon payback period ,converting from coal to biomass ,forest bioenergy ,perverse incentives ,policy ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Abstract In recent years, the production of pellets derived from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation has been increasing, with over 10 million tonnes traded internationally—primarily between United States and Europe but with an increasing trend to Asia. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as ‘renewable energy’ and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, much scientific study on the net effect of this trend suggests that it is having the opposite effect to that expected of renewable energy, by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. This review, based on recent work by Europe's Academies of Science, finds that current policies are failing to recognize that removing forest carbon stocks for bioenergy leads to an initial increase in emissions. Moreover, the periods during which atmospheric CO2 levels are raised before forest regrowth can reabsorb the excess emissions are incompatible with the urgency of reducing emissions to comply with the objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We consider how current policy might be reformed to reduce negative impacts on climate and argue for a more realistic science‐based assessment of the potential of forest bioenergy in substituting for fossil fuels. The length of time atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase is highly dependent on the feedstocks and we argue for regulations to explicitly require these to be sources with short payback periods. Furthermore, we describe the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting rules which allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion and urge their revision to remove the risk of these providing incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. Reforms such as these would allow the industry to evolve to methods and scales which are more compatible with the basic purpose for which it was designed.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Public funding, perverse incentives, and counterproductive outcomes
- Author
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Volden, Gro Holst
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Science as collaborative knowledge generation.
- Author
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Ellemers, Naomi
- Subjects
- *
ACADEMIC medical centers , *COMPETITION (Psychology) , *COOPERATIVENESS , *CORPORATE culture , *LABOR productivity , *MEDICAL practice , *MEDICAL research , *ORGANIZATIONAL effectiveness , *PROFESSIONS , *REWARD (Psychology) , *WELL-being , *COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic points to the need for scientists to pool their efforts in order to understand this disease and respond to the ensuing crisis. Other global challenges also require such scientific cooperation. Yet in academic institutions, reward structures and incentives are based on systems that primarily fuel the competition between (groups of) scientific researchers. Competition between individual researchers, research groups, research approaches, and scientific disciplines is seen as an important selection mechanism and driver of academic excellence. These expected benefits of competition have come to define the organizational culture in academia. There are clear indications that the overreliance on competitive models undermines cooperative exchanges that might lead to higher quality insights. This damages the well‐being and productivity of individual researchers and impedes efforts towards collaborative knowledge generation. Insights from social and organizational psychology on the side effects of relying on performance targets, prioritizing the achievement of success over the avoidance of failure, and emphasizing self‐interest and efficiency, clarify implicit mechanisms that may spoil valid attempts at transformation. The analysis presented here elucidates that a broader change in the academic culture is needed to truly benefit from current attempts to create more open and collaborative practices for cumulative knowledge generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. A Cautionary Tale for Psychology and Higher Education in Asia: Following Western Practices of Incentivising Scholarship May Have Negative Outcomes.
- Author
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Svare, Bruce B.
- Subjects
HIGHER education ,FRAUD in science ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,PLAGIARISM - Abstract
Cases of scientific fraud and research misconduct in general have escalated in Western higher education over the last 20 years. These practices include forgery, distortion of facts and plagiarism, the outright faking of research results and thriving black markets for positive peer reviews and ghost-written papers. More recently, the same abuses have found their way into Asian higher education with some high profile and widely covered cases in India, South Korea, China and Japan. Reports of misconduct are now reaching alarming proportions in Asia, and the negative consequences for individuals, institutions, governments and society at large are incalculable. The incentives for academic scientists in Asia are approaching and even surpassing those ordinarily seen in the West. Cash payments for publishing articles in high impact journals can double or even triple yearly salaries in some cases. Combining this environment with the simultaneous pressure to obtain oftentimes scarce funding for research has produced a culture of unethical behaviour worldwide. This article assesses three important issues regarding scientific fraud and research misconduct: distorted incentives for research and overreliance upon metrics, damage to the integrity of higher education and public trust and improving research environments so as to deter unethical behaviour. This is especially crucial for emerging Asian countries, in particular Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), whose scientific infrastructure is less developed, but nonetheless has the potential to become a major player in the development of psychology as well as Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) research and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Autonomous Driving and Perverse Incentives.
- Author
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Loh, Wulf and Misselhorn, Catrin
- Subjects
- *
TRAFFIC safety , *DRIVERLESS cars , *AUTONOMOUS vehicles , *SOCIAL policy , *DRUG side effects - Abstract
This paper discusses the ethical implications of perverse incentives with regard to autonomous driving. We define perverse incentives as a feature of an action, technology, or social policy that invites behavior which negates the primary goal of the actors initiating the action, introducing a certain technology, or implementing a social policy. As a special form of means-end-irrationality, perverse incentives are to be avoided from a prudential standpoint, as they prove to be directly self-defeating: They are not just a form of unintended side effect that must be balanced against the main goal or value to be realized by an action, technology, or policy. Instead, they directly cause the primary goals of the actors—i.e., the goals that they ultimately pursue with the action, technology, or policy—to be "worse achieved" (Parfit). In this paper, we elaborate on this definition and distinguish three ideal-typical phases of adverse incentives, where only in the last one the threshold for a perverse incentive is crossed. In addition, we discuss different possible relevant actors and their goals in implementing autonomous vehicles. We conclude that even if some actors do not pursue traffic safety as their primary goal, as part of a responsibility network they incur the responsibility to act on the common primary goal of the network, which we argue to be traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy.
- Author
-
Norton, Michael, Baldi, Andras, Buda, Vicas, Carli, Bruno, Cudlin, Pavel, Jones, Mike B., Korhola, Atte, Michalski, Rajmund, Novo, Francisco, Oszlányi, Július, Santos, Filpe Duarte, Schink, Bernhard, Shepherd, John, Vet, Louise, Walloe, Lars, and Wijkman, Anders
- Subjects
- *
FORESTS & forestry , *FOREST policy , *WOOD pellets , *POLICY sciences , *FOSSIL fuels , *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide , *ELECTRIC power production - Abstract
In recent years, the production of pellets derived from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation has been increasing, with over 10 million tonnes traded internationally—primarily between United States and Europe but with an increasing trend to Asia. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as 'renewable energy' and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, much scientific study on the net effect of this trend suggests that it is having the opposite effect to that expected of renewable energy, by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. This review, based on recent work by Europe's Academies of Science, finds that current policies are failing to recognize that removing forest carbon stocks for bioenergy leads to an initial increase in emissions. Moreover, the periods during which atmospheric CO2 levels are raised before forest regrowth can reabsorb the excess emissions are incompatible with the urgency of reducing emissions to comply with the objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We consider how current policy might be reformed to reduce negative impacts on climate and argue for a more realistic science‐based assessment of the potential of forest bioenergy in substituting for fossil fuels. The length of time atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase is highly dependent on the feedstocks and we argue for regulations to explicitly require these to be sources with short payback periods. Furthermore, we describe the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting rules which allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion and urge their revision to remove the risk of these providing incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. Reforms such as these would allow the industry to evolve to methods and scales which are more compatible with the basic purpose for which it was designed. Trade in wood pellets from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation is increasing dramatically. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as 'renewable energy' and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, scientific studies show that it is having the opposite effect and is increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. We argue that EU regulations and the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting, which both allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion, should be revised to remove incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. A patient called Medical Research
- Author
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Tomas Furst and Jan Strojil
- Subjects
reproducibility crisis ,perverse incentives ,p value ,publication bias ,frequentist ,bayesian ,Medicine - Abstract
We report the case of a patient called Medical Research who presents with multiple life threatening symptoms, including a plethora of false positive results. This paper describes the course of the disease, discusses possible etiologies and offers options for future management to ensure the survival of the patient and that of our civilization.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. After Warnock: The Effects of Perverse Incentives in Policies in England for Students With Special Educational Needs
- Author
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Harry Daniels, Ian Thompson, and Alice Tawell
- Subjects
special educational needs ,inclusion ,exclusion ,Warnock ,perverse incentives ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
The 1978 Warnock Report made the case in the United Kingdom for a number of actions that, it was argued, would make the integration and support of young people with Special Educational Needs more effective. These included: a cohesive multi-agency approach in assessment and determination of special educational need and subsequent provision; early intervention with no minimum age to start provision for children identified with special educational needs; better structural and organizational accountability; the appointment of a Special Educational Needs Coordinator in each school; parental input to be valued and considered alongside professional views in matters relating to the child; and a recommendation that special classes and units should be attached to and function within ordinary schools where possible. The 1981 Education Act introduced a number of regulations and rights which supported the development of these forms of practice. However, the introduction of competition between schools driven by measures of attainment by the 1988 Education Act introduced new incentives for schools. At the same time there was a discourse shift from integration, or fitting young people with special educational needs into a system, to inclusion or inclusive practice in which inclusive systems were to be designed and developed. In the aftermath of this wave of policy development, a nascent tension between policies designed to achieve excellence and those seeking to achieve inclusive practice emerged. Whilst the devolved parliaments in Scotland and Wales have continued to try to give priority to inclusion in education, in recent years these tensions in England have intensified and there is growing concern about the ways in which schools are managing the contradictions between these two policy streams. There is widespread public and political unrest about the variety of ways in which young people with special educational needs, who may be seen as a threat to school attainment profiles, are being excised from the system either through formal exclusion or other, more clandestine, means. This paper charts this move from attempts to meet need with provision as outlined by Warnock to the current situation where the motives which drive the formulation of provision are driven by what are ultimately economic objects. We argue that policy changes in England in particular have resulted in perverse incentives for schools to not meet the needs of special educational needs students and which can result in their exclusion from school. These acts of exclusion in England are then compared to educational policies of segregation in Northern Ireland and then exemplified with data. We illustrate the impact of perverse incentives on practices of inclusion and exclusion through an analysis of interview data of key stakeholders in England gathered in a recent comparative study of practices of school exclusion across the four United Kingdom jurisdictions.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Coastal adaptation, government-subsidized insurance, and perverse incentives to stay.
