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The Response Bias Scale (RBS) was developed to predict non-credible cognitive presentations among disability claimants without head injury. Developers used empirical keying, which is independent of apparent content, to select items from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) item pool that distinguished between individuals passing or failing performance validity tests (PVTs). No study has examined which of these items would have psychometric value when used in clinical neuropsychological evaluations. This study reexamined items comprising RBS with reference to manifest item content, internal consistency, PVTs, and a symptom validity test (SVT) in a sample of 173 predominately White male veterans (MAGE = 50.70, MEDU = 13.73) in a VA outpatient neuropsychology clinic. Participants completed the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), PVTs, and an SVT. The 28-item RBS appears to contain three types of items: those that manifestly address cognitive functioning, those that are supported but do not appear to address cognitive functioning, and nine items that were unrelated to cognition and not statistically supported. The 19 empirically supported items, or RBS-19, predicted PVT and SVT failures marginally better than the RBS. Both the RBS and RBS-19 had stronger relationships with SVTs relative to PVTs. Although the removal of the nine problematic items improved the diagnostic accuracy of the scale, it still did not reach the level that is generally considered to be clinically optimal. The RBS-19 offers a measure with improved internal consistency and predictive validity compared to the RBS and warrants additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes’ perfectionism is influenced by personality, which in turn leads to differences in athletic performance. This study investigates the intricate relationship between perfectionism and the Big Five personality traits, particularly within the context of athletes. We apply fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to survey data to identify which personality combinations lead to perfectionism. The study sample selected through purposive sampling from various sports disciplines within Macao and Anhui Province. Personality traits and perfectionism levels were assessed using the Simplified Chinese Big Five Personality Questionnaire (CBF-PI) and the Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Questionnaire (CFMPS). Results indicate that neuroticism and conscientiousness are crucial in predicting perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings, respectively. Three personality configurations leading to perfectionistic concerns were identified, with high neuroticism, high conscientiousness, low extraversion, and low openness being core conditions. Four configurations leading to perfectionistic strivings were identified, with low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, high agreeableness, and either high extraversion or high openness as core conditions. The study reveals the complex interactions between personality traits and challenges the variable-centered research approach. The results underscore the importance of understanding the multidimensionality and complexity of perfectionism in athletes and offer directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although only a few patients with severe mental disorders (SMD) can commit violent behaviour in the community, violent behaviour aggravates the stigma towards patients with SMD. Understanding the subtypes of violent behaviour may be beneficial for preventing violent behaviour among patients with SMD, but it has rarely been studied. Methods: This longitudinal study investigated 1914 patients with SMD in the community at baseline, and the follow-up period ranged from February 2021 to August 2021. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version-11, the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale, the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire and the MacArthur Community Violence Instrument were used at baseline. The Modified Overt Aggression Scale was used to assess the occurrence of violent behaviour (outcome) during the follow-up period. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Latent class analysis was used to characterise the subtypes of patients with SMD who engaged in violent behaviour at follow-up. Results: We found that 7.2% of patients with SMD presented violent behaviour within six months in the community. Younger age (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96-1.00, p = 0.016) and no economic source (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.10–2.33, p = 0.014) were risk factors for violent behaviour. Patients with SMD who engaged in violent behaviour could be classified into three subtypes: one class characterised by a history of violence and impulsivity, another class characterised by high levels of aggression and motor impulsivity, and the last class characterised by median cognitive impulsivity. Conclusions: Socio-demographic factors were risk factors for violent behaviour among patients with SMD, which could eliminate the discrimination toward this group. Impulsivity played a vital role in identifying the three subtypes of patients with SMD who engaged in violent behaviour. These findings may be helpful for the development of a personalised violence risk management plan for patients with SMD who commit violent behaviour in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent studies showed an association between personality traits and individual patterns of visual behaviour in laboratory and other settings. The current study extends previous research by measuring multiple personality traits in natural settings; and by comparing accuracy of prediction of multiple machine learning algorithms. Methods: Adolescent participants (N = 35) completed personality questionnaires (Big Five Inventory and Short Dark Triad Questionnaire) and visited an interactive museum while their eye movements were recorded with head-mounted eye tracking. To predict personality traits the eye-movement data was analysed using eight machine-learning methods: Random Forest, Adaboost, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, k Nearest Neighbours, Decision Tree and a three-layer Perceptron. Results and discussion: Extracted eye movement features introduced to machine learning algorithms predicted personality traits with above 33% chance accuracy (34%–48%). This result is comparable to previous ecologically valid studies, but lower than in laboratory-based research. Better prediction was achieved for Machiavellianism and Extraversion compared to other traits (10 and 9 predictions above the chance level by different algorithms from different parts of the recording). Conscientiousness, Narcissism and Psychopathy were not reliably predicted from eye movements. These differences in predictability across traits might be explained by differential activation of different traits in different situations, such as new vs. familiar, exciting vs. boring, and complex vs. simple settings. In turn, different machine learning approaches seem to be better at capturing specific gaze patterns (e.g. saccades), associated with specific traits evoked by the situation. Further research is needed to gain better insights into trait-situation-algorithm interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of embodied cognition suggest that a shared environment and ongoing sensorimotor interaction are central for interpersonal learning and engagement. To investigate the embodied, distributed and hence dynamically unfolding nature of social cognitive capacities, we present a novel laboratory-based coordination task: the BallGame. Our paradigm requires continuous sensing and acting between two players who jointly steer a virtual ball around obstacles towards as many targets as possible. By analysing highly resolved measures of movement coordination and gaming behaviour, game-concurrent experience ratings, semi-structured interviews, and personality questionnaires, we reveal contributions from different levels of observation on social experience. In particular, successful coordination (number of targets collected) and intermittent periods of high versus low movement coordination (variability of relation) emerged as prominent predictors of social experience. Importantly, having the same (but incomplete) view on the game environment strengthened interpersonal coordination, whereas complementary views enhanced engagement and tended to generate more complex interactive behaviour. Overall, we find evidence for a critical balance between similarity and synchrony on the one hand, and variability and difference on the other, for successful engagement in social interactions. Finally, following participant reports, we highlight how interpersonal experience emerges from specific histories of coordination that are closely related to the interaction context in both space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although impaired auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) has consistently been found in individuals with schizophrenia, there are few and inconsistent reports on nonclinical individuals with schizotypy. To date, no studies have thoroughly assessed MMN with different degrees of deviant oddballs in nonclinical schizotypal samples. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of duration MMN (dMMN) amplitudes under two deviant duration conditions (large and small) in nonclinical participants with high schizotypal traits. Methods: An extreme-group design was utilized, in which 63 participants from the schizotypy and control groups were selected from a pool of 1519 young adults using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). MMN was measured using passive duration oddball paradigms. Basic demographic information and musical backgrounds were assessed and matched, while depression and anxiety were evaluated and controlled for. The repeated measures analysis of covariance was utilized to evaluate differences in dMMN between groups. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Partial correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between dMMN amplitudes and SPQ scores. Results: The amplitudes of dMMN at Cz were significantly increased under the large deviance condition in nonclinical schizotypal individuals (F = 4.36, p = .04). Large-deviance dMMN amplitudes at Fz were positively correlated with mild cognitive-perceptual symptoms in the control group (rp = .42, p = .03). However, as schizophrenia-like symptoms worsened and approached the clinical threshold for schizophrenia, small-deviance dMMN amplitudes at Cz showed negative associations with the cognitive-perceptual factor in the schizotypy group (rp = -.40, p = .04). Conclusion: These results suggest the importance of considering the degree of deviation in duration when implementing the auditory oddball paradigm among nonclinical participants with schizotypal traits. In addition, our findings reveal a potential non-linear relationship between bottom-up auditory processing and the positive dimension of the schizophrenia spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neutering is one of the most common procedures for dogs worldwide. While motivations for neutering vary, this procedure is often chosen with the hope of addressing undesirable behaviours in male dogs. In our study, 230 mixed-breed dogs (115 neutered and 115 intact) were examined. The dogs were categorised as "small", "medium", "large", and "giant". An online questionnaire was used, which asked about certain behavioural characteristics on the one hand and personality on the other. The results showed that neutered dogs appeared more stressed and aggressive than intact dogs. In addition, neutered small, medium, and large dogs were more stressed than giant dogs. Neutered dogs were also less social, trainable, emotionally calm and extroverted than intact dogs. This all suggests that neutering should be questioned and decided on an individual basis, as hormonal changes can have a considerable influence on dog behaviour. This study investigates the behavioural differences between neutered and intact dogs. A total of 230 questionnaires of neutered (n = 115) and intact (n = 115) mixed-breed male dogs were collected. Small, medium, large, and giant dogs were analysed to investigate a possible influence of body size. The results showed neuters were significantly more stressed than intacts (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.001). In terms of stress by influences (such as separation anxiety and anxiety at car rides), neutered small, medium, and large dogs were more stressed than giant dogs (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.05). Neuters were also found to be more aggressive in general (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) and more aggressive on the walk (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.02). In addition, personality questionnaires revealed significant differences in all characteristics. Neuters were less emotionally calm (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.03), less trainable and less sociable (each multiple ordinal regression, p < 0.001). They also scored lower on extraversion (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.04). These findings highlight the importance of further research into the behavioural effects of neutering dogs, as well as the need for evidence-based guidelines for neutering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Age-based stereotype threat (ABST), the concern of being judged according to a negative age stereotype may lead to underperformance in the stereotype domain. The present study aims to replicate the negative effect of ABST on episodic memory. Importantly, we further examine openness to experience as a potential buffer of the ABST effect as well as the role that different memory strategies may play in episodic memory performance. Method: Seventy-five older adults were randomly assigned to the ABST condition or the control condition before taking a word-stem cued recall memory task. They learned word-lists with either a repetition strategy, low resource demanding but less efficient, or a mental imagery strategy, high resource demanding but more efficient. Openness was measured with the Big-5 personality questionnaire. Results: ABST reduced memory performance and disrupted more the recall of words learned with the imagery strategy. The results also showed that openness predicted recall performance associated with the imagery strategy only in the threatened group. Conclusion: These results indicated that a high level in openness may disrupt the negative effect of ABST by improving the capacity of threatened people to execute efficient, resource demanding memory strategies. This finding supports the idea that contextual factors as well as individual characteristics such as personality, need to be considered when assessing episodic memory in aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text introduces a special issue of the Journal of Intelligence titled "Personality and Individual Differences." It discusses the historical separation of intelligence and personality research and highlights the limited attention given to the intersection of these two fields in major intelligence journals. The special issue includes research from various countries, covering topics such as figurative language comprehension, cognitive enhancement, personality traits, critical thinking, media multitasking, and the relationship between personality traits and cognitive abilities. The articles aim to contribute to the understanding of the interplay between cognitive and non-cognitive individual differences and stimulate further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

The front facia gives the car vivid features; accordingly, and an appropriate product personalisation degree (PD) can improve product branding, related to the appearance design, while avoiding excessive design features. This study investigates the effects of the car front facia PD on user perceptions and proposes design guidelines for vehicle designers and manufacturers. An open-ended experiment was conducted with 30 participants using 60 car fronts to study user emotions and preferences related to product personality based on questionnaire and physiological electrical signal evaluation results. The features were extracted using the chaos theory and cvxEDA algorithm. The obtained results indicate that the PD was consistent with user emotions. Furthermore, when the consistency between PD and user emotions is high, a significant variation in user preferences can be observed. Therefore, when designing high-PD products, the sub-item product personalisation degree (sub-item PD) should be carefully managed, considering the overall logic and coherence. Highlights Product personalisation degree is positively correlated with the subjective and objective emotions of users. The impact of product personalisation degree on user preferences and subjective emotions is not always the same, particularly pleasure and arousal. When product personalisation degree is highly correlated with the subjective and objective emotions of users, the user preferences are highly differentiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizotypal personality comprises traits such as odd beliefs, perceptual abnormalities, and social difficulties; these traits are distributed throughout the general population. While not meeting the clinical threshold for schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder, schizotypal personality traits still provide insights for understanding early clinical risk factors. Ketogenic diet reportedly reduces psychotic symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, we investigated whether ketogenic diet is associated with lower schizotypal traits in the general population. Participants following a ketogenic or other diet were recruited using opportunity sampling. Individuals completed a survey investigating general demographic, socioeconomic, health, diet and lifestyle questions, followed by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised version (SPQ-BR). We found that individuals following a ketogenic diet (n = 118) had lower ideas of reference, magical thinking, suspiciousness, unusual perceptions, constricted affect, social anxiety scores, cognitive (positive) perceptual scores, interpersonal (negative) scores and total SPQ-BR compared to individuals on the other diets (n = 139). Magical thinking, constricted affect, social anxiety, cognitive perceptual, interpersonal scores and total SPQ-BR scores remained significant when we controlled for body mass index (BMI) and age. Disorganised features were not influenced by ketogenic diet. The longer individuals adhered to a ketogenic diet the lower their positive and negative schizotypy traits. These findings highlight that ketogenic diet is associated with lower non-clinical schizotypal personality traits. Our results suggest that ketogenic diet might have potential prophylactic properties for individuals at-risk for psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper proposes an objective method to measure drivers' level of emotional instability in conditionally automated driving and the result showed that integrating subjective ratings and EEG and ECG signals can achieve a more objective and reliable measure of the level of emotional instability. • Our findings lend support for a relation between drivers' level of emotional instability and physiological responses. The result showed that drivers' HR, HRV features and features of EEG can reflect two characteristics of the emotional instability system. • Our result showed that emotional instability has the potential to reduce drivers' lateral takeover performance by decreasing situation awareness, increasing load, and decreasing attention. Attention should be paid to the psychological characteristics of the driver to help reduce driving risks and improve driving safety. When the automated driving system reaches its technical limit, drivers will have to take over control from the vehicle within a limited time. The drivers' emotional instability may affect whether they can safely control the vehicle during takeover transitions. Accordingly, this paper explores the association between emotional instability and physiological responses and driver takeover performance. 