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Pertusaria inopinata Erichsen (= Lepra excludens (Nyl.) Hafellner), P. jurana Erichsen (= Lepra albescens (Huds.) Hafellner) and P. jurana var. confluens Erichsen (= Ochrolechia turneri (Sm.) Hasselrot) are synonymized based on results from comparison of morphology and secondary compound chemistry of type material. Lectotypes are selected for Pertusaria inopinata and P. jurana.

—Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned as one of the most biologically diverse tracts of land in North America and is the most visited national park in the United States. The park comprises ∼830 square miles, epitomizes eastern temperate hardwood forests of North America, and serves as a refuge for nearly 20,000 documented species from microbes to plants and mammals. Lichens comprise one particularly diverse group of organisms in the park. In this study, we review data from our 11 years of lichenological research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Based on approximately 6,000 new field collections generated, the park checklist now includes 920 species, a 129% increase over estimates made two decades ago. Nearly a quarter of the lichens reported in the park are known from only a single occurence whereas only 7% of the lichens are known from 20 or more occurences. An assessment of commonness/rarity for all 920 species indicates that nearly half of the park's lichens should be considered to be infrequent, rare, or exceptionally rare. We assessed the distributions of all 920 species and found that 54 are endemic to the southeastern United States, 30 are endemic to the southern Appalachians, and eight occur nowhere else than within the confines of the national park. We discuss biogeographical affinities of the park's lichen biota as a whole, delimiting six regional “floristic” connections. Our 11 years of research have resulted in the discovery of several species presumed to be extinct or near-extinct. We make one new combination (Fuscopannaria frullaniae) and describe five species as new to science, each commemorating National Park Service staff instrumental to the completion of the study: Heterodermia langdoniana, Lecanora darlingiae, Lecanora sachsiana, Leprocaulon nicholsiae, and Pertusaria superiana.

Two new phenolic compounds, methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-(2-oxopentyl)-benzoate (1) and 4-methoxy-6-pentyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene (2), together with two known phenolic derivatives, were isolated from the Antarctic lichen Pertusaria dactylina (Pertusariaceae). The structures of the new compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS experiments, as well as by comparison of their data with the published values.

Endolichenic fungi, nonobligate microfungi that live in lichen, are promising as new bioresources of pharmacological compounds. We found that norlichexanthone isolated from the endolichenic fungus in Pertusaria laeviganda exhibited high antioxidant activity. Norlichexanthone produced by endolichenic fungus had the antioxidant activity with same level of ascorbic acid. This is the first report of high antioxidant activity of norlichexanthone. Abbreviations: AAPH: 2,2ʹ-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FL: fluorescein sodium salt; HPLC-PDA: high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array; LC-ESI-MS: liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; PB: phosphate buffer; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TLC: thin-layer chromatography

Eleven new species of crustose, lichenized fungi are described from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Nine species are saxicolous, whereasLecania vermisporaoccurs on the stems ofHebe ellipticaandTephromela lignicolais lignicolous on fence posts. The new species are:Bacidia marina, with a sordid blue-green K−, N+ violet epihymenium and acicular, multiseptate ascospores;B. pruinata, with pruinose apothecia and multiseptate ascospores;Buellia gypsyensis, with a thallus containing 5-O-methylhiascic acid and withAmandinea-type conidia;Cliostomum albidum, with pruinose apothecia lacking pigments;C. longisporum, with long narrow ascospores (c.20 × 3 µm);Coccotrema rubromarginatum, with a placodioid thallus having a red-brown margin and lower surface;Hymenelia microcarpa, with minute, immersed apothecia (Lecania vermispora, with vermiform, 3–6 septate ascospores;Lepra argentea, with papillate isidia with dark caps;Rhizocarpon malvinae, which is similar toR. reductumbut with a grey thallus, generally sessile apothecia with a thick raised margin and often with the Cinereorufa-green pigment in the epithecium and upper exciple; andTephromela lignicola,a sterile, sorediate species on fence posts. Most of these species are reported only from the Falkland Islands althoughCoccotrema rubromarginatumis also reported from Isla de los Estados and Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Ascoconidia are reported fromLepra argenteaand cephalodia fromPertusaria pachythallina.Keys to the species reported from the Falkland Islands in the genera of the newly described species are also provided.