- Author
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Craig, Robin Kundis
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,SUBSIDIES ,COASTAL changes ,HURRICANES - Abstract
The law should be a critical tool in promoting and directing climate change adaptation in the USA. This should be particularly true in the nation's extensive coastal zone, much of which is subject to increasing rates of sea level rise, coastal erosion, increasing numbers of increasingly powerful storms, and saltwater intrusion. However, significant coastal infrastructure hampers many coastal adaptation strategies by making retreat both expensive and politically unpalatable. This article examines the specific role of insurance and other financing programs in coastal adaptation strategies. Insurance operates primarily to mitigate risk. The article focuses specifically on the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which is now driven by coastal catastrophes and is close to bankruptcy; Florida's decision to provide state-financed insurance to coastal property owners in the wake of the 2004-2005 hurricane season; and, conversely, the decisions of other states to use state and federal financing instead to facilitate coastal adaptation, including buyouts of transitioning coastal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Ethical leadership and why health information management professionals need to be involved. Commentary on Health information is central to changes in healthcare: a clinician's view (Hoyle, 2019).
- Author
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Shepheard, Jennie
- Subjects
- *
ALLIED health personnel , *ENDOWMENTS , *LABOR supply , *LEADERSHIP , *MEDICAL record personnel , *ABSTRACTING & indexing of medical records , *MANAGEMENT of medical records , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *ETHICAL decision making , *DEPARTMENTS - Abstract
Philip Hoyle presents a compelling argument for the significant and highly valued role that the management of health information plays in the Australian healthcare system and the delivery of health services in this country. However, he also brings to our attention the ill-defined nature of the ethical oversight of this very information. Hoyle uses words such as "honesty," "commitment to beneficence," "commitment to equity" and "respect for variation" when describing the characteristics of ethical leadership. He singles out health information management professionals – Health Information Managers (HIMs) and Clinical Coders (CCs) – as the key professional group who need to step up and seize the initiative, get conversations going, form partnerships, do research and publish findings, so the knowledge and insights that the health information management profession has the potential to offer are not only more widely known and understood but also more useful to others working in the healthcare arena. Hoyle calls on health information management professionals to step out from behind the scenes and take responsibility for the ethical use of the information they help produce. Hoyle's words resonated powerfully with me, particularly with respect to the clinical coding workforce in Australia, which is made up of trained CCs and qualified HIMs. In a truly ethical environment, HIMs and CCs would not be asked to meet performance indicators for increased funding metrics or to change codes to avoid triggering certain indicators; they would simply be asked to ensure complete, accurate coding for every episode of care. This is what ethical leadership would look like. I am concerned about our clinical coding workforce. I am now asking, are our CCs and HIMs up to the task of taking back absolute and unchallenged ownership of their particular skill set, which makes them the keepers of the clinical coding standards and the experts in accurate and complete code assignment? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Anti-Tanking Pair Matching before an Elimination Phase of a Two-Phase Tournament
- Author
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Waldemar Stronka
- Subjects
perverse incentives ,tanking ,sandbagging ,tournament design ,OR in sports ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
Perverse incentives are ubiquitous in different economic settings. In sports, they often take the form of temptation to deliberately lose matches (the phenomenon known as tanking or sandbagging). In practice, there were even such pathological situations as when a soccer team intentionally scored an own goal. We show how and when the temptation is generated by the current pair matching method, the one applied after the first phase of many popular tournaments, including the most prestigious soccer championships. If the organizers of important sporting contests do not introduce any organizational innovations, they risk serious match-fixing scandals. We introduce an alternative procedure and show that its practical implementation could radically mitigate the risk. We perform a comparative analysis of the methods. We analyze the format “Winners and Runners-up Advancing from Two Adjacent Groups”, particularly its FIFA World Cup variant. In order to quantify the benefits of switching from the current method to the proposed one, we refer to simulation results. The expected decrease in temptation probability is about 83% and could be even about 90% if we additionally implement the suggested scheduling innovation.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. MARITAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON JUNIOR SERVICE MEMBERS
- Author
-
Helzer, Erik, Lester, Paul, Department of Defense Management (DDM), Lancaster, Geoffrey R., Helzer, Erik, Lester, Paul, Department of Defense Management (DDM), and Lancaster, Geoffrey R.
- Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to gain a better understanding of factors that contribute to the increased likelihood of junior enlisted active-duty servicemembers marrying at a younger age than their civilian counterparts and subsequently divorcing at an increased rate. This study is designed to gain a better understanding of the beliefs and expectations that drive this marital proclivity by reviewing past literature, analyzing the divorce and marital tendencies of junior service members, and using existing data, collected from Marines and Sailors E-5 and below conducting their first enlistment, that assesses their perceptions and beliefs surrounding marriage and divorce. Prior literature indicates that the youthful marriage rate is driven by central themes, including financial incentives established by the Department of Defense (DOD) and a culture that promotes an idealistic expectation of marriage. This leads to a prevailing tendency to make life-altering decisions through an idealistic lens. Survey results indicated a desire by junior service members to rapidly mature into adulthood through marriage and an overwhelming agreement that premarital training was beneficial to the population, despite a reluctance to participate in such training. I advocate for continued exploration into evidence-informed training to educate this population regarding marriage, creating positive impacts in their personal lives, thus benefitting the force readiness posture of the DOD., Major, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.