42 drivers engaged in negative emotion induced by movie clips were involved in a sequence of takeover events in a driving simulator. Personality questionnaires were used to assess the driver's level of emotional instability. Their physiological data before the takeover request (TOR) and operational behavior data fragments for the takeover process were extracted. The results demonstrated that integration of subjective evaluations with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals allows for more objective measurement of drivers' level of emotional instability. The statistical analyses indicated that emotional instability has a significant effect on drivers' heartbeat interval, heart rate, the frequency bands of θ(4–8 Hz), α(8–12 Hz), β(13–30 Hz), γ (30–50 Hz) and lateral takeover performance. Those findings of differences in driver physiological responses and takeover performance under emotional instability may provide additional support for the design of driver state monitoring and adaptive warning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two main ways to retrieve files: hierarchical navigation and query-based search. File retrieval studies have consistently found navigation preference, with search used only as a last resort when users forget in which folder they stored the target file. However, a minority of people, referred to as hyper-searchers, perform far more searches than others. This study aimed to discover why hyper-searchers conduct searches far more than the rest of the population. To do so, a group of hyper-searchers (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50) were assigned using a double-check allocation method which included both self-estimation and a retrieval task. On average, the search percentage in the retrieval task for the hyper-searchers (67%) was over 13 times higher than for the control group (5%). The study gives ample evidence that hyper-searchers’ files were less organized than the control group. As a result, their average navigation failure percentage (23%) was almost 4 times higher than the control group (6%), and hyper-searchers needed to resort to search. Our results suggest that hyper-searchers’ files were less well-organized because they scored less on the conscientiousness trait of the Big Five personality questionnaire; and in turn, having less organized files forced them to search more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study examined interpersonal acceptance-rejection theory’s (IPARTheory’s) prediction that adults’ (both men’s and women’s) remembrances of parental (maternal and paternal) rejection in childhood are likely to be associated with adults’ psychological maladjustment, as mediated by adults’ interpersonal rejection sensitivity. To test these predictions a sample of 372 adults (178 women, 193 men; age range 18–59 and Sd: 11) in Turkiye participated in the study. Respondents completed the short forms of the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire for both mother and father, the Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (short form), the Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity Scale, and the Personal Information Form. In line with this aim, this study examined the direct effect and indirect effect of adults’ memories of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood on adults’ psychological maladjustment through the mediator variable (rejection sensitivity) depending on age. The findings indicated that adults’ remembrances of paternal rejection during childhood independently predicted their interpersonal rejection sensitivity and psychological maladjustment. Mediation analyses revealed that rejection sensitivity partially mediated the relationship between parental rejection (both maternal and paternal) and psychological maladjustment in men. However, in women, while it partially mediated the relationship between paternal rejection and psychological maladjustment, it fully mediated the relationship between maternal rejection and psychological maladjustment. These findings offer evidence supporting the connections between childhood remembrances of parental rejection psychological maladjustment, and interpersonal rejection sensitivity in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Script memory is stored information about a sequential structure of an activity (e.g., going shopping), including what actors do, the purpose of the activity, and the likely consequences of the actor's actions. It has been reported that script memory is impaired among schizophrenia patients. The present research investigated the relationship between schizotypal personality tendencies (schizotypy) and script memory by testing Japanese individuals. Method: First, a new test to measure the intactness of the script memory was created by asking the public to report activities they often perform and what behaviors each activity contains. The test contains 15 everyday activities, each accompanied by 15 behavior choices, either strongly associated, completely unrelated, or weakly associated with the activity. Next, undergraduate participants were presented with the test and chose appropriate behaviors for each activity (Study 1 and 2). Their extent of schizotypy was measured using Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief (SPQ-B). Study 3 targeted the public of various ages. In addition to Study 2 procedure, participants reported the extent of psychological burden for performing each activity, their life satisfaction, and subjective evaluation of their memory ability. Results: All studies consistently found that the script memory performance was worse for individuals with higher schizotypy. Signal detection indices for accurate discrimination between correct and incorrect choices, which were A' in Study 1 and C in Study 2 and 3, negatively correlated with the SPQ-B scores (r = -0.16, -0.11, -0.17, respectively). Study 3 found that the relationship between schizotypy and memory task performance was mediated by the extent of psychological burden. When a signal detection index (d') for the memory task was regressed on the SPQ-B, while the psychological burden scores being a mediator, the mediation effect was significant (B = 0.003, SE = 0.001, 95% CI [0.001, 0.005]). Conclusion: Individuals with higher schizotypy seem to associate unrelated behaviors to an event, forming script memory with irrelevant information, maybe due to the schizotypy symptom of having peculiar thoughts. The newly created test must be validated using a clinical population to expand its potential to be used in clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitative interpersonal skills (FIS) are a promising variable to explain the so-called therapist effect. We aimed to investigate associations between observer-rated interpersonal skills and self-reported personal characteristics of future therapists. In this cross-sectional observational study, psychology students and trainee therapists completed self-report personality and sociodemographic questionnaires as well as the FIS Performance Task (German version, observer-rated). Mixed multilevel model analysis was conducted with FIS total mean score (mean value of 312 individual ratings [13 video-clips, 8 FIS-items, 3 raters]) as dependent variable, therapist ID and FIS clip ID as random effects and 15 therapist variables as fixed effects. In the present sample consisting of 177 participants (age: M = 29.8 years (SD = 7.3), [18,59]; 79.1% female, 20.9% male) greater therapists' experience level, male gender and lower levels of alexithymia were predictive for higher FIS score when statistically controlling for other therapist variables in the model. Age, self-reported childhood maltreatment, attachment style, emotion regulation and self-concept variables turned out to be unrelated. The results can inform psychotherapy training programs. They specifically support the importance of addressing therapists' potential difficulties in recognizing and verbalizing emotions. This is in line with theoretical literature on alliance ruptures and premises of the Alliance-focused training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to verify the capacity of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) factors to identify people with high levels of dependent personality disorder (DPD) traits in a Brazilian sample extracted from the general population. Participants were 1469 adults who