Lichen is a symbiotic organism consisting of a photobiont (green algae or cyanobacterium) and a mycobiont (fungal). A taxonomic study of the crustose lichens in the forest of TAHURA R. Soeryohad been conducted based on morphological, anatomical, and chemical characters. In this research, we used the method of descriptive exploration to identify the crustose lichens and to study the distribution of the species in the forest of TAHURA R. Soeryo. Twenty species of crustose lichens with one unidentified species and one specimen identified to the group of family are reported. They are Graphina, Graphis, Phaeographis, Pertusaria, Pachyphiale, Phlyctis, Lepraria, Lecanora, Lecania, Cyphellium, and Megalospora. This research also found the new record species of Megalospora kalbii in Java. Crustose lichens are found in the areas with high light intensity of ≥ 1000 lux, average humidity of ≤ 90%, average temperature of18-190C, and at altitudes of ±1640 dpl. Graphina ruiziana could only be found at the altitude of ± 1780 dpl. The identification key to its species and distributions of other species are presented also in the article.

Pertusaria jurana var. confluens Erichsen (1935 [1936]: 678) Type:���[Switzerland] SCHWEIZ, Jura, Neuenburg, an Wegulmen bei Buttes, 800 m., 03.10.1928, leg. E. Frey (367) (holotype HBG!). Figure 3. The thallus of the type specimen of Pertusaria jurana var. confluens in HBG is quite thick, whitish-grey and sorediate, with a whitish to brownish prothallus. Soralia are grey-whitish, abundant, orbicular to irregular, discrete, and separated from each other (see Sipman 2006) (Figure 3). The presence of variolaric acid has been detected by TLC. The type specimen Pertusaria jurana var. confluens is morphologically and chemically concordant with Ochrolechia turneri (Smith 1801: 857) Hasselrot (1945: 130) (Kukwa 2011). Therefore it should be treated as a synonym of the latter name (Turland et al. 2018). According to Kukwa (2011) there are two other corticolous and sorediate Ochrolechia species with variolaric acid, O. alboflavescens (Wulfen, in Jacquin 1791 [1789]: 111) Zahlbruckner (1927 [1926]: 94) and O. microstictoides R��s��nen (1936: 226), which resemble O. turneri. Ochrolechia albofavescens has often well-separated soralia, like O. turneri, but it contains in addition to variolaric acid also fatty acids, lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids. Ochrolechia microstictoides is very variable in thallus morphology, but in general its soralia are irregular and often confluent, but can be distinguished by the presence of lichesterinic acid, which is produced in addition to variolaric acid (Kukwa 2011). Another species which may produce variolaric acid is Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Fl��rke 1815: 6) I. Schmitt & Lumbsch in Schmitt et al. (2012: 29). The species is characterized by the pale bluish-grey tinged thallus with an often broad white margin and conspicuous, paler or concolorous, convex soralia. It can be, however, easily differentiated by the presence of lecanoric acid giving C+ carmine red reaction of soralia (T��nsberg 1992; Chambers et al. 2009; Schmitt et al. 2012)., Published as part of Oset, Magdalena, 2021, On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C. F. E. Erichsen, pp. 165-171 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5423923, {"references":["Erichsen, C. F. E. (1935 [1936]) Pertusariacae. In: Zahlbruckner, A. (ed.) Dr. L. Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutchland, Osterreich und der Schweiz. Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 9 (5) [1]: 321 - 701.","Erichsen, C. F. E. (1936) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Pertusaria. Feddes Repertorium 41: 77 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19360410105","Sipman, H. J. M. (2006) Compiled identification key to the genus Pertusaria and some confusable taxa in Europe and the Mediterranean. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universitat Berlin.","Smith, J. E. (1801) English Botany, or Coloured Figures of British Plants with their Essential Characters, Synonymes and Places of Growth; to which will be added occasional remarks by James Edward Smith. The figures by James Sowerby. Vol. 12. London, Taylor & Co, pp. 793 - 864.","Hasselrot, T. E. (1945) Fynd av sallsynta eller forbisedda lavar i Vastergotland. Svensk Botanisk Tidskriften 39: 125 - 136.","Kukwa, M. (2011) The lichen genus Ochrolechia in Europe. Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdaniskiego, Gdansk, 309 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Jacquin, N. J. (1791 [1789]) Collectanea ad Botanicam, Chemiam et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum tab. aen. Vol. III. Vienna.","Zahlbruckner, A. (1927 [1926]) Beitrage zur Flechtenflora Niederosterreichs. VIII. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in O ¨ sterreich 76: 76 - 101.","Rasanen, V. (1936) Lichenes Fenniae Exsiccati a Museo Botanico Universitati Helsingiensis editi. Schedae ad fasciculos IV - VII (nr. 151 - 350). Helsinki, Botanical Museum of University of Helsinki.","Florke, H. G. (1815) Deutsche Lichenen 2: 6 (no. 29). Berlin.","Schmitt, I., Otte, J., Parnmen, S., Lucking, R., Lumbsch, H. T. (2012) A new circumscription of the genus Varicellaria (Pertusariales, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 4: 23 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 4.3545","Tonsberg, T. (1992) The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1 - 331.","Chambers, S. P., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W., Aptroot, A. & Purvis, O. W. (2009) Pertusaria DC. (1805). In: Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W. & Wolseley, P. A. (Eds.) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 673 - 687."]}