- Published
- 2022
18. The little fish that can feed the world.
- Author
-
Majluf, Patricia, De la Puente, Santiago, and Christensen, Villy
- Subjects
- *
BYCATCHES , *FOOD security , *CETENGRAULIS , *FOOD consumption , *FISH oils , *MALNUTRITION in children , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Peru is home to the world's biggest fishery with catches of over 95 million tonnes of anchoveta ( Engraulis ringens), since 2000, yet one in six small children in Peru suffer from chronic malnutrition. This is not because anchoveta is unsuitable for human consumption-on the contrary, they are nutritious, tasty and available year-round, close to the coast. Almost all anchoveta are, however, reduced to provide fishmeal and oil for export. Only a few per cent of the landings are used for direct human consumption, and while this use has increased significantly over the last decade, the growth has stopped because of perverse incentives that encourage landing for reduction purposes, combined with production methods that are expensive and unsuitable for large-scale operations. We discuss the roadblocks and prospects for significantly increasing the contribution of anchoveta to global food security and provide an outlook for how big this contribution potentially could be. It is time to change how anchoveta is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. A patient called Medical Research.
- Author
-
Furst, Tomas and Strojil, Jan
- Abstract
We report the case of a patient called Medical Research who presents with multiple life threatening symptoms, including a plethora of false positive results. This paper describes the course of the disease, discusses possible etiologies and offers options for future management to ensure the survival of the patient and that of our civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Governance and implementation challenges for mangrove forest Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES): Empirical evidence from the Philippines.
- Author
-
Thompson, Benjamin S., Primavera, Jurgenne H., and Friess, Daniel A.
- Abstract
Mangrove forests have been considered as potentially suitable for PES, though few mangrove PES schemes exist worldwide, suggesting they - and the broader social-ecological and governance systems in which they sit - may not be as conducive to PES as first thought. This study assesses economic, social, and governance challenges to implementing PES in mangroves. It draws on empirical evidence from two prospective community-level mangrove carbon PES schemes in the Philippines, where fishing and aquaculture are major livelihoods. We conducted (1) policy reviews and interviews with local communities, government, and NGOs to investigate governability; (2) village income accounting to determine the extra income that participants could receive through PES; and (3) a choice ranking exercise to elicit preferences on how payments could best be spent to enhance participant wellbeing. The latter approach identifies key gender differences, and enables potential PES-induced social-ecological trade-offs to be pre-empted. Blue carbon PES can contribute an additional 2.3–5.8% of current village incomes, while villagers would prefer to spend the monies on more effective fishing equipment, which could perversely jeopardize fishery sustainability. To be most successful, coastal PES schemes in the Philippines need to be managed through a multi-level governance regime involving co-management and local participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Academic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition.
- Author
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Edwards, Marc A. and Roy, Siddhartha
- Subjects
- *
UNIVERSITY research , *INTEGRITY , *RESEARCH funding , *GOVERNMENT agencies , *FEDERAL aid to research - Abstract
Over the last 50 years, we argue that incentives for academic scientists have become increasingly perverse in terms of competition for research funding, development of quantitative metrics to measure performance, and a changing business model for higher education itself. Furthermore, decreased discretionary funding at the federal and state level is creating a hypercompetitive environment between government agencies (e.g., EPA, NIH, CDC), for scientists in these agencies, and for academics seeking funding from all sources-the combination of perverse incentives and decreased funding increases pressures that can lead to unethical behavior. If a critical mass of scientists become untrustworthy, a tipping point is possible in which the scientific enterprise itself becomes inherently corrupt and public trust is lost, risking a new dark age with devastating consequences to humanity. Academia and federal agencies should better support science as a public good, and incentivize altruistic and ethical outcomes, while de-emphasizing output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. MARITAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON JUNIOR SERVICE MEMBERS
- Author
-
Lancaster, Geoffrey R., Helzer, Erik, Lester, Paul, and Department of Defense Management (DDM)
- Subjects
military marriage ,financial incentives ,idealistic distortion ,perverse incentives ,junior enlisted service member ,substance abuse ,treatment plans ,divorce ,marriage ,mental health ,culture - Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to gain a better understanding of factors that contribute to the increased likelihood of junior enlisted active-duty servicemembers marrying at a younger age than their civilian counterparts and subsequently divorcing at an increased rate. This study is designed to gain a better understanding of the beliefs and expectations that drive this marital proclivity by reviewing past literature, analyzing the divorce and marital tendencies of junior service members, and using existing data, collected from Marines and Sailors E-5 and below conducting their first enlistment, that assesses their perceptions and beliefs surrounding marriage and divorce. Prior literature indicates that the youthful marriage rate is driven by central themes, including financial incentives established by the Department of Defense (DOD) and a culture that promotes an idealistic expectation of marriage. This leads to a prevailing tendency to make life-altering decisions through an idealistic lens. Survey results indicated a desire by junior service members to rapidly mature into adulthood through marriage and an overwhelming agreement that premarital training was beneficial to the population, despite a reluctance to participate in such training. I advocate for continued exploration into evidence-informed training to educate this population regarding marriage, creating positive impacts in their personal lives, thus benefitting the force readiness posture of the DOD. Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.
- Published
- 2021
23. Efecto cobra en México: gasto social y pobreza, 2008-2018
- Author
-
Loría Díaz, Eduardo, Martínez, Eduardo, Loría Díaz, Eduardo, and Martínez, Eduardo
- Abstract
We examine the efficiency of the cash transfers on multidimensional extreme poverty in the states of Mexico for 2008-2018. We estimate econometric models with panel data with OLS and 2SLS and with cross-section data with GMM that shield against endogeneity of the determinants of poverty. We prove that there are perverse incentives that have caused that transfers perpetuate poverty in the less developed states. Homicides and informal employment have perpetuated it. Agricultural labor productivity, economic growth, productive export orientation, and a better Rule of Law reduce it., Resumen: Examinamos la eficiencia de las transferencias monetarias en la pobreza extrema multidimensional en los estados de México durante el periodo 2008-2018. Estimamos modelos econométricos con datos de panel por MCO y MCO2E y con datos de sección cruzada con GMM que blindan contra la endogeneidad de los determinantes de la pobreza. Probamos que existen incentivos perversos que han generado que las transferencias perpetúen la pobreza en los estados menos desarrollados. Los homicidios y la informalidad laboral también la han perpetuado. La productividad laboral agrícola, el crecimiento económico, la orientación productiva de exportación y un mejor Estado de Derecho la reducen.
- Published
- 2021
24. Russia's Utilization of Perverse Incentives under International Agreements on Climate Change
- Subjects
UNFCCC ,Perverse Incentives ,International Agreements on Climate Change ,LULUCF ,Forests ,Russia - Abstract
Russia is a signatory party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its implementation of measures, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. These agreements on climate change aim to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and limit the effects of global warming. To reach these goals and help countries meet their greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, both agreements encourage the accounting of carbon sinks under the land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector. Carbon sinks can sequester a large portion of greenhouse gas emissions, and the inclusion of them under the agreements is meant to aid nations' efforts in reducing their emissions. However, the incentives of LULUCF can be utilized perversely and allow countries to carry out a climate change mitigation strategy that focuses on the utilization of carbon sinks in replacement of reducing emissions. This thesis will analyze whether Russia took advantage of perverse incentives in the LULUCF sector under the Kyoto Protocol and whether it can do the same under the Paris Agreement. First, I describe LULUCF and its role in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Next, I investigate if Russia had the opportunity to utilize incentives under the LULUCF sector perversely during its implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. I analyze if and to what extent Russia perversely utilized the LULUCF sector through empirical analysis of Russia's economy, domestic policies, and forestry from the 1990s to today. Lastly, I compare the policies and regulations of the LULUCF sector under the Kyoto Protocol to those of the Paris Agreement to conclude whether Russia's utilization or lack thereof of perverse incentives under the Kyoto Protocol will replicate under the Paris Agreement. I find that perverse incentives exist under both agreements in the LULUCF sector, which Russia utilizes to justify its minimal effort in reducing carbon emission from carbon sources, primarily fossil fuels.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. What happens when national research funding is linked to differentiated publication counts? A comparison of the Australian and Norwegian publication-based funding models.
- Author
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Schneider, Jesper W., Aagaard, Kaare, and Bloch, Carter W.