responded to factors from the IDCP-2, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV—Personality Questionnaire (PQ-SCID-II). We found three profiles via Latent Profile Analysis using PID-5 facets. Based on the discrimination capacity of IDCP-2 factors to identify these profiles, we created a DPD score for screening patients showing high levels of DPD traits. The IDCP-2 factors were discriminative of the profiles, showing large effects, except Perseveration. The DPD score presented a cutoff equal to 23 with good discriminative indicators, prioritizing the ability to produce fewer false negatives, and higher than those observed in the PQ-SCID-II. The DPD score can be clinically employed to indicate patients presenting a profile matching the DPD pattern. Moreover, the DPD score can assist the professional in mapping the patient's pathological profile into typical DPD traits, as well as helping to plan more personalized interventions. Studies focusing on clinical samples must be conducted to investigate whether our findings replicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main tasks of the human visual system is to organize the temporal flow of visual events into meaningful patterns. It has been suggested that segregation/integration of continuous visual stimuli relies on temporal windows that are phase-locked to brain oscillations in the alpha frequency range (~10 Hz). From a behavioral point of view, the balance between integration and segregation is reflected in visual temporal acuity: the ability to perceive a small temporal gap between two identical stimuli. Disruption of this balance may lead to impairment of perceptual organization processes. Notably, schizophrenia, a condition characterized by unusual perceptual experiences, has been associated with abnormal temporal processing of sensory stimuli and aberrant oscillations. We asked a large cohort of healthy participants to complete an online version of the two-flash fusion task and two questionnaires for schizotypal personality traits to investigate individual differences in the temporal resolution of perception, particularly its relationship with anomalous perceptual experiences. We found that two-flash discrimination acuity declines with age and that schizotypal traits are associated with better performances. Although this association was strong for perceptual and cognitive subscales, we found that this result could not be attributed to response biases (e.g., hallucination of two flashes). While these results appear to contrast with findings of slower alpha rhythms and sensory processing in schizotypy, we propose that a faster visual rate could be the consequence of an oscillopathy or a disconnection between different sensory modalities and their physiological pacemaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the faking resistance of Likert scales and graded paired comparisons (GPCs) analyzed with Thurstonian IRT models. We analyzed whether GPCs are more resistant to faking than Likert scales by exhibiting lower score inflation and better recovery of applicants' true (i.e., honest) trait scores. A total of N = 573 participants completed either the Likert or GPC version of a personality questionnaire first honestly and then in an applicant scenario. Results show that participants were able to increase their scores in both the Likert and GPC format, though their score inflation was smaller in the GPC than the Likert format. However, GPCs did not exhibit higher honest–faking correlations than Likert scales; under certain conditions, we even observed negative associations. These results challenge mean score inflation as the dominant paradigm for judging the utility of forced-choice questionnaires in high-stakes situations. Even if forced-choice factor scores are less inflated, their ability to recover true trait standings in high-stakes situations might be lower compared with Likert scales. Moreover, in the GPC format, faking effects correlated almost perfectly with the social desirability differences of the corresponding statements, highlighting the importance of matching statements equal in social desirability when constructing forced-choice questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a practical method of assessing the personality of horses using five personality axes. Four evaluators empirically judged 19 horse individuals on specific adjectives for each axis. To validate the questionnaire, four behavioral tests were conducted with these same animals (social interactions, novel object test, bridge test,and arena test). In this tests, the frequency of specific behaviors were evaluated to create a scale related to the same personality adjectives and judge the animals based on their reactions.The questionnaire was reliable in determining the personality of horses, since the results were consistent with those obtained through behavioral tests. Additionally, in this group of horses attention reactions were more frequent than fear reactions, but significant differences occurred among tests. This study proposes a practical questionnaire for owners and trainers to assess the personality of their horses. The application of this tool can improve the relationship between humans and horses, directing a more empathic approach in the everyday routine with these animals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) measures a wide range of personality traits associated with affect and temperament. However, the lengthy administration time may have hindered its widespread use in personality research. The National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) has adapted a short version of the MPQ that consists of only 35 items. However, the psychometric properties of this abbreviated version have not been thoroughly examined beyond what is presented in the survey’s documentation. This study aimed to investigate the construct validity of the MPQ-35 at both the item and scale levels using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), measurement invariance by gender and age, and external correlates with several personality and psychological constructs. The results show that the MPQ-35 exhibits promising properties, performing well and accurately recapturing the original MPQ structure, with ten lower-order traits and three higher-order broad factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2000, before Vladimir Putin became known on the world stage--even before he had been elected president of Russia--he gave an interview to three Russian journalists who asked him the types of questions that constitute an Adlerian lifestyle personality questionnaire: that is, to describe himself and his family while growing up, and to relate early memories or recollections. Interpreting his responses shows that Putin, who grew up an only child, mythologized the perceived heroic role that his soldier-father had played in World War II in defense of the Soviet empire and had also set a goal for himself to be a leader of "hooligans" (his word) when he was younger and then of a more accepting conservative Russian or Soviet society. With regard to Putin's current behavior, in which he likely sees himself as a kind of czar invading Ukraine, and given that the interview was conducted over 20 years ago, the purpose of this article is to show the longitudinal value of using Adlerian interpretive methods to assess personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many organizations and career guidance professionals are curious about what personality traits can tell them about a person’s potential, qualities and attitude to work. This study assessed the personality traits, work values and vocational interests of university students. The relationships between these three constructs were investigates, and more specifically, the extent to which personality traits and work value can predict vocational interest. Vocational interest determines one’s career development and work choice. The study included 304 participants with a mean age of 25.4 years (SD=8.11). In our analysis, we used the HEXACO personality questionnaire, the Work Value Questionnaire measuring 15 subcategories and the RIASEC Vocational Interest Questionnaire. The aim of this study is to get a clearer picture of the relationship between personality traits, work values and vocational interests. The results show that personality traits are also predictive, but together with work value, they are stronger predictors of vocational interest. The results are presented in the light of career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of higher education institutions' internationalisation, international student mobility is viewed as a crucial educational tool for enhancing the cross‐cultural competence of learners. This paper aims to present research findings on the development of cross‐cultural competence (skills, knowledge, and attitudes) among students participating in a short‐term international mobility programme. The study involved 45 students from five European universities located in Kosovo, the Czech Republic, Poland, Belgium, and Malta. We utilised three scales in our methodology: the Cross‐Cultural Adaptability Inventory, the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire, and the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, along with data from a structured diary. Our findings indicate that students who took part in this programme expanded their knowledge through various trainings and workshops during each study visit abroad. Students not only gained new knowledge and specific skills (e.g., conflict management, negotiation skills), and behaviours (e.g., tolerance, openness, trust), but they also improved previously acquired competencies, such as professional and linguistic ones (English fluency). This study contributes to the scientific understanding of cross‐cultural competence development and may also be valuable in designing intercultural training and mobility programmes for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire‐Brief Revised‐Updated (SPQ‐BRU) is an easy‐to‐conduct, theoretically consistent, and psychometrically better measure of schizotypal personality. However, its study is limited to developed countries. Thus, in the present study, we tested the factor structure and measurement invariance of SPQ‐BRU in India. Methods: A sample of 734 college students was selected from two sites (n = 614 from Muzaffarnagar in western Uttar Pradesh and n = 120 from Guhana in Haryana). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the good fitness of the different models of SPQ‐BRU and the measurement invariance across sex and region. Results: The first‐order nine‐factor model was a better‐fit model (among a set of first‐order and second‐order models), whereas the second‐order three‐factor model was a more parsimonious good‐fit model of SPQ‐BRU. The nine‐factor model was strongly invariant across sex and region. Women had higher social anxiety, ideas of reference, and lower constricted affect than men. Moreover, the Gohana sample was higher on several schizotypal personality facades than the Muzaffarnagar sample. Conclusions: The present study supported the cross‐cultural validity of schizotypal personality and partially established a reliable and valid SPQ‐BRU‐Hindi language version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated relations among memories of parental (maternal and paternal) acceptance-rejection, forgiveness, and vengeance, as mediated by psychological (mal)adjustment. The sample consists of 323 Turkish adults (50% females; Age range: 18–61 years; Mage = 35.73, SD = 10.41) from Istanbul, Turkiye. Participants responded to mother and father versions of the adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (adult PARQ; short form), the adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (adult PAQ; short form), the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Vengeance Scale, and the Personal Information Form. The results showed that both men and women remembered their parents as substantially warm and accepting during childhood and self-reported having fair psychological adjustment. Men and women were found to be equally likely to be forgiving as unforgiving and reported no dispositions toward vengeance. However, men reported higher levels of vengeance as compared to women. Psychological adjustment mediated the relations between parental acceptance and forgiveness, while psychological maladjustment mediated the relations between parental rejection and vengefulness for women and men. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated whether adults' memories of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood predict their current levels of forgiveness and vengeance as mediated by psychological (mal)adjustment. The data were collected from 252 young adults (Women = 137, Men = 115, Age range = 18 – 22 years; Mage = 19.42; SD = 0.99). Measures used were the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) short form for fathers and mothers, the Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) short form for adults, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Vengeance Scale (VS-10), and the Personal Information Form. Mediation analysis indicated that memories of maternal and paternal rejection predicted vengeance as mediated by psychological maladjustment among both men and women. Further, women's and men's memories of parental (both maternal and paternal) acceptance predicted forgiveness as mediated by psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated relations among adults' memories of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood and adults' current dispositions toward forgiveness and vengeance, as mediated by psychological (mal)adjustment. Data were collected from 258 adults (female = 183, Age range = 17–47 years; Mage = 39; SD = 11.4). Measures used were the short forms of the maternal and paternal Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaires (PARQ), the short form of the Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ), the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Vengeance Scale (VS-10), and a Personal Information Form (PIF). Results showed that maternal and paternal rejection was positively associated with psychological maladjustment and negatively correlated with forgiveness for both men and women. Moreover, psychological maladjustment showed a negative relation with forgiveness and a positive relation with vengeance. Findings revealed that parental (maternal and paternal) rejection was not significantly associated with vengeance for men. However, maternal (not paternal) rejection was significantly associated with a vengeance for women. Path analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of maternal and paternal rejection on forgiveness and vengeance through psychological maladjustment. Results found no significant gender differences in the path analyses. Findings are discussed considering the Iranian culture and religious beliefs. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated relations among adolescents' perceptions of parental acceptance and rejection, psychological (mal)adjustment, forgiveness, and vengeance in the predominantly Muslim country of Pakistan. Participants included adolescent males (Mage = 17, SD = 1.4, range = 15–19) from madrassas (educational institutions for Islamic instruction; n = 355) and public schools (n = 355). They responded to short forms of the maternal and paternal Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaires (PARQ), the Adult Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ), the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Vengeance Scale (VS-10), and a Personal Information Form (PIF). Findings revealed that both the madrassa students and the public school students perceived their mothers (but not their fathers) to be warm and loving. The adolescents also reported fair psychological adjustment, and on average, were forgiving and non-vengeful. However, madrassa students reported perceiving their parents—especially their mothers—as more loving and accepting than did public school students. Additionally, madrassa students reported better psychological adjustment, a greater tendency to be forgiving, and a lesser tendency to be vengeful than did public school students. Maternal and paternal rejection were positively correlated with psychological maladjustment and vengeance, whereas maternal and paternal acceptance were associated with psychological adjustment and forgiveness among both groups of students. Psychological adjustment was a significant mediator of the relation between parental acceptance and the disposition toward forgiveness for both groups. Psychological maladjustment was not a significant mediator between paternal rejection and vengeance among madrassa students, but not public school students. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality questionnaires stand as crucial instruments in personnel selection but their limitations turn the interest towards alternatives like game-related assessments (GRAs). GRAs developed for goals other than fun are called serious games. Within them, gamified assessments are serious games that share similarities with traditional assessments (questionnaires, situational judgment tests, etc.) but they incorporate game elements like story, music, and game dynamics. This paper aims to contribute to the research on serious games as an alternative to traditional personality questionnaires by analyzing the characteristics of a gamified assessment called VASSIP. This gamified assessment, based on an existing measure of the Big Five personality traits, incorporates game elements such as storyfication, immersion, and non-evaluable gamified dynamics. The study performed included 98 university students (77.6% with job experience) as participants. They completed the original personality measure (BFI-2-S), the gamified evaluation of personality (VASSIP), a self-report measure of the main dimensions of job performance (task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behaviors), and measures of applicant reactions to BFI-2-S and VASSIP. Results showed that the gamified assessment behaved similarly to the original personality measure in terms of reliability and participants' scores, although the scores in Conscientiousness were substantially higher in VASSIP. Focusing on self-reports of the three dimensions of job performance, regression models showed that the gamified assessment could explain all of them. Regarding applicant reactions, the gamified assessment obtained higher scores in perceptions of comfort, predictive validity, and attractiveness, although the effect size was small except for the latter. Finally, all applicant reactions except for attractiveness were related to age and personality traits. In conclusion, gamified assessments have the potential to be an alternative to traditional personality questionnaires but VASSIP needs more research before its application in actual selection processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to assess the Section II personality disorders (PDs) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) using two common self-report personality assessment measures, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). The sample