Pertusaria inopinata Erichsen (1936: 99) Type:���[GERMANY, Schleswig-Holstein] Bramsted, erratische Bl��cke bei Bim��hlen, auf einer Weide, 27.05.1915, leg. Erichsen (lectotype HBG ���designated here, Mycobank MB 10000452). Figure 1. The type specimen of Pertusaria inopinata is characterized by a hardly rimose, dark grey to olive-greenish, not areolated thallus, with numerous irregular, rounded, 0.2���0.3 mm wide, grey-whitish to olive-greenish soralia (Figure 1). According to Erichsen (1936) the thallus reacts P+ yellow, K+ yellow, C���and I���. Norstictic acid and traces of lecanoric and gyrophoric acids were detected by own chemical analyses. This name was reported from Denmark (S��chting & Alstrup 2002), Germany (Erichsen 1936) and Poland (Alstrup & Olech 1992). The type of Pertusaria inopinata is morphologically and chemically concordant with Lepra excludens (Nylander 1885: 296) Hafellner, in Hafellner & T��rk (2016: 172) (syn. Pertusaria excludens Nyl.). Therefore P. inopinata should be considered as a synonym of L. excludens. During herbarium studies three original specimen of P. inopinata were found in HBG, one collected by Erichsen and annotated as ���Typus��� consists of two pieces of stone with the same thallus (Figure 1). The other two were cited in the protologue, but collected by Lettau and Schade. All samples studied correspond in morphological and anatomical characters with the description provided by Erichsen (1936). The chemistry of the type specimen annotated as ���typus��� and other samples were checked by P. James and norstictic acid and traces of lecanoric and gyrophoric acid were detected (Hanko 1983). The presence of these secondary metabolites is confirmed by own research. Hanko (1983) cited as a ���typus��� the specimen collected by Schade (��� DDR. Sachsen: Leusitzer Niederung 7.1936, Schade, HBG-1213���), but the data presented by Hanko (1983: 201) do not match those given in the protologue by Erichsen (1936: 99), therefore, his typification cannot be considered effective, and consequently, a new lectotype of P. inopinata is designated (Turland et al. 2018). Syntypes of P.inopinata examined. [Germany] Th��ringen: Manebach im Th��ringer Wald, auf Porphyrsteinchen eines begrasten Waldweges, 750 m, leg. G. Lettau (HBG). [Sachsen] Krs. Bischofswerder, Oberputzkau, 325 m, 29.12.1936, leg. G. Schade (HBG)., Published as part of Oset, Magdalena, 2021, On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C. F. E. Erichsen, pp. 165-171 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on pages 166-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5423923, {"references":["Erichsen, C. F. E. (1936) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Pertusaria. Feddes Repertorium 41: 77 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19360410105","Sochting, U. & Alstrup, V. (2002) Danish lichen checklist. Ver. 2. Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.","Alstrup, V. & Olech, M. (1992) Checklist of the lichens of the Tatra National Park, Poland. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, Prace botaniczne 24: 185 - 206.","Nylander, W. (1885) Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XLIV. Flora 68 (15): 295 - 301.","Hafellner, J. & Turk, R. (2016) Die lichenisierten Pilze Osterreichs-eine neue Checkliste der bisher nachgewiesenen Taxa mit Angaben zur Verbreitung und Substratokologie. Stapfia 104 (1): 1 - 216.","Hanko, B. (1983) Die Chemotypen der Flechtengattung Pertusaria in Europa. Bibliotheca Lichenologic 19: 1 - 297.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