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNMENT aid to research , *PUBLICATIONS , *CITATION analysis , *PERIODICAL publishing , *FINANCE - Abstract
The experiences from Australia where undifferentiated publication counts were linked to funding of universities in 1993 is well known. Publication activity increased, but the largest increase was in lower-impact journals, leading to a general drop in overall citation impact for Australia. The experience from Australia has been a warning for what would most likely happen if funding were linked to publication activity. Nevertheless, in 2005, a performance-based model based on differentiated publication counts was implemented in Norway. Themodel was specifically developed to counter adverse effects like those identified in the Australian case. In the present article, we examine 'what happens at the aggregated level of publication and citation activity when funding is linked to differentiated publication counts'. We examine developments in Norwegian publication activity, journal publication profiles, and citation impact. We also examine developments in publication activities at the individual level and developments in research and development resource inputs. We compare experiences in Australia to those in Norway. The results show that for the Norwegian case, overall publication activity goes up, impact remains stable, and there is no indication of a deliberate displacement of journal publication activities to the lowest-impact journals. Hence, we do not see the same patterns as in Australia. We conclude that the experience in Norway with differentiated publication counts linked to funding has been different from the experience in Australia with an undifferentiated model. This is an important observation because currently the Norwegian model is being or has been adopted in several European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. FROM GOLDEN HANDCUFFS TO PIG IRON: PROJECTING PENSION REFORM’S IMPACT ON THE HOMELAND SECURITY ENTERPRISE
- Author
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Young, Thomas D., Fernandez, Lauren S., National Security Affairs (NSA), Waldman, Jeffrey H., Young, Thomas D., Fernandez, Lauren S., National Security Affairs (NSA), and Waldman, Jeffrey H.
- Abstract
The chronic underfunding of numerous public pensions, along with historic capital-market setbacks, has created a public pension debt crisis throughout much of the nation. The depth of this crisis makes pension reform inevitable, and that reform will transform the nature of public-servant compensation in the coming decades. This thesis explores the impact pension reform will have on the effectiveness of public-sector organizations with homeland security missions. To approach this issue, this thesis draws on existing academic literature from a wide range of disciplines, including economics, public administration, organizational behavior, sociology, and social psychology. Emerging from the research is a clear recognition that pension reform will change employee behavior, organizational culture, and the market for human capital through second- and third-order effects. Exactly how such change will play out is not so clear. The thesis turns to scenario-planning techniques to synthesize the diverse literature and provide plausible responses to the question of what pension reform’s impact will be within the homeland security domain. The thesis offers three different future outcomes and recommends more robust, collaborative scenario-planning initiatives for which the thesis itself provides a useful launching pad., http://archive.org/details/fromgoldenhandcu1094564092, Colonel, United States Air National Guard, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
- Published
- 2020
27. Science as collaborative knowledge generation
- Author
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Ellemers, N., Social identity: Morality and diversity, Leerstoel Ellemers, Social identity: Morality and diversity, and Leerstoel Ellemers
- Subjects
open science framework ,Social Psychology ,Landmark Article ,Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Organizational culture ,academic incentives ,050109 social psychology ,Efficiency ,crisis in psychology ,instrumental climate ,050105 experimental psychology ,Competition (economics) ,COVID‐19 ,Excellence ,perverse incentives ,replicability ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Quality (business) ,Intersectoral Collaboration ,media_common ,Mechanism (biology) ,business.industry ,Research ,05 social sciences ,Public relations ,Knowledge Discovery ,DORA ,Incentive ,Damages ,Interdisciplinary Communication ,Curriculum ,Industrial and organizational psychology ,Psychology ,business ,research excellence ,Social psychology ,competition in science - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic points to the need for scientists to pool their efforts in order to understand this disease and respond to the ensuing crisis. Other global challenges also require such scientific cooperation. Yet in academic institutions, reward structures and incentives are based on systems that primarily fuel the competition between (groups of) scientific researchers. Competition between individual researchers, research groups, research approaches, and scientific disciplines is seen as an important selection mechanism and driver of academic excellence. These expected benefits of competition have come to define the organizational culture in academia. There are clear indications that the overreliance on competitive models undermines cooperative exchanges that might lead to higher quality insights. This damages the well-being and productivity of individual researchers and impedes efforts towards collaborative knowledge generation. Insights from social and organizational psychology on the side effects of relying on performance targets, prioritizing the achievement of success over the avoidance of failure, and emphasizing self-interest and efficiency, clarify implicit mechanisms that may spoil valid attempts at transformation. The analysis presented here elucidates that a broader change in the academic culture is needed to truly benefit from current attempts to create more open and collaborative practices for cumulative knowledge generation.
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- 2020
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28. Chapter 24: POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PEACEKEEPING.
- Author
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Solomon, Binyam
- Abstract
The study of peacekeeping from an economics perspective is a fairly recent phenomenon. This chapter surveys three research areas pursued by economists in analyzing peacekeeping. The first research strand examines the theory and empirics of peacekeeping financing and burden sharing, while the second strand focuses on the efficacy of third-party intervention in reducing conflict. The last strand utilizes case studies to generalize on the economic consequences of peacekeeping on host nations. In general, the research shows that peacekeeping has a relatively large share of purely public benefits, which leads to a more sub-optimal allocation of resources to peacekeeping from a global perspective. The studies on third party intervention fail to provide definitive answers to the research question. Specifically, theoretical models on interventions showed that intervention may or may not result in the reduction of conflict since the strategic interactions among the warring parties and the intervener bring indirect impacts that are not always clear. The empirical studies were equally ambiguous. On the one hand, multi-dimensional peacekeeping/peace building missions tended to significantly improve the chances for peace, while traditional peacekeeping (such as observer mission) did not. More recent studies showed that intervention by international organizations was not a significant factor in reducing the duration of conflict, while others found early intervention by the UN to significantly reduce conflict. The final research question on the costs and benefits of peacekeeping was addressed through a case study on Haiti, a peacekeeping host nation. The analysis can be generalized to other peacekeeping host nations. For example, host nations may perceive the UN mission much as a military base is perceived in a small economically weak community, as a source of income and employment. This may lead to perverse incentive and increase instability if such an economic source is reduced or removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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29. INCENTIVOS PERVERSOS Y OPORTUNISMO ESTRATÉGICO: DINÁMICAS CRIMINALES DEL PROCESO DE JUSTICIA Y PAZ.
- Author
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Coronado Neira, Juliana
- Subjects
OPPORTUNISM (Political science) ,POLITICAL doctrines ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,COLOMBIAN social conditions ,TRANSITIONAL justice - Abstract
Copyright of Analisis Politico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
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30. Theory review: Does fire safety regulation work? Lessons from Turin, Italy.
- Author
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Cobin, John M
- Subjects
FIRE prevention laws ,SOCIAL choice ,POPULATION density ,DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics ,CONSTRUCTION laws - Abstract
The general theory of regulation and then 10 theories related to safety regulation are summarized, explaining why regulation is or is not beneficial, or why negative externalities like building fires might increase. As an example, evidence from regulation and planning to enhance fire safety in Turin, Italy, is included, which shows apparent regulatory failure due to public choice and knowledge problems. Regulators there apparently failed to meet their public interest objective: the “control of safety conditions to prevent fires” and to “minimize the causes of fire.” Data perusal suggests that (a) the income effect, (b) public choice theories of bureaucracy and perverse incentives, (c) the “knowledge problem” theory, and (d) population density to a lesser degree best explain and predict the regulatory outcome. The results tend to favor government failure models, rather than theories that say (e) government provision works even if inefficiently or as a placebo, (f) that regulation is irrelevant, or (g) explanations that surmise that racial composition, (h) immigration of poor and ignorant people, (i) technical problems with electricity (wiring and materials), or (j) moral hazard cause more fires. Thus, planning theory should endeavor to better incorporate government failure theories into its models. These theories at times provide better explanatory and predictive power than traditional market failure models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Demographic and Socioeconomic Status, Child Support Grant, and Teenage Pregnancy among Blacks in South Africa.
- Author
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Udjo, Eric O.
