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This article discusses the detection of primary peritoneal low-grade serous carcinoma in cervical smears. The study reports three cases of asymptomatic women who had abnormal glandular cells in routine Pap smears. Further investigations revealed raised serum CA125 levels and mild ascitic fluid collection in the pelvis. The patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, which confirmed the presence of low-grade serous carcinoma. The article emphasizes the diagnostic value of cellblock immunocytochemistry in confirming the diagnosis. The document also discusses the presence of low-grade serous papillary cell clusters with psammoma bodies in the tubal lumen, which are characteristic of primary peritoneal serous tumors. The document highlights the importance of considering various factors to distinguish primary peritoneal serous carcinomas from other types of serous tumors. The shedding of peritoneal tumor cells into the uterine cavity is proposed as a possible explanation for abnormal Pap tests. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractWe investigated predictors of olaparib discontinuation owing to adverse effects. Patients with ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancers treated with olaparib at Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital between April 2018 and September 2022 were included in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: discontinuation of treatment due to disease progression, use of anaemia medications, and use of cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) inhibitors. The follow-up period was 90 d. Of the 46 eligible patients, 21 patients discontinued olaparib, including 15 patients with grade 3 or higher anaemia, eight patients with grade 3 or higher neutropenia, and four patients with non-haematological toxicity (including multiple onset). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that grade 4 neutropenia and anaemia progression to grades 2–3 due to chemotherapy administered before olaparib administration were predictors of olaparib discontinuation. The severity of neutropenia and anaemia due to chemotherapy before olaparib administration may be a potential marker for its discontinuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jesse Demuytere,1,* Charlotte Carlier,1,* Leen Van de Sande,1 Anne Hoorens,2 Kaat De Clercq,3 Silvia Giordano,4 Lavinia Morosi,4 Cristina Matteo,4 Massimo Zucchetti,4 Enrico Davoli,4 Jo Van Dorpe,2 Chris Vervaet,3 Wim Ceelen1 1Department of GI Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; 2Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; 3Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 4Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milano, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wim Ceelen, Department of GI Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Route 1275, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium, Tel +32 9 332 6251, Email Wim.ceelen@ugent.beBackground: Epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with high mortality due to diagnosis at later stages associated with peritoneal involvement. Several trials have evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal treatment. In this preclinical study, we report the efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intraperitoneal treatment with two approved nanomolecular formulations of paclitaxel (nab-PTX and mic-PTX) in a murine ovarian cancer xenograft model.Methods: IC50 was determined in vitro on three ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, SK-OV-3 and SK-OV-3-Luc IP1). EOC xenografts were achieved using a modified subperitoneal implantation technique. Drug treatment was initiated 2 weeks after engraftment, and tumor volume and survival were assessed. Pharmacokinetics and drug distribution effects were assessed using UHPLC-MS/MS and MALDI imaging mass spectrometry, respectively. Pharmacodynamic effects were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy using standard protocols.Results: We demonstrated sub-micromolar IC50 concentrations for both formulations on three EOC cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, IP administration of nab-PTX or mic-PTX lead to more than 2-fold longer survival compared to a control treatment of IP saline administration (30 days in controls, 66 days in nab-PTX treated animals, and 76 days in mic-PTX animals, respectively). We observed higher tissue uptake of drug following nab-PTX administration when compared to mic-PTX, with highest uptake after 4 hours post-treatment, and confirmed this lower uptake of mic-PTX using HPLC on digested tumor samples. Furthermore, apoptosis was not increased in tumor implants up to 24h post-treatment.Conclusion: Intraperitoneal administration of both nab-PTX and mic-PTX results in a significant anticancer efficacy and survival benefit in a mouse OC xenograft model.Keywords: ovarian, peritoneal, paclitaxel, nanomedicine