comprised 320 Iranian outpatients who completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-Screening Personality Questionnaire (SCID-5-SPQ), PID-5, and MMPI-2-RF. To determine how the DSM-5 Section II PDs were associated with these two measures, we conducted Spearman correlations, a series of count regression models, and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) analyses. The regression models revealed that although the DSM-5 Section II PDs associated with the hierarchical model of the MMPI-2-RF, there were also a few unexpected findings, reflecting some variations on personality psychopathology across this clinical sample. Likewise, the joint structure of SCID-5-SPQ along with PID-5 facets and MMPI-2-RF scales revealed an interpretable pattern of factor loadings that generally corresponded to anticipated theoretical models. The authors discuss the implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the person-environment fit theory, students choose their academic specialization based on their personality characteristics. However, existing research on personality trait differences across university majors has investigated few cultural contexts, relied on a limited set of measurement instruments, and offered inconsistent results. The current study addresses these shortcomings by exploring the relationship between student personality and university major choice based on the administration of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) to 449 students pursuing six different majors at a Romanian university. The analysis revealed that students' personality traits varied significantly with their specialization. Notably, those pursuing a sports major exhibited the lowest neuroticism levels, while students in teacher education had significantly lower activity levels. Additionally, the study found that gender moderated the relationship between personality and specialization. These findings suggest that understanding students' personalities can aid in predicting their career interests. Furthermore, this knowledge can assist academic staff in adapting their teaching approaches to enhance student engagement in the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of hot and cold executive functions (EF) in transformational leadership, considering the mediating role of personality, general cognitive ability, and trait emotional intelligence (EI). EF plays an essential role in responding and adapting to new situations. The sample (N=316) consisted of students and leaders. Neuropsychological tests assessing specific domains of EF and questionnaires assessing personality, general cognitive ability, and trait EI were administered. The results showed that cold EF affects leadership, emphasizing the mediating role of personality. Furthermore, leaders performed better in communication skills, attention span, and working memory than students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to explore HR (heart rate) and EDA (electrodermal activity) activity of patients in the initial and final phase of a 12-week psychodynamic psychotherapy process. The physiological data obtained were corelated with psychological variables (questionnaire results of patients). Material and methods: Data from 12 patients with a diagnosis of neurotic disorders and/or personality disorders were analysed. Patients were examined with the MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), KON-2006 (Neurotic Personality Questionnaire) and Symptom Checklist "O". Physiological data were collected using a galvanometer and a pulsometer. Results: The results of psychological questionnaires in the final phase of psychotherapy showed a reduction in symptoms in most of the scales compared to the initial questionnaires. Patients' EDA and HR scores decreased in the final phase of psychotherapy compared to the initial phase. Most of scores of personality disorder traits showed a negative correlation with EDA and a positive correlation with HR, neurotic personality traits correlated positively with EDA and negatively with HR. At the end of the psychotherapy process, a positive correlation was observed between personality traits and physiological measures. Discussion: The obtained results suggest that psychotherapy can lower the intensity of the physiological activity of patients. Psychotherapy probably has the potential to change the direction of physiological responses of patients with personality disorder traits. Conclusions: Physiological activity can potentially be used as an objective measure of the effectiveness of psychotherapy. The study should be repeated on a larger group of subjects to confirm the results we obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore Chinese university students' multicultural personalities and examine how they predict the psychological adjustment of students in Shanghai. In addition, the validation of Multicultural Personality Questionnaire Short Form (MPQ-SF) scale developed to assess the multicultural personality traits of individuals is also aimed in Chinese context. Data were collected after the psychological stresses from restrictions imposed by COVID-19 in China that influenced life adjustments for nearly three years. Method: A total of 1,099 university students participated in this multi-stage study. First, the Chinese version of MPQ-SF (MPQ-SF-C) was developed and validated. The impact of MPQ-SF-C dimensions was then tested through path analysis to establish the effects of Chinese university students' multicultural personality traits on their psychological adjustment using the Schwartz Outcome Scale (SOS-10). Results: The MPQ-SF-C yielded a five-factor solution which accounted for 60.14% of the common variance. The findings indicated that cultural empathy (b = 0.23, p < 0.05), certainty seeking (b = 0.13, p < 0.05), open-mindedness (b = 0.48, p < 0.05), and emotional stability (b = 0.24, p < 0.05) had significant influences on adjustment. Only flexibility was found to have a statistically insignificant impact on adjustment at this time in this context. MPQ-SF-C and SOS-10 scales represented very good psychometric properties in terms of their reliability and validity. Conclusion: The MPQ-SF-C shows good psychometric properties and appropriateness for evaluating multicultural personalities in Chinese contexts. The multicultural personality characteristics of university students using this scale well predicted their psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dog personality research has a long history. By analyzing the most current experimental studies, we gave an overview of the theories and approaches used to research dog personality in this study. The last couple of years have seen a fair amount of research into dog personality using several methods. One of the methods employed in the study involves gathering data directly from dog owners through questionnaires to analyze the personality traits of the dogs, with the reported findings derived from these assessment tools. "The Dog Personality Questionnaire" (DPQ) was used in this study because, when all study results were considered, it was the most trustworthy questionnaire. The Dog Personality Questionnaire (DPQ) assesses dogs on 5 factors: Aggression towards People, Fearfulness, Aggression towards Animals, Responsiveness to Training, and Activity/Excitability. In this study, we tested the age, breed, and sex groups of a sample of 200 males and females' dogs representing 22 different breeds from different breed groups living in dog farms in the greater Cairo region (Cairo, Giza, and Qalyubia cities) in Egypt. Our findings indicate that dogs exhibit variations in mean personality trait levels informed by their age group, breed, and sex. In conclusion, we found a strong correlation between dog age, breed, and sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analytical cross-sectional study evaluated the perception of black triangles (BT) and examined the relationships between the perception of BT, personality factors, different educational backgrounds and demographic factors. 435 participants were included and divided into four groups: dentists, clinical (4th and 5th year) dental students, pre-clinical (3rd year) dental students, and laypeople. Participants' perception of the attractiveness of smile profiles of maxillary and mandibular anterior dentition with BT was rated using a ten-point VAS scale with 0 being the least, and 10 being the most attractive smile profile. The personality was assessed using the NEO-FFI personality questionnaire. The smile profile with multiple large BT was rated the least attractive for the maxillary (mean = 3.6) and mandibular (mean = 3.9) tested profiles. The smile profile without BT was rated the most attractive for the maxillary (mean = 9.1) and mandibular (mean = 8.8) tested profiles. The dental professionals perceived the maxillary smile profile with multiple large BT as less attractive than the non-dental participants (t = − 2.715, P = 0.007). Being a male, having dental education, having lower Neuroticism scores, as well as having higher Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion scores predicted and contributed more towards perceiving various tested smile profiles as more attractive. These findings show that black triangles negatively impacts the perception of smile attractiveness, and that personality traits and having dental education impact the perception of smile attractiveness for smiles with black triangles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in mental health problems, such as depression. Depression is a major cause of disability and can affect anyone. It is important to seek early