- Subjects
- *
CAREGIVERS , *CHILD support , *SOCIAL status , *FINANCE - Abstract
While the evidence is internationally inconclusive, social protection systems have been blamed for various perverse incentives or unintended consequences. This article explores one particular case in point. The South African Constitution and the Social Assistance Act of 2004 provide a child support grant ( CSG) to low-income single parents/caregivers. There is nevertheless concern regarding possible perverse incentives of the grant, sparking debate that it may encourage teenage pregnancy. Several studies have examined the validity of the claim, yet methodological weaknesses cast doubt on their conclusions. This article examines the probability of being pregnant with another child among black teenagers receiving the CSG in South Africa compared with black teenagers who are not recipients. Results indicate that black teenagers aged 15-18 years receiving the grant have significantly lower odds of being pregnant with another child compared with their peers who do not receive the grant, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Related Articles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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32. Megajournal mismanagement: Manuscript decision bias and anomalous editor activity at PLOS ONE
- Author
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Alexander M. Petersen
- Subjects
Inequality ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ethics ,Information & Library Sciences ,Library and Information Sciences ,Temptation ,cs.DL ,050905 science studies ,Citation impact ,Editorial board service ,Misconduct ,Bias ,Library and Information Studies ,Editorial service ,Science of science ,Set (psychology) ,media_common ,Perverse incentives ,physics.soc-ph ,Applied Mathematics ,05 social sciences ,Self-citation ,Journal management ,Review process ,Mega-journal ,Human analytics ,Computer Science Applications ,Interpersonal ties ,Incentive ,Power inequality ,0509 other social sciences ,050904 information & library sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,cs.SI ,Panel data - Abstract
We analyzed the longitudinal activity of nearly 7,000 editors at the mega-journal PLOS ONE over the 10-year period 2006-2015. Using the article-editor associations, we develop editor-specific measures of power, activity, article acceptance time, citation impact, and editorial renumeration (an analogue to self-citation). We observe remarkably high levels of power inequality among the PLOS ONE editors, with the top-10 editors responsible for 3,366 articles -- corresponding to 2.4% of the 141,986 articles we analyzed. Such high inequality levels suggest the presence of unintended incentives, which may reinforce unethical behavior in the form of decision-level biases at the editorial level. Our results indicate that editors may become apathetic in judging the quality of articles and susceptible to modes of power-driven misconduct. We used the longitudinal dimension of editor activity to develop two panel regression models which test and verify the presence of editor-level bias. In the first model we analyzed the citation impact of articles, and in the second model we modeled the decision time between an article being submitted and ultimately accepted by the editor. We focused on two variables that represent social factors that capture potential conflicts-of-interest: (i) we accounted for the social ties between editors and authors by developing a measure of repeat authorship among an editor's article set, and (ii) we accounted for the rate of citations directed towards the editor's own publications in the reference list of each article he/she oversaw. Our results indicate that these two factors play a significant role in the editorial decision process. Moreover, these two effects appear to increase with editor age, which is consistent with behavioral studies concerning the evolution of misbehavior and response to temptation in power-driven environments.
- Published
- 2019
33. Environmental perverse incentives in coastal monitoring.
- Author
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Gibbs, Mark T.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring ,COASTAL zone management ,MARINE ecology ,INCENTIVES in conservation of natural resources ,COST effectiveness ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Highlights: [•] Environmental management should be underpinned by quantitative management information. [•] Monitoring the marine environment is expensive. [•] As a result, many governments have outsourced monitoring obligations. [•] This can lead to inadvertent perverse incentives for activities that impact the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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34. RESPONSABILIDAD PENAL POR LA GENERACIÓN DE INCENTIVOS PERVERSOS.
- Author
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SYMINGTON ALZATE, GEORGE and ORDUZ SALAZAR, SANTIAGO
- Subjects
- *
CRIMINAL law , *INTERPRETATION & construction of criminal law , *CRIMINAL law -- Social aspects , *CRIMINAL law philosophy ,COLOMBIAN politics & government, 1974- - Abstract
This work opens a legal debate, arguing the possibility of a criminal liability to those who design public policies and generate perverse incentives that lead an agent to commit punishable acts under the protection of criminal law. Throughout this work the ontological nature of the perverse incentives will be examined from various disciplinary approaches, including Robert Merton s sociological point of view, the Lacanian psychoanalitical point of view, the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Pierre Bourdieu's sociological point of view, and Slavoj Žižek's philosophy, among others. Finally, we examine how the theory of criminal liability for perverse incentives could adapt within the Colombian legal order, under the figure of the "determiner", and the modalities of criminal offense, willful malice and willful negligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
35. An opinion on radiography, ethics and the law in South Africa.
- Author
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Etheredge, H. R.
- Subjects
- *
RADIOGRAPHY , *REPAIR & maintenance services , *ETHICS , *INFORMED consent (Law) , *RADIOGRAPHIC processing , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This opinion article explores a range of ethical issues that could impact on the daily work of all radiographers. The article focuses on informed consent, over servicing and unqualified persons performing radiographic and ultrasound examinations. The aim of the article is to lay the groundwork for future debates regarding the issues which are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
36. Lessening the Obduracy of Networked Urbanity
- Author
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Dotson, Taylor, author
- Published
- 2017
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37. 'We will eat when I get the grant': negotiating AIDS, poverty and antiretroviral treatment in South Africa.
- Author
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Leclerc-Madlala, Suzanne
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH status indicators , *AIDS , *ANTIRETROVIRAL agents , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
The maturing HIM epidemic has led to a decline in the health status of many South Africans, One result is an increasing number of AIDS-affected poor who qualify for a government disability grant. Recent research has drawn attention to the unintended conflict that this may present for poor people who might be faced with choosing between maintaining health through antiretroviral treatment and obtaining money through the state grant. While some evidence suggests that most AIDS-affected people would choose antiretroviral treatment over access to a disability grant, other evidence suggests that some would rather die than lose the grant. This paper is a qualitative exploration of ways that AIDS treatment policies and practices and grants for people disabled by AIDS are currently being negotiated by people caught in the double-bind of managing their own health and income, As South Africa continues to broaden its delivery of antiretroviral treatment and AIDS support services, it is important that planners incorporate an understanding of how an HIM or AIDS diagnosis in the context of entrenched poverty may represent both a threat and a means to financial survival There is a need to consider the 'disinhibiting' effects on HIM prevention and treatment that may result when AIDS support services are aimed at addressing the needs of individuals as opposed to the needs of highly affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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38. A patient called Medical Research
- Author
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Jan Strojil and Tomáš Fürst
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Biomedical Research ,Statistics as Topic ,lcsh:Medicine ,Disease ,p value ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,reproducibility crisis ,Frequentist inference ,perverse incentives ,frequentist ,medicine ,Humans ,False Positive Reactions ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,publication bias ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Reproducibility of Results ,Publication bias ,Medical research ,humanities ,Etiology ,bayesian ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,business - Abstract
We report the case of a patient called Medical Research who presents with multiple life threatening symptoms, including a plethora of false positive results. This paper describes the course of the disease, discusses possible etiologies and offers options for future management to ensure the survival of the patient and that of our civilization.
- Published
- 2017
39. Academic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition
- Author
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Siddhartha Roy and Marc Edwards
- Subjects
Scientific enterprise ,Government ,funding ,05 social sciences ,Hypercompetition ,Public administration ,Public good ,academic research ,050905 science studies ,Tipping point (climatology) ,Pollution ,scientific integrity ,Critical mass (sociodynamics) ,Incentive ,perverse incentives ,0502 economics and business ,Public trust ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental Engineering Science in the 21st Century: Original Articles ,Business ,0509 other social sciences ,Waste Management and Disposal ,050203 business & management ,misconduct - Abstract
Over the last 50 years, we argue that incentives for academic scientists have become increasingly perverse in terms of competition for research funding, development of quantitative metrics to measure performance, and a changing business model for higher education itself. Furthermore, decreased discretionary funding at the federal and state level is creating a hypercompetitive environment between government agencies (e.g., EPA, NIH, CDC), for scientists in these agencies, and for academics seeking funding from all sources—the combination of perverse incentives and decreased funding increases pressures that can lead to unethical behavior. If a critical mass of scientists become untrustworthy, a tipping point is possible in which the scientific enterprise itself becomes inherently corrupt and public trust is lost, risking a new dark age with devastating consequences to humanity. Academia and federal agencies should better support science as a public good, and incentivize altruistic and ethical outcomes, while de-emphasizing output.