The clinical manifestations of peritoneal tuberculosis are quite variable, nonspecific and mimic many diseases and pathological conditions such as lymphoma, and ovarian malignancy. Due to this clinical overlap and limited accuracy of diagnostic tests, more awareness of this disease is required to enable early diagnosis and prompt treatment. This is a case of a 25‐year‐old female with no known chronic illness who presented with worsening generalized abdominal pains and distension of 2 months duration. There was an associated significant weight loss of 17 kg. She was initially diagnosed with ovarian malignancy based of ultrasound findings and elevated CA‐125 levels. However, further evaluation later was consistent with peritoneal tuberculosis for which she was treated. Her symptoms resolved completely after 6 months of anti‐tuberculosis treatment. Diagnosis of abdominal TB remains challenging as it is non‐specific. Its features and clinical manifestation overlap with other conditions such as ovarian malignancy. A high index of suspicions and judicious application of the available diagnostic test is need for prompt diagnosis. No single test can effectively diagnose peritoneal TB, but a combination of history, and radiological, immunologic, molecular, and cytologic tests are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallbladder cancer is a devastating disease with a 5-year survival of only 18%. The majority of gallbladder cancers are discovered incidentally in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. During non-oncologic laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease, gallbladder perforation occurs in 29% of cases and spillage of gallstones occurs in 9% of cases. Patients with gallbladder cancer frequently develop peritoneal recurrence, particularly after intra-operative bile spillage during cholecystectomy for incidental gallbladder cancer. The high likelihood of spillage and peritoneal seeding during cholecystectomy for incidental gallbladder cancer suggests the need for prophylactic strategies to prevent peritoneal carcinomatosis. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has efficacy in gallbladder cancer patients with macroscopic peritoneal disease undergoing cytoreductive surgery and has been associated with a survival advantage in a multi-institutional retrospective case series. However, the utilization of HIPEC with a prophylactic intent against the development of peritoneal disease following resection of gallbladder cancer has not yet been prospectively studied. Here, we review the literature surrounding gallbladder cancer and HIPEC, report an institutional experience utilizing prophylactic HIPEC, and discuss a recently proposed prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic HIPEC in the prevention of gallbladder peritoneal metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: All body cavities are lined by monolayered mesothelial cells and contain a minimal amount of fluid for lubrication and for protecting the underlying viscera. The peritoneal, pleural, cerebrospinal, sputum, urine, and pericardial fluids comprise the major chunk of body fluids. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital in northern India, over a period of 1 year, from January 2021 to December 2021. A total of 241 samples were included in the study. Results: Out of the 241 samples studied, 99 were peritoneal fluid, 94 were pleural fluids, 29 were CSF, and 18 were sputum samples. Maximum number of patients affected were in the age group of 41–50 years. Female preponderance was seen with male to female ratio of 1:1.7. A total of 143/241 cases (59.33%) were of transudative nature and 98/241 (27.8%) cases were exudative. Out of 241 cases, 43 (17.84%) were neoplastic, 190 (78.83%) were non-neoplastic, four (1.65%) were suspicious for malignancy, and four (1.65%) were where no opinion was possible. Peritoneal fluid was the most frequently encountered fluid accounting for 99 cases (41.07%). Adenocarcinoma was the most common malignancy accounting for 29 cases (67.44%) out of 43 malignant effusions in the present study. Conclusion: Cytological evaluation of body fluids is of significant utility in diagnostic medicine as it allows us to distinguish between benign and malignant etiologies and at the same time offers rapid diagnosis and staging of metastatic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: An 82-year-old woman presented with acute pyrexial illness and mesenteric panniculitis and developed biochemical aseptic meningitis (cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with no identifiable pathogen). Investigation determined her illness was likely a delayed hypersensitivity reaction caused by sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine-induced aseptic meningitis is a rare condition often diagnosed late in a patient's admission owing to initial non-specific illness symptomatology requiring the exclusion of more common "red flag" etiologies, such as infection and malignancy. Case Report: An 82-year-old woman with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and seronegative arthritis presented with a 3-day history of fatigue, headache, dyspnea, and lassitude. On admission, she was treated as presumed sepsis of uncertain source owing to pyrexia and tachycardia. Brain computer tomography (CT) revealed no acute intracranial abnormality. Furthermore, CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not reveal any source of sepsis or features of malignancy. After excluding infective etiologies with serological and cerebrospinal fluid testing, sulfasalazine-induced aseptic meningitis (SIAM) was diagnosed. The