detection and treatment for depression, as it can have a significant impact on a person's life. This research paper explores the complex and multifaceted nature of human personality using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria and Eysenck's personality traits questionnaire. The paper then outlines the methodology employed, involving the collection of data through surveys consisting of 66 questions divided into six forms. DSM-5 criteria are applied to assess depressive episodes, while Eysenck's questionnaire evaluates personality traits. The paper's approach involves two stages: predicting personality traits and estimating stress levels. Multiple machine learning models are utilized for these predictions. The results of this study highlight the effectiveness of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, which consistently outperforms other models, achieving impressive accuracy in predicting both personality traits, such as extroversion and neuroticism, and stress levels. Notably, SVM demonstrates its prowess with an accuracy of 91.43% in predicting stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflective functioning is the process of reflecting on the thoughts and feelings of oneself and others and is foundational to healthy human relationships. The 54-item Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ) is a self-report measure that assesses reflective functioning, initially developed while studying individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of the present study was to translate the RFQ from English to Persian and evaluate its reliability and validity among Iranian prisoners. The sample of this study included 509 (455 men and 54 women) Iranian prisoners. Findings confirm the translated measure had acceptable face and content validity. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed two dimensions of certainty (RFQ-c) and uncertainty (RFQ-u) of reflective functioning. The correlation analysis showed positive relationships between the dimensions of the RFQ and the borderline personality symptoms questionnaire and the emotional dissatisfaction questionnaire. Correlation analysis also showed negative associations between the dimensions of the RFQ and the Toronto Basic Empathy Scale (BES) and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) questionnaire, confirming the concurrent validity of the RFQ. The Cronbach's alphas of the RFQ-c and RFQ-u subscales were.69 and.7 respectively, which demonstrated relatively acceptable internal consistency. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the translated RFQ had desirable psychometric properties for evaluating reflective function among Iranian prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with high schizotypy or schizophrenia exhibit difficulties in distributing their attention across space, leading to a reduction in their "perceptual span" – the extent of visual space that can be attended to at once. In this study, we aim to explore the correlation between schizotypy and perceptual span in a non-clinical sample to investigate whether perceptual span correlates with schizotypy across its range. Schizotypy was assessed in fifty-five participants using the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire (SPQ; Raine, 1991). Participants were required to attend to two dynamic targets displayed in a head-mounted virtual reality display. Perceptual span was estimated as the lateral angle of separation between the two targets beyond which performance in the task dropped to threshold. Participants with higher schizotypy scores performed significantly worse on the task. Of all the factors associated with schizotypy, the shared variance between Disorganisation and Cognitive/Perceptual Factors was most predictive of task performance. The results support the hypothesis that schizotypy predicts perceptual span in non-clinical samples. Furthermore, the demonstration of a reduced perceptual span in individuals with higher trait schizotypy shows that variations in an individual's capacity to divide attention across space can be accurately captured using a virtual reality head-mounted display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Narcissism has been studied for its role in leadership using various versions of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Narcissism is described as having a "dark and negative" side as well as a "positive or bright" side. The bright side of narcissism, in particular, has been studied for its role in leadership. In studies among military personnel in Finland and Hungary, the NPI has been associated with positive leadership traits. We assessed if measures of narcissistic personality were predictive of entrance to and graduation from the Army Ranger Course among United States (U.S.) Army personnel. Materials and Methods We included the NPI as one of the measures in the Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid-bound Omega-3's (RRIPP-3) study. RRIPP-3 was a double-blind, placebo-controlled dietary supplement intervention trial at Fort Benning, GA, that enrolled 555 officers when they entered the U.S. Army Infantry Basic Officer Leadership Course (IBOLC) with the intention to complete the U.S. Ranger School. RRIPP-3 volunteer participants consumed eight dietary supplements daily containing 2.3 g of omega-3 (krill oil) or macadamia nut oil (control) over a 20-week period. Blood spot samples were collected to monitor intake compliance. Cognitive functioning, resilience, and mood were assessed at approximately 14 and 16 weeks. Dietary intake was also assessed. The 40-item, forced-choice NPI was included to assess if three factors of narcissism: Leadership/Authority, Grandiose/Exhibitionism, and Entitlement/Exploitativeness measures of narcissistic personality were associated with entrance to and graduation from the Army Ranger Course. Results Of the 555 soldiers enrolled in RRIPP-3, there were no statistically significant differences in the total NPI scores comparing U.S. Army IBOLC officers who enrolled (n  = 225) versus did not enroll (n  = 330, p  = .649) or graduated (n  = 95; versus did not graduate [ n  = 460, p  = .451]) from the Ranger Course. None of the three-factor NPI subscales differed statistically comparing either enrollment in (p  = .442,.510, and.589, respectively) or graduation from the Ranger Course (p  = .814,.508, and.813, respectively). Conclusions Although narcissism has been positively associated with military trainee success in other countries, we did not find an association between narcissism and trainee success among U.S. Army trainees, and accordingly the level of narcissism did not predict trainee success or failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: A study was conducted on the relationship between personality and temperamental traits and the perception of trauma. Materials and Methods: The study involved 50 people practicing extreme and high-risk sports and 50 people practicing non-extreme sports. The study used: the BFI-10 Personality Questionnaire translated by Jan Fazlagić, the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) by Zuckerman and the Scale of Perception of Injury in Sports by J. Blecharz. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in the intensity of personality and temperamental traits and injury perception between groups, as well as statistically significant correlations between the results obtained in the BFI-10 Questionnaire, SSS-V Scale and the Injury Perception Scale in Sports. Conclusions: There is a relationship between the type of sport practiced and personality and temperamental traits. Personality and temperamental traits have a weak or moderate impact on the perception of trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the problem of interethnic tolerance in individuals. The theoretical analysis of the scientific literature shows that interethnic tolerance is an important indicator of the culture of international relations, has a deep axiological meaning, and is closely related to the value perceptions of the individual. The aggravation of interethnic issues in the youth student environment causes local conflicts, xenophobia, manifestations of nationalism, chauvinism, incitement to ethnic hatred, enmity, and intolerance between representatives of different nationalities. In this regard, the difficulty of developing interethnic tolerance when working with the younger generation is of particular importance, which makes it necessary to form a personal social position for young people and raise their level of interethnic culture. The purpose of our work is to study the individual psychological features of the manifestation of interethnic tolerance in a person. The psychodiagnostic complex consisted of the “Tolerance Index” and the “16 Personality Factor Questionnaire” by R. Cattell. The correlation analysis allowed us to confirm the existence of significant relationships between the indicators of interethnic tolerance and personality factors. The qualitative analysis and construction of profiles allowed us to provide psychological characteristics of individuals with different levels of the general indicator of interethnic tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between clinical disorders and personality traits by emphasizing on computer games in high school students of Marvdasht city. Methods: This research is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive of the correlational type based on the method of data collection. The statistical population of this research included all students of the second level secondary schools of Morvdasht city in 2018-2019, and 100 people were selected as the sample size using staged cluster sampling method. To collect data, SCL-90-R test, McCree and Costa (1985) personality traits questionnaire and computer game addiction questionnaire were used. In addition to descriptive methods, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Pearson's correlation and step-by-step regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between clinical disorders and students' addiction to computer games. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between all the components of personality traits with the criterion variable of students' addiction to computer games. After performing multiple regression, the obtained R2 value showed that 88% of the total variance of students' dependence on computer games was explained by the variables included in the model. According to the beta values of physical complaints (Beta=0.504), anxiety (Beta=0.337), neuroticism (Beta=0.220), and agreeableness (Beta=0.063) as the strongest variables for predicting students' dependence on computer games. Conclusions: The findings support the role of personality traits in students' dependence on computer games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurses are at risk of poor sleep health and may be an important target population for sleep interventions. However, little is known about the factors predicting preferences for different sleep intervention types or deliveries. This current study examined the relationship between diverse factors (e.g., sociodemographics, sleep hygiene knowledge, personality) and preferences for various sleep interventions. The data was collected from 86 outpatient nurses. Participants provided their sociodemographic information and completed questionnaires assessing their personality traits, sleep hygiene knowledge and preferences for sleep intervention types and deliveries. Nearly all participants were interested in participating in a sleep intervention (99%). The preferred sleep intervention type among respondents was mindfulness-based training (74%), while an online format (88%) was the most favored delivery method. Those with lower incomes and lower agreeableness were associated with endorsing sleep hygiene education more frequently. Nurses who had more than one child, provided sleep hygiene tips to patients, and demonstrated higher levels of openness and agency were inclined to endorse mindfulnessbased training. For sleep intervention delivery, nurses who worked longer hours and nurses who did not provide sleep hygiene tips to patients favored group meetings more highly. Being White Hispanic or a person of color was associated with a higher endorsement of one-on-one meetings. Finally, nurses of a younger age and being a single child parent were associated with a higher endorsement for an online format delivery of sleep interventions. Findings from this study may help inform the planning, recruitment, and implementation of future interventions aimed to improve sleep health in nurses, and further, in other vulnerable healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If a dialogue system can predict the personality of a user from dialogue, it will enable the system to adapt to the user's personality, leading to better task success and user satisfaction. In a recent study, personality prediction was performed using the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality traits with a task-oriented human–machine dialogue using an end-to-end (neural-based) system. However, it is still not clear whether such prediction is generally possible for other types of systems and user personality traits. To clarify this, we recruited 378 participants, asked them to fill out four personality questionnaires covering 25 personality traits, and had them perform three rounds of human–machine dialogue with a pipeline task-oriented dialogue system or an end-to-end task-oriented dialogue system. We also had another 186 participants do the same with an open-domain dialogue system. We then constructed BERT-based models to predict the personality traits of the participants from the dialogues. The results showed that prediction accuracy was generally better with open-domain dialogue than with task-oriented dialogue, although Extraversion (one of the Big Five personality traits) could be predicted equally well for both open-domain dialogue and pipeline task-oriented dialogue. We also examined the effect of utilizing different types of dialogue on personality prediction by conducting a cross-comparison of the models trained from the task-oriented and open-domain dialogues. As a result, we clarified that the open-domain dialogue cannot be used to predict personality traits from task-oriented dialogue, and vice versa. We further analyzed the effects of system utterances, task performance, and the round of dialogue with regard to the prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between the general factor of personality (GFP) and moral hypocrisy, the mediating effect of moral disengagement, and the moderating effect of system justification. Six hundred and four Chinese college students (59.9% female, Mage = 22.58, SD = 1.81) completed questionnaires assessing their personality and the levels of moral disengagement and system justification. The moral situation assessment paradigm was used to measure interpersonal moral hypocrisy (i.e., moral double standards). The task assignment paradigm was used to measure intrapersonal moral hypocrisy (i.e., misalignment between words and deeds). The results revealed that the GFP was negatively associated with moral hypocrisy, and moral disengagement mediated this relationship. In addition, this mediating effect of moral disengagement was moderated by system justification. That is, the mediation effect was stronger for students with a higher level of system justification. These findings provide educational suggestions for preventing and intervening in moral hypocrisy among college students. Practitioner points: The general factor of personality (GFP) was negatively associated with moral hypocrisy among college students.Moral disengagement played a mediating role between the GFP and moral hypocrisy among college students.Teachers should create a fair and just classroom climate and learning environment to reduce students' level of moral disengagement and prevent their moral hypocrisy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a wealth of evidence justifying the use of personality assessments for selection. Nonetheless, some reluctance to use these assessments stems from their perceived vulnerability to response distortion (i.e., faking) and the somewhat negative applicant reactions they elicit, when compared to other assessments. Adopting a forced-choice personality assessment format appears to alleviate the former problem but exacerbates the latter. In this study, we introduce basic psychological needs as a theoretical foundation to develop interventions to improve reactions to forced-choice personality assessments. We propose that the forced-choice format impedes respondents' desire to respond to items in a preferred way, interfering with autonomy need satisfaction, and constrains respondents' opportunity to show their capabilities, interfering with competence need satisfaction. In this pre-registered between-subjects experiment (N = 1565), we investigated two modifications to a ranked forced-choice personality questionnaire and compared these to traditional forced-choice and single-stimulus (Likert) formatted questionnaires. One modification, where participants could write a free-text response following the assessment, did not show significant effects on reactions. The second modification allowed participants to view all items they had ranked last (first) and then identify any the participant believed in fact described them well (poorly). That modification positively affected perceived autonomy- and competence-support, and fairness perceptions, bridging approximately half of the gap between reactions to forced-choice and single-stimulus assessment formats. This study suggests that a modification to forced-choice personality questionnaires may improve applicant reactions and that basic psychological needs theory may be a fruitful lens through which to further understand reactions to assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that lying is a common behaviour, and that verbal cues can be effective for lie detection. However, deception detection is not straightforward as there are several factors at play, such as interpersonal differences and the content of the lie. Consequently, the effectiveness of available cues for deception detection can vary significantly. In a pre-registered study involving 80 participants (a priori sample size analyses were conducted), we instructed participants to either tell the truth or lie about an autobiographical event and an opinion. The participants also completed questionnaires on personality traits and cognitive tasks, resulting in two participant clusters. Surprisingly, when analysing verbal behaviour, truthfulness, cluster memberships, and their interactions were not found to be significant. Only lie content affected verbal cues. Additional, non-pre-registered analyses revealed that liars displayed more micro-expressions than truth tellers, but only when describing their memories and when focusing on the latency time between the investigator's question and the interviewee's answer. The results were interpreted in terms of the experimental design, which encouraged only short answers from the interviewees, leaving limited room for verbal content to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]