The study of biodiversity of lichens in Hokkaido, Japan, revealed seven species of genus Pertusaria s. l., sixof which are new to the island or whole Japan. The full list of species of Pertusaria s. str. and Lepra known from Hokkaidocomprises 18 species.

Turkonalassus mavi M. Nabozhenko & B. Keskin, sp. n. and Odocnemis rufocruralis M. Nabozhenko & B. Keskin, sp. n., two distinctive darkling beetle species of the tribe Helopini, are described from the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey, based on both their external morphology and genital structures. Turkonalassus mavi sp. n. differs from all congeners by the bluish dorsal surface of the body, the pronotum widest before middle, and wide merged baculi of the median lobe of the aedeagus. Odocnemis rufocruralis sp. n. belongs to the praelonga species-group. Odocnemis rufocruralis sp. n. is similar to O. torosica Nabozhenko & Keskin, 2016, O. terminassianae (Nabozhenko, 2011) and O. kakunini Nabozhenko & Keskin, 2016 but differs from all three taxa by the reddish-brown body with red legs, male apical maxillary palpomere wider than in female, elevate and narrowly separate male protrochanters, and the structure of the very long and narrow apical piece of the aedeagus. New data on distribution, bionomics, and trophic relations of several species of Helopini from Turkey are given. Host lichens are determined for nine species. The majority of studied adult beetles feed on lichens from the families Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae. Some examined taxa feed on Cladoniaceae. Feeding on crustose lichens is registered for the first time for Coleoptera, specifically Odocnemis rufocruralis sp. n. was observed to feed on Pertusaria sp. (on Prunus) in Mardin Province., Russian Foundation for Basic Research; RPF [19-54-25001]; TUBITAK 1001 Project [119Z102]; basic research project of Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of the Daghestan Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences [AAAA-A17-117081640018-5], The study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and RPF (project No. 19-54-25001) and TUBITAK 1001 Project No 119Z102, and partly by the basic research project of Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of the Daghestan Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, registration number AAAA-A17-117081640018-5. Authors thank Dr Wolfgang Schawaller (SMNS) for loan material, Konstantinos Ntatsopoulos and Loudmila Jelinscaia Lagou (University of Cyprus) for information about habitats and host lichens of Catomus hesperides in Cyprus. We also thank two reviewers, Marcin Jan Kamiski (Purdue University, West Lafaette, USA and Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland) and Harold Labrique (Musee des Confluences, Lyon, France) for valuable comments and corrections.