patient was then commenced on intravenous steroids, resulting in immediate defervescence and symptom resolution. Conclusions: SIAM remains a diagnostic challenge since patients present with non-specific signs and symptoms, such as pyrexia, headaches, and lassitude. These patients require a thorough investigative battery starting with anamnesis, physical examination, biochemical testing, and radiologic imaging. This case illustrates the need for a high suspicion index of drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction in a rheumatological patient with pyrexial illness where infective etiologies have been confidently excluded. Prompt initiation of intravenous steroids in SIAM provides a dramatic recovery and resolution of symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of malignant cells in serous fluids is an indicator of advanced stage of malignancy and is critical in clinical management decisions and prompt treatment initiation. The minimum volume which is ideal for detecting malignancy in serous fluid is not well established. In this study, we aim to identify optimal volume that will be ideal for adequate cytopathological diagnosis. A total of 1597 samples of serous fluids from 1134 patients were included in the study. Samples were diagnosed based on International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC). Clinicopathologic results from different diagnostic groups were compared and statistically analyzed. Pleural fluids comprised 890 (55.7%) specimens, followed by 456 (28.6%) peritoneal, 128 (8%) ascites, and 123 (7.7%) pericardial fluid specimens. The majority were negative for malignancy (1138, 71.3%), followed by malignant (376, 23.5%), atypical (59, 3.7%), and suspicious for malignancy (24, 1.5%). Malignancy was identified in sample with volumes from 5 mL to 5000 mL. Rate of detection of malignant cells increased significantly with higher sample volumes. For malignancy detection the optimal volume for overall serous fluid is 70 mL. Pericardial fluid is an exception, with lower mean volume and significantly lower proportion of cases with malignant diagnosis. Our study indicates that higher fluid volumes have a higher rate of malignancy detection and a low false-negative rate. We recommend a minimum of 70 mL of serous fluid for optimal cytopathologic examination and malignancy detection. Pericardial fluid is an exception, with lower mean volume and thus lower requirement. • Higher fluid volumes of serous fluids have higher rates of malignancy detection and low false-negative rate. • We recommend a minimum of 70 mL of serous fluid should be requested from clinicians for optimal cytopathologic examination. • Pericardial fluid is an exception, where optimal fluid volume will be much lower. • Our study will guide the cytopathology laboratory for requesting minimum serous fluid for rendering optimal diagnosis with confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The clinical manifestations of peritoneal tuberculosis are quite variable, nonspecific and mimic many diseases and pathological conditions such as lymphoma, and ovarian malignancy. Due to this clinical overlap and limited accuracy of diagnostic tests, more awareness of this disease is required to enable early diagnosis and prompt treatment. This is a case of a 25‐year‐old female with no known chronic illness who presented with worsening generalized abdominal pains and distension of 2 months duration. There was an associated significant weight loss of 17 kg. She was initially diagnosed with ovarian malignancy based of ultrasound findings and elevated CA‐125 levels. However, further evaluation later was consistent with peritoneal tuberculosis for which she was treated. Her symptoms resolved completely after 6 months of anti‐tuberculosis treatment. Diagnosis of abdominal TB remains challenging as it is non‐specific. Its features and clinical manifestation overlap with other conditions such as ovarian malignancy. A high index of suspicions and judicious application of the available diagnostic test is need for prompt diagnosis. No single test can effectively diagnose peritoneal TB, but a combination of history, and radiological, immunologic, molecular, and cytologic tests are important.

Abstract Background Peritoneal cystic echinococcosis happens usually after traumatic rupture or after surgical treatment. Primary peritoneal cystic echinococcosis is a very rare case that constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Case report A 30-year-old Tunisian man was admitted for hypogastric pain since 4 months. He has a 10 cm hypogastric mass. Biological-tests were normal. A computed tomography Scan showed a cystic mass on the pelvis measuring 13 × 17 cm without echinococcosis cyst in the liver. The patient was operated and we found a cystic mass of 17 cm located on the Douglas cul-de-sac that suggest a pelvic hydatid cyst. We have performed an aspiration of the cyst confirms the diagnosis followed by injection of hypertonic solution, extarction of the germinal layer and a maximal reduction of the pericyst. The postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion Trough our case, we try to focus on the diagnosis and therapeutic options of this rare entity that we should think of in front of a patient with isolated peritoneal cyst especially in endemic country.

Access for haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis is critical to achieving good dialysis outcomes for patients with renal failure. Surgical access is associated both with better patient survival and better quality of dialysis. Both options are at risk of early and late complications, and require active surveillance and maintenance. Peritoneal dialysis is also a good option to consider in patients who place a premium on maintaining personal independence. This article discusses the assessment, surgical operations and management of complications in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To map the peritoneal autoantibody (AAb) landscape in women with endometriosis. Case-control laboratory study. Academic medical and research units. Women who presented with or without endometriosis. None. Using native-conformation and citrullinated modified protein arrays, proteome-wide analysis of AAbs against 1,623 proteins were profiled in peritoneal fluids (PFs) of 25 women with endometriosis and 25 women without endometriosis. In women with endometriosis, the median number of AAbs detected was 4, including AAbs that targeted autoantigens involved in implantation, B-cell activation/development, and aberrant migration and mitogenicity. Forty-six percent of women with endometriosis have ≥5 peritoneal AAbs. Conversely, in women without endometriosis, the median number of detected AAbs was 1. Autoantibodies recognizing tumor suppressor protein p53 were the most commonly detected AAbs, being present in 35% of women with endometriosis, and p53 AAb was associated with a monocyte/macrophage-like PF cytokine signature. Further investigation of the global reactivity of AAbs against citrullinated PF antigens by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes 1, 2, and 6 revealed anticitrullinated p53 as the only AAb target elevated and citrullinated by all 3 peptidylarginine deiminase isotypes. Furthermore, unsupervised hierarchical clustering and integrative pathway analysis revealed that 60% of women with endometriosis-associated infertility were positive for AAbs, which are involved in platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, RAC1/PAK1/p38/MMP2 signaling, LAT2/NTAL/LAB-mediated calcium mobilization, and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Together, our data identify peritoneal autoimmunity in a significant subset of women with endometriosis, with implications on infertility and disease pathophysiology. In these patients, p53 was identified as the most frequent PF AAb target, which was present in both the native and citrullinated forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type I interferon (IFN) pathway is a key component of innate immune response upon invasion of foreign pathogens. It is also under precise control to prevent excessive upregulation and undesired inflammation cascade. In the present study, we report that Riok3, an atypical kinase, negatively regulates retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) sensing-induced type I IFN signaling. Riok3 deficiency selectively inhibits RNA viral replication in vitro, resulting from an upregulated type I IFN pathway. Mice with myeloid-specific Riok3 knockout also show a more robust induction of type I IFN upon RNA virus infection and are more resistant to RNA virus-induced pathogenesis. Mechanistically, Riok3 recruits and interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM40, leading to the degradation of RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) via K48- and K27-linked ubiquitination. Collectively, our data reveal the mechanism that Riok3 employs to be a negative regulator of antiviral innate immunity.

Macrophages are important immune cells that participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses, such as phagocytosis, recognition of molecular patterns, and activation of the immune response. In this study, murine peritoneal macrophages were isolated and then activated by LPS, HSV and VSV. Integrative proteomic and precision N-glycoproteomic profiling were conducted to assess the underlying macrophage activation. We identified a total of 587 glycoproteins, including 1239 glycopeptides, 526 monosaccharide components, and 8326 intact glycopeptides in glycoproteomics, as well as a total of 4496 proteins identified in proteomic analysis. These glycoproteins are widely involved in important biological processes, such as antigen presentation, cytokine production and glycosylation progression. Under the stimulation of the different pathogens, glycoproteins showed a dramatic change. We found that receptors in the Toll-like receptor pathway, such as Tlr2 and CD14, were increased under LPS and HSV stimulation. Glycosylation of those proteins was proven to influence their subcellular locations.

Gallbladder cancer is a devastating disease with a 5-year survival of only 18%. The majority of gallbladder cancers are discovered incidentally in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. During non-oncologic laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease, gallbladder perforation occurs in 29% of cases and spillage of gallstones occurs in 9% of cases. Patients with gallbladder cancer frequently develop peritoneal recurrence, particularly after intra-operative bile spillage during cholecystectomy for incidental gallbladder cancer. The high likelihood of spillage and peritoneal seeding during cholecystectomy for incidental gallbladder cancer suggests the need for prophylactic strategies to prevent peritoneal carcinomatosis. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has efficacy in gallbladder cancer patients with macroscopic peritoneal disease undergoing cytoreductive surgery and has been associated with a survival advantage in a multi-institutional retrospective case series. However, the utilization of HIPEC with a prophylactic intent against the development of peritoneal disease following resection of gallbladder cancer has not yet been prospectively studied. Here, we review the literature surrounding gallbladder cancer and HIPEC, report an institutional experience utilizing prophylactic HIPEC, and discuss a recently proposed prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic HIPEC in the prevention of gallbladder peritoneal metastasis.

Tuberculosis is related to high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Extra-pulmonary forms are increasing in incidence. The diagnosis of extrapulmonary locations, especially abdominal, is often difficult because the clinical and biological signs are not specific, leading to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. The intraperitoneal tuberculosis abscess is a particular radio-clinical entity, due to its atypical and confusing symptomatology. We report the case of a 36-year-old female patient who had a peritoneal tuberculosis abscess manifested by diffuse abdominal pain in a febrile context.

Background: Peritoneal cystic echinococcosis happens usually after traumatic rupture or after surgical treatment. Primary peritoneal cystic echinococcosis is a very rare case that constitutes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Case report: A 30-year-old Tunisian man was admitted for hypogastric pain since 4 months. He has a 10 cm hypogastric mass. Biological-tests were normal. A computed tomography Scan showed a cystic mass on the pelvis measuring 13 × 17 cm without echinococcosis cyst in the liver. The patient was operated and we found a cystic mass of 17 cm located on the Douglas cul-de-sac that suggest a pelvic hydatid cyst. We have performed an aspiration of the cyst confirms the diagnosis followed by injection of hypertonic solution, extarction of the germinal layer and a maximal reduction of the pericyst. The postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion: Trough our case, we try to focus on the diagnosis and therapeutic options of this rare entity that we should think of in front of a patient with isolated peritoneal cyst especially in endemic country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCL8 is the most representative chemokine produced autocrine or paracrine by tumor cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. It can play a key role in normal tissues and tumors by activating PI3K-Akt, PLC, JAK-STAT, and other signaling pathways after combining with CXCR1/2. The incidence of peritoneal metastasis in ovarian and gastric cancer is extremely high. The structure of the peritoneum and various peritoneal-related cells supports the peritoneal metastasis of cancers, which readily produces a poor prognosis, low 5-year survival rate, and the death of patients. Studies show that CXCL8 is excessively secreted in a variety of cancers. Thus, this paper will further elaborate on the mechanism of CXCL8 and the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian and gastric cancer to provide a theoretical basis for the proposal of new methods for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer peritoneal metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is an invasive condition that affects 10% of women (and people assigned as female at birth) worldwide. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relative invasiveness of three available endometriotic cell lines (EEC12Z, iEc-ESCs, tHESCs) to cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SW1353 and EM-E6/E7/TERT) and assess whether the relative invasiveness was consistent across different invasion assays. All cell lines were subjected to transwell, spheroid drop, and spheroid-gel invasion assays, and stained for vimentin, cytokeratin, E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin to assess changes in expression. In all assays, endometriotic cell lines showed comparable invasiveness to the cancer cell lines used in this study, with no significant differences in invasiveness identified. EEC12Z cells that had invaded within the assay periods showed declines in E-Cadherin expression compared to cells that had not invaded within the assay period, without significant changes in N-Cadherin expression, which may support the hypothesis that an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is an influence on the invasiveness shown by this peritoneal endometriosis cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity and insulin‐resistance is on the rise, globally. Cannabis have been shown to have anti‐diabetic/obesity properties, however, the effect mediated at various fat depots remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the anti‐diabetic property of an oral cannabis administration in an obese and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model and (2) to determine and compare the effect mediated at the peritoneal and intramuscular fat level. Cannabis concentration of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (relative to THC content) was effective in reversing insulin‐resistance in the rat model, unlike the other higher cannabinoid concentrations. At the peritoneal fat level, gene expression of fat beigeing markers, namely Cidea and UCP1, were significantly increased compared to the untreated control. At the intramuscular fat level, on the other hand, CE1.25 treatment did not promote fat beigeing but instead significantly increased mitochondrial activity, relative to the untreated control. Therefore, these findings indicate that the mechanism of action of oral cannabis administration, where glucose and lipid homeostasis is restored, is not only dependent on the dosage but also on the type of fat depot investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of a discrete pool of cholesterol in the plasma membranes (PM) of mammalian cells-referred to as the accessible cholesterol pool-that can be detected by the binding of modified versions of bacterial cytolysins (e.g., anthrolysin O). When the amount of accessible cholesterol in the PM exceeds a threshold level, the excess cholesterol moves to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it regulates the SREBP2 pathway and undergoes esterification. We reported previously that the Aster/Gramd1 family of sterol transporters mediates nonvesicular movement of cholesterol from the PM to the ER in multiple mammalian cell types. Here, we investigated the PM pool of accessible cholesterol in cholesterol-loaded fibroblasts with a knockdown of Aster-A and in mouse macrophages from Aster-B and Aster-A/B-deficient mice. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) analyses revealed expansion of the accessible cholesterol pool in cells lacking Aster expression. The increased accessible cholesterol pool in the PM was accompanied by reduced cholesterol movement to the ER, evidenced by increased expression of SREBP2-regulated genes. Cosedimentation experiments with liposomes revealed that the Aster-B GRAM domain binds to membranes in a cholesterol concentration-dependent manner and that the binding is facilitated by the presence of phosphatidylserine. These studies revealed that the Aster-mediated nonvesicular cholesterol transport pathway controls levels of accessible cholesterol in the PM, as well as the activity of the SREBP pathway.

Cholesterol-laden macrophage foam cells are a hallmark of atherosclerosis. For that reason, cholesterol metabolism in macrophages has attracted considerable scrutiny, particularly the mechanisms by which macrophages unload surplus cholesterol (a process referred to as "cholesterol efflux"). Many studies of cholesterol efflux in macrophages have focused on the role of ABC transporters in moving cholesterol onto high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), but other mechanisms for cholesterol efflux likely exist. We hypothesized that macrophages have the capacity to unload cholesterol directly onto adjacent cells. To test this hypothesis, we used methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) to load mouse peritoneal macrophages with [13C]cholesterol. We then plated the macrophages (in the absence of serum or HDL) onto smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that had been metabolically labeled with [15N]choline. After incubating the cells overnight in the absence of HDL or serum, we visualized 13C and 15N distribution by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). We observed substantial 13C enrichment in SMCs that were adjacent to [13C]cholesterol-loaded macrophages-including in cytosolic lipid droplets of SMCs. In follow-up studies, we depleted "accessible cholesterol" from the plasma membrane of [13C]cholesterol-loaded macrophages with MβCD before plating the macrophages onto the SMCs. After an overnight incubation, we again observed substantial 13C enrichment in the SMCs adjacent to macrophages. Thus, macrophages transfer cholesterol to adjacent cells in the absence of serum or HDL. We suspect that macrophages within tissues transfer cholesterol to adjacent cells, thereby contributing to the ability to unload surplus cholesterol.

The omentum is a large mesenchymal fibro-fatty tissue with remarkable healing capability. It is also rich in immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, within particular structures named milky spots. Clinical observations indicate a high incidence of peritonitis after the removal of the omentum suggesting that it may play a role in sepsis. To test this possibility, male CD-1 mice underwent simultaneous omentectomy and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), omentectomy-sham operation and CLP alone, and mortality was documented within 72 h post the insults. A significant increase in mortality was observed in mice subjected to omentectomy and CLP in comparison with CLP alone. Mortality was correlated with an increase in cytokine gene expression within the lung after omentectomy and CLP as opposed to CLP alone. However, no differences in bacterial load were observed within the peritoneum or blood between groups. To test the long-term effect of omentectomy, mice were subjected to omentum removal or sham operation, allowed to recover from surgery for 14 or 28 days, and then both were subjected to CLP. In these cases, no differences in mortality were observed between the groups suggesting that the lack of omentum triggers a compensatory mechanism. Finally, omentectomy and sham operation altered the composition of peritoneal immune cells with the disappearance of F4/80 macrophages and the appearance of a new population of F4/80 macrophages within 1 or 14 days post-surgery. The F4/80 positive cells reappeared after 28 days following the procedures. All of these observations suggest that the omentum plays an early role in the outcome from sepsis.

Exposure to ambient particulate matter has been shown to promote a variety of disorders, including cardiovascular diseases predominantly of ischemic etiology. However, the mechanisms linking inhaled particulates with systemic vascular effects, resulting in worsened atherosclerosis, are not well defined. We assessed the potential role of macrophages in translating these effects by analyzing gene expression patterns in response to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) at the average cell level, using Affymetrix microarrays in peritoneal macrophages in culture (in vitro), and at the individual