- Published
- 2017
40. Homelessness politics
- Author
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Lund, Brian, author
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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41. Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy
- Author
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Lars Walløe, Pavel Cudlín, Michael Norton, Rajmund Michalski, András Báldi, Francisco Novo, Filipe Duarte Santos, Atte Korhola, Anders Wijkman, J. Oszlányi, Vicas Buda, Bernhard Schink, Louise E. M. Vet, Michael P. Jones, Bruno Carli, John Shepherd, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), and Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme
- Subjects
LAND ,carbon payback period ,CARBON DEBT ,Natural resource economics ,lcsh:TJ807-830 ,lcsh:Renewable energy sources ,Biomass ,010501 environmental sciences ,lcsh:HD9502-9502.5 ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,12. Responsible consumption ,converting from coal to biomass ,Bioenergy ,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ,ddc:570 ,perverse incentives ,Economics ,Waste Management and Disposal ,1172 Environmental sciences ,EMISSIONS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,4112 Forestry ,PARITY ,Carbon accounting ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,carbon accounting ,Fossil fuel ,zero emissions ,Forestry ,Subsidy ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,renewable energy ,lcsh:Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,Renewable energy ,Incentive ,13. Climate action ,forest bioenergy ,international ,carbon accounting, carbon payback period, converting from coal to biomass, forest bioenergy, perverse incentives, policy, renewable energy, zero emissions ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,policy - Abstract
In recent years, the production of pellets derived from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation has been increasing, with over 10 million tonnes traded internationally?primarily between United States and Europe but with an increasing trend to Asia. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as ?renewable energy? and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, much scientific study on the net effect of this trend suggests that it is having the opposite effect to that expected of renewable energy, by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. This review, based on recent work by Europe's Academies of Science, finds that current policies are failing to recognize that removing forest carbon stocks for bioenergy leads to an initial increase in emissions. Moreover, the periods during which atmospheric CO2 levels are raised before forest regrowth can reabsorb the excess emissions are incompatible with the urgency of reducing emissions to comply with the objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We consider how current policy might be reformed to reduce negative impacts on climate and argue for a more realistic science-based assessment of the potential of forest bioenergy in substituting for fossil fuels. The length of time atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase is highly dependent on the feedstocks and we argue for regulations to explicitly require these to be sources with short payback periods. Furthermore, we describe the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting rules which allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion and urge their revision to remove the risk of these providing incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. Reforms such as these would allow the industry to evolve to methods and scales which are more compatible with the basic purpose for which it was designed. Non
- Published
- 2019
42. Fall in the sea, eventually? A green paradox in climate adaptation for coastal housing markets.
- Author
-
Parton, Lee C. and Dundas, Steven J.
- Subjects
- *
HOUSING market , *CLIMATE change , *GOVERNMENT policy , *ENVIRONMENTAL regulations , *REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Efficient adaptation to climate change in coastal areas is likely to require public policy interventions. New policies or expectations of policy changes that impact private assets, such as housing, may generate economic incentives that result in unintended consequences. We examine the effect on new housing development resulting from a scientific report by a regulatory agency mandating coastal communities in North Carolina (NC) consider sea-level rise when developing new land-use policies. Estimates from our preferred triple-differences model suggest the policy announcement increased building permits by 32% in coastal NC counties until permitting returned to pre-policy levels after a moratorium on new regulations was passed by the state legislature. Our results are supported by numerous robustness checks, including alternative controls, placebo tests and a parcel-level model in Dare County, NC. This green paradox in coastal climate adaptation implies that hundreds of millions of dollars in additional unregulated housing was constructed in NC locations vulnerable to sea-level rise likely due to perverse incentives generated by a policy signal. • Anticipated sea-level rise (SLR) land-use regulations cause green paradox outcome. • We estimate the impacts of a SLR policy signal on housing development. • Housing starts increase by 32% in targeted coastal counties. • Additional $685 million in SLR-vulnerable housing constructed due to policy signal. • Public climate adaptation policies may generate perverse incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Performance Management in the Public Sector: The Case of the English Ambulance Service
- Author
-
Heath, Geoffery, Radcliffe, James, Wankhade, Paresh, Heath, Geoffery, Radcliffe, James, and Wankhade, Paresh
- Abstract
This chapter examines performance measurement within the public sector, with particular reference to the English ambulance service. Recent experience concerned the perverse incentives inherent in using single dimension performance measures. However, performance evaluation now better reflects the changing role of ambulance paramedics, which stresses clinical activity rather than simply the speedy transportation of patients to hospital. Analysis of these developments is placed within the context of theory derived from New Public Management and New Public Governance. The topic is significant for the academic study of management control in organizations and also to policy makers, managers and public sector professionals.
- Published
- 2017
44. Anti-Tanking Pair Matching before an Elimination Phase of a Two-Phase Tournament.
- Author
-
Stronka, Waldemar
- Subjects
TOURNAMENTS ,SOCCER teams ,ORGANIZATIONAL change ,COMPARATIVE method - Abstract
Perverse incentives are ubiquitous in different economic settings. In sports, they often take the form of temptation to deliberately lose matches (the phenomenon known as tanking or sandbagging). In practice, there were even such pathological situations as when a soccer team intentionally scored an own goal. We show how and when the temptation is generated by the current pair matching method, the one applied after the first phase of many popular tournaments, including the most prestigious soccer championships. If the organizers of important sporting contests do not introduce any organizational innovations, they risk serious match-fixing scandals. We introduce an alternative procedure and show that its practical implementation could radically mitigate the risk. We perform a comparative analysis of the methods. We analyze the format "Winners and Runners-up Advancing from Two Adjacent Groups", particularly its FIFA World Cup variant. In order to quantify the benefits of switching from the current method to the proposed one, we refer to simulation results. The expected decrease in temptation probability is about 83% and could be even about 90% if we additionally implement the suggested scheduling innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Retaking the Path to Inclusion, Growth and Sustainability : Brazil Systematic Country Diagnostic
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ,ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES ,ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ,PRODUCERS ,TAX RATES ,MARKET COMPETITION ,SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT ,RIVER BASINS ,MARGINAL PRODUCT ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,FINANCIAL TRANSFERS ,ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR ,DURABLE GOODS ,LOGGING ,TERMS OF TRADE ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,PRODUCTION PLANNING ,WAGE DIFFERENTIALS ,POLICY MAKERS ,LAND USE ,POPULATION GROWTH ,EMISSIONS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,NATURAL CAPITAL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,VALUES ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,WATER POLLUTION ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,GLOBAL INTEREST ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,OPTIONS ,PRODUCTION PROCESSES ,POLICY DECISIONS ,ENTITLEMENTS ,METALS ,MINES ,LABOR COSTS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,MODELS ,SUBSIDIES ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,FISHING ,TAX REFORM ,FOREST MANAGEMENT ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,INTERMEDIATE GOODS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,SULFUR DIOXIDE ,REAL WAGES ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ,TAX REVENUE ,POLLUTION ,FARMS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES ,TIMBER ,EXPLOITATION ,PURCHASING POWER ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,NATIONAL INCOME ,EMPIRICAL STUDIES ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ,CARBON EMISSIONS ,DECISION MAKING ,ENVIRONMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,DRINKING WATER ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,EFFLUENTS ,CONSUMPTION ,FINANCIAL SUBSIDIES ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEBT ,PATENTS ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,TRADE ,EMISSION REDUCTIONS ,ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION ,EQUILIBRIUM ,POPULATION DENSITIES ,DEMOGRAPHICS ,PERVERSE INCENTIVES ,ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,PROPERTY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,ENVIRONMENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ,RESOURCES ,DIVIDENDS ,DEMAND ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,INPUT USE ,TAX SYSTEMS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,CORPORATE INCOME TAXES ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,ARABLE LAND ,COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,POLLUTERS ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,CARBON ,AUDITS ,ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ,ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,DEBT INTEREST ,RESOURCE USE ,ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ,ECONOMIES ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,TARIFFS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,CARTELS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,CANCER ,BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,ECONOMIC IMPACT ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,OIL PRICES ,AIR POLLUTION ,INDUSTRIAL WATER ,EMISSION REDUCTION ,LAND RESOURCES ,REVENUE ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,CERTAIN EXTENT ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,CAPITAL GOODS ,OIL SECTOR ,COMPETITION ,PROFITS ,SOCIAL COSTS ,MARKET DISTORTIONS ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,CREDIT ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,EXPENDITURES ,ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ,SECURITIES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,HEAVY METALS ,SUSTAINABLE USE ,LABOR INPUTS ,POLICY INSTRUMENTS ,FISCAL POLICIES ,LABOR MARKETS ,REDUCING EMISSIONS ,FORESTRY ,EXPECTATIONS ,ECONOMICS ,AIR QUALITY ,CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,REVENUES ,POLLUTION LEVELS ,ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ,CPI ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,WASTE DISPOSAL ,DEFORESTATION ,POTENTIAL INVESTORS ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY - Abstract
Bleak short-term economic outlook raises the risk that social and environmental achievements may not be sustained. The changed economic circumstances have exposed shortcomings in Brazil’s development model, epitomized by the struggle to achieve a sustainable fiscal policy. Against this background, some Brazilians are now asking whether the gains of the past decade might have been an illusion, created by the commodity boom, but unsustainable in today’s less forgiving international environment. Brazil thus finds itself at an important juncture and, to a certain extent, the policy course set today will determine whether the country can sustain the gains of the past and return to a path of solid, inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth. This Systematic Country Diagnostic offers a contribution to the debate about Brazil’s future development.
- Published
- 2016
46. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Promoting Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity : Systematic Country Diagnostic
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
PRODUCERS ,TAX RATES ,PRICE SUBSIDIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,EXTERNALITIES ,LAND USE ,POPULATION GROWTH ,EMISSIONS ,HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,VALUES ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,WATER POLLUTION ,CROWDING OUT ,ELECTRICITY DEMAND ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,OPTIONS ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,FOSSIL FUELS ,PETROLEUM GAS ,TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ,OPEC ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPARENCY ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,SUBSIDIES ,TAX REFORM ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,REAL WAGES ,MODAL SPLIT ,DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ,TAX REVENUE ,POLLUTION ,FARMS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,STREAMS ,DISTORTIONARY EFFECTS ,NATIONAL INCOME ,DECISION MAKING ,ENVIRONMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION ,AQUIFERS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEBT ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,TRADE ,RANGELANDS ,EQUILIBRIUM ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,DEMOGRAPHICS ,PERVERSE INCENTIVES ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,RAPID TRANSIT ,PROPERTY ,IRREVERSIBILITY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,RESOURCES ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,TRANSIT ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,ARABLE LAND ,ACCIDENTS ,CARBON ,ECONOMIC INCENTIVES ,ELECTRICITY GENERATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,RESOURCE USE ,ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ,ECONOMIES ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,TARIFFS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,OIL PRICES ,AIR POLLUTION ,SAFETY ,REVENUE ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,GRANTS ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,CAPITAL GOODS ,OIL SECTOR ,PROFITS ,TRAFFIC ,MARKET DISTORTIONS ,CREDIT ,EXPENDITURES ,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ,SECURITIES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,BUS ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,SUSTAINABLE USE ,WATER PRICING ,LABOR MARKETS ,FORESTRY ,EXPECTATIONS ,WORKING POOR ,ECONOMICS ,ENERGY EFFICIENCY ,AIR QUALITY ,CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,TRANSPORT ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC WORKS ,POLITICAL EFFECTS ,RENEWABLE RESOURCES ,CPI ,FISHERIES - Abstract
Jordan is an upper middle income country which has proven remarkably resilient despite decades of turmoil in its neighborhood. Even with economic stability in the face of massive shocks, the Jordanian government - reflecting the views of the population - has made clear the need for improvement in the current growth trajectory. Public dissatisfaction coalesced around a perception, which the government acknowledges, that previous reform efforts had struggled with implementation, while discretionary decisions and unequal opportunities remain entrenched. In response, the government is moving to the implementation phase of its Jordan 2025 strategic blueprint, a new ten-year strategy formally launched in May 2015. The Bank’s systematic country diagnostic (SCD) is therefore unfolding at a critical inflection point for the government. Given existing reform momentum around the energy sector and investment, the substantive engagement of the Bank Group and other development partners, the SCD will seek added value by providing an integrative and concise perspective on what Jordan can do to better meet the expectations of its citizens. As a multi-sector evidence-based diagnostic, the SCD relies upon consistent and integrated analysis of data from various sources.
- Published
- 2016
47. Uganda Systematic Country Diagnostic : Boosting Inclusive Growth and Accelerating Poverty Reduction
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
PRODUCERS ,TAX RATES ,SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TERMS OF TRADE ,POLICY MAKERS ,LAND USE ,FOOD POLICY RESEARCH ,POPULATION GROWTH ,EMISSIONS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,NATURAL CAPITAL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INPUT PRICES ,IMMUNODEFICIENCY ,VALUES ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,WATER POLLUTION ,CROWDING OUT ,OVERGRAZING ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,OPTIONS ,LAND RECLAMATION ,FOSSIL FUELS ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY CONTEXT ,HEALTH ,GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ,MODELS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,SUBSIDIES ,FISHING ,MARGINAL COSTS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,LAND PRODUCTIVITY ,TAX REVENUE ,FISH ,POLLUTION ,FARMS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,OIL RESERVES ,TIMBER ,PURCHASING POWER ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,NATIONAL INCOME ,DECISION MAKING ,ENVIRONMENT ,PROVEN RESERVES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,MORTALITY ,DRINKING WATER ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEBT ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,COST SAVINGS ,PERVERSE INCENTIVES ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,PROPERTY ,RECLAMATION ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,DIVIDENDS ,RESOURCES ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,DEMAND ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,INPUT USE ,PASTURES ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,CARBON ,AUDITS ,ELECTRICITY GENERATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,COST EFFECTIVENESS ,SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION ,RESOURCE USE ,WETLANDS ,EFFECTIVE USE ,ECONOMIES ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,HEALTH PROBLEMS ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,OIL PRICES ,AIR POLLUTION ,LAND DEGRADATION ,REVENUE ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,ECONOMIC VALUE ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,OIL SECTOR ,PROFITS ,SOCIAL COSTS ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,CREDIT ,FIXED COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,EXPENDITURES ,MORBIDITY ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATES ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,SUSTAINABLE USE ,KNOWLEDGE ,FISCAL POLICIES ,EXPECTATIONS ,ECONOMICS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,REVENUES ,PRESENT VALUE ,DEFORESTATION ,FISHERIES - Abstract
After a destructive civil war and extreme political instability, Uganda began its reconstruction process in 1987. Within the enabling environment of macroeconomic stability, most of the progress on the twin goals was attributable to higher agricultural incomes. Poverty reduction among households primarily engaged in agriculture accounted for 53 percent of the reduction in poverty from 2006 to 2010 and 77 percent of the reduction in poverty from 2010 to 2013. Despite significant progress on the twin goals, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda is high and the sparse social safety nets and limited access to finance have provided little protection. Change in economic and social policies is required to prevent a slowdown in poverty reduction and an increase in vulnerability. In this context, a comprehensive framework based on the three interrelated blocks of growth, inclusion, and sustainability has been used to identify the challenges to and opportunities for ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The first block emphasizes the development of a competitive and resilient private sector to lead the growth process by adequately capitalizing on all the available opportunities. The second block, complementary to the first one, reinforces the need to ensure a fair distribution of the growth dividend across all Ugandans, especially those living in the north and the east, by providing them with access to social and infrastructure services so that they can increase their productive capacity and income generating opportunities. The third block emphasizes the need to undertake the inclusive growth process in a fiscally, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner.
- Published
- 2015
48. Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Indonesia for the Period FY16 - FY20
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
PRODUCERS ,MARKET POWER ,SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT ,COMPLEX TASK ,CHILDREN ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ECONOMIC POLICY REFORM ,FAMILIES ,TERMS OF TRADE ,IMPLEMENTATION ,POLICY MAKERS ,LAND USE ,EMISSIONS ,NATURAL CAPITAL ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,VALUES ,FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,WATER POLLUTION ,HOLISTIC APPROACH ,WORKERS ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,OPTIONS ,MARKET INSTRUMENTS ,HEALTH ,LABOR COSTS ,INTERVENTION ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,MODELS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,SUBSIDIES ,FISHING ,FOREST MANAGEMENT ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,TAX REVENUE ,FISH ,POLLUTION ,PRICES ,WAGES ,TIMBER ,EXPLOITATION ,PURCHASING POWER ,SUSTAINABLE WATER ,ENVIRONMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,MORTALITY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEBT ,RISKS ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,FOOD POLICIES ,TRADE ,DEMOGRAPHICS ,PERVERSE INCENTIVES ,ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,PROPERTY ,SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ,STRESS ,RESOURCES ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,DEMAND ,PRIVATE CONSUMPTION ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,POLICY ENVIRONMENT ,CARBON ,COAL ,ECONOMIC INCENTIVES ,GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ,FARM SYSTEMS ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ENERGY CONSUMPTION ,ECONOMIES ,TARIFFS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,ECONOMIC IMPACT ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,OIL PRICES ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT ,HEALTH CARE ,LAND DEGRADATION ,EMISSION REDUCTION ,REVENUE ,NUTRITION ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,GREENHOUSE GASES ,LAND ,EFFICIENCY ,OIL SECTOR ,NATURAL RESOURCE BASE ,SOCIAL COSTS ,CREDIT ,EXPENDITURES ,FISHERS ,ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS ,SECURITIES ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,KNOWLEDGE ,STRATEGY ,INTERNET ,LABOR MARKETS ,FORESTRY ,EXPECTATIONS ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMICS ,ENERGY EFFICIENCY ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,LABOR FORCE ,REVENUES ,HEALTH SERVICES ,CPI ,DEFORESTATION ,FISHERIES ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY - Abstract
Seventy years after independence and more than a decade of political and institutional reforms, Indonesia has emerged as a stable democracy. Indonesia’s achievements are now under stress, with a slowdown in its commodity driven economy, stagnant rates of poverty reduction, and rapidly rising inequality. The development policy review, completed in 2014, and the systematic country diagnostic (SCD), completed in 2015, explain the limited window of opportunity for Indonesia to reach high per capita income levels. This country partnership framework (CPF), covering the period FY2016-20, builds on the previous country partnership strategy (CPS) FY2013-15 and the long-term operational and policy-based support that has been a hallmark of World Bank Group’s (WBG’s) engagement with the Government of India (GoI) for the past decade. The CPF concentrates on areas of infrastructure necessary to better connect the economy, provide sustainable energy, help the country reap benefits from the rapid pace of urbanization, and improve equality of opportunity through better access of the poor and vulnerable to essential water and sanitation services. The CPF will seek to maximize synergies across the WBG and take advantage of all instruments in support of the CPF goals. The CPF will require a larger financing package than the previous CPS, although WBG’s total contribution will still be a very small percentage of overall borrowing needs.
- Published
- 2015
49. Tajikistan Economic Update, Fall 2015 : A Moderate Slowdown in Economic Growth Coupled with a Sharp Decline in Household Purchasing Power
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
RESERVE REQUIREMENTS ,INVESTMENT ,TAX ,BANKING SYSTEM ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BUDGET ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,EXCHANGE RATES ,DEPOSIT ,INFLATION ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,CREDITOR ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,BROAD MONEY ,POPULATION GROWTH ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,LENDING ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUES ,ASSET QUALITY ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,STOCK ,INFLATION RATE ,OIL ,INCENTIVES ,POVERTY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,PENSION ,INVESTORS ,PRINCIPAL REPAYMENTS ,CREDIT GROWTH ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,RESERVES ,GOODS ,LOANS ,METALS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,CREDIT INSTITUTIONS ,NPL ,PENSIONS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEBT LEVELS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,CREDIT RISKS ,DEPOSITS ,REMITTANCE ,MARKETS ,CREDITORS ,REAL WAGES ,FINANCE ,PRICES ,WAGES ,PURCHASING POWER ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,NATIONAL INCOME ,LOAN RATE ,LIABILITIES ,LABOR MARKET ,ENVIRONMENT ,BASIS POINTS ,POST-CRISIS PERIOD ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,SWAP ,MONETARY POLICY ,BUDGET SURPLUS ,CONSUMPTION ,LIQUIDITY ,INTEREST RATES ,DEBT SOURCE ,PUBLIC DEBT ,DEBT ,ARREARS ,CONTINGENT LIABILITIES ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,TRADE ,BANKING SECTOR ,MARKET ,PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS ,PERVERSE INCENTIVES ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,CAPITAL ADEQUACY ,COMMODITY PRICE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,DEBT- SERVICE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,RETURN ,NONPERFORMING LOAN ,NATIONAL BANK ,RESOURCES ,DEMAND ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,CURRENCIES ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,LENDERS ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,RETURN ON ASSETS ,SECURITY ,FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENTS ,REMITTANCES ,TARIFFS ,REPAYMENTS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,RESERVE ,OIL PRICES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,EQUIPMENT ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,TURNOVER ,MATURITY MISMATCHES ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,CREDIT ACCESS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,PRIVATE CREDIT ,INFLATION RATES ,LAND ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,LOAN ,CREDIT ,EXPENDITURES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,MATURITY ,NONPERFORMING LOANS ,INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES ,CREDIT CULTURE ,FARMING HOUSEHOLDS ,CONTRACT ,ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS ,LABOR MARKETS ,FORESTRY ,EXPECTATIONS ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ,INTEREST ,TRADING ,ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ,INCOME GROWTH ,FIXED INVESTMENT ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,LABOR FORCE ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,DEFICIT ,CONSUMER GOODS ,CPI ,SHARE ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,INTEREST RATE ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,CONVERSIONS ,EXPENDITURE ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
Tajikistan’s economy exceeded expectations during the first six months of 2015 despite a challenging external environment. According to official data, GDP growth slowed only moderately from 6.7 percent in the first half of 2014 to 6.4 percent year on year (y/y) in the first half of 2015, even as remittances from Russia fell, global demand weakened, and prices for the country’s key export commodities such as aluminum and cotton dropped significantly. Domestic factors continued to drive growth, and both the construction and industrial sectors expanded as the economy’s focus shifted from consumption to investment. The state budget surplus reached 1 percent of GDP, and the external public debt to GDP ratio dropped to below 20 percent. The sharp decline in remittances is limiting the growth of household consumption and could threaten the sustainability of recent gains in poverty reduction and shared prosperity. According to the National Bank of Tajikistan (NBT), remittances dropped by 32 percent (y/y), in US dollar terms during the first six months of 2015. Although the decline was less dramatic (about 18 percent) in Tajikistan somoni (TJS) terms, income losses were much larger than implied by GDP statistics. Falling remittances, limited employment creation outside the public sector, and rising prices are slowing the rate of poverty reduction. Moreover, the lack of well-targeted social programs leaves households vulnerable to economic shocks.
- Published
- 2015
50. Was ich immer schon sagen wollte: Kontraktraum, Dissonanzinformationen und Serendipity
- Author
-
Siegert, Theo
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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