Malicek, J., Palice, Z., Acton, A., Berger, F., Bouda, F., Sanderson, N. & Vondrak, J. 2018. Uholka primeval forest in the Ukrainian Carpathians — a keynote area for diversity of forest lichens in Europe. — Herzogia 31: 140–171.One of the largest European primeval forests, Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh in the Ukrainian Carpathians, has received increased attention in recent years. In spring 2015 we explored the lichen biota in the southern part of the reserve. Species richness of epiphytic and epixylic lichens presented in this paper far exceeds all numbers achieved in other Central European old-growth forests. In total, 370 lichenized and lichen-allied fungi and 30 lichenicolous fungi were recorded. We focused on forest lichens on organic substrata, inorganic substrata were largely ignored. Species composition in the Uholka forest includes many rare taxa and typical old-growth forest species: e.g. Cetrelia spp., Gyalecta spp., Leptogium saturninum, Lobaria pulmonaria, Ricasolia amplissima, Sclerophora farinacea, S. pallida, Thelopsis flaveola and T. rubella. Opegrapha fumosa, Pyrenula chlorospila and P. dermatodes represent oceanic species that are very rare outside western Europe. Biatora longispora, Calicium montanum, Menegazzia subsimilis, Micarea perparvula, Ochrolechia trochophora, Pyxine sorediata, Ramonia luteola and Thelotrema suecicum are examples of phytogeographically remarkable or generally very rare lichens. Thirty lichenized and ten lichenicolous fungi are new to Ukraine, including Biatora bacidioides and Pertusaria macounii not previously reported from Europe.

Kirschbaum, U. & Sipman, H. J. M. 2018. Lichen records from Northern Cyprus. – Herzogia 31: 245–251.Eighty-two taxa of lichenized fungi (lichenes) are reported from Northern Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus), mostly from the Besparmak Mountains. Of these, thirty-four taxa are new for the northern part of the island, and 14 are new for the whole island. The large number of widespread species among the new records suggests that many more widespread species may show up. An unusual substrate, calcareous rock, is reported for Buellia tesserata, Rhizocarpon macrosporum and Xanthoparmelia attica. Pertusaria rhodiensis was found for the first time outside the Aegean Sea region.

Nine species of lichens from Bahia are described as new: Arthonia saxistellata, Cladonia inflata, Cladonia lichexanthonica, Cladonia minisaxicola, Coniocarpon piccolioides, Pertusaria lichexanthofarinosa, Pertusaria lichexanthoimmersa, Pertusaria lichexanthoverrucosa and Physcia sorediiconvexa. Many of the new species contain lichexanthone in the cortex and the substance is reported for the first time from Cladonia.

The crustose lichen genus Pertusaria comprises over ca. 800 species worldwide. In total, 20 Pertusaria species were localized to the Mt. Sorak and Jeju-do in Korea. To date, information regarding the distribution of Pertusaria species in the South Korean peninsula is scarce. In this study, we collected Pertusaria species across South Korea and identified them based on morphological, chemical, and molecular characteristics. Of the 387 samples collected, we identified 24 taxa and 1 variety, of which 17 were previously recorded, and 6 taxa were newly found in South Korea (P. leioplaca, P. leucosora var. violascens, P. texana, P. thiospoda, P. thwaitesii, and P. xanthodes), 2 known species were transferred to Varicellaria (Varicellaria lactea and V. velata), one species was transferred to Variolaria as a new record (Variolaria multipunctoides) and one was a new species (P. jogyeensis J. S. Park & J.-S. Hur, sp. nov.). Characteristics of the newly discovered species, P. jogyeensis, are as follows: smooth to bumpy thallus, scattered to crowded poriform apothecia, blackish ostioles, definitely sunken, thin yellowish green rims around ostioles, 8-spored ascus, and the presence of perlatolic acid and thiophaninic acid (chlorinated xanthone). Phylogenetic studies on P. jogyeensis based on the mitochondrial small subunit sequence revealed proximity to P. flavicans and P. texana, and supported its classification as a new species within the genus Pertusaria. Additionally, we describe the chemical composition and morphology of all listed species in detail and provide an artificial key for identification.

Seven new species, Pertusaria albula, P. dharugensis, P. ochrodigitula, P. pinnaculata, P. placocarpa, P. puttyensis and P. scabrida from New South Wales are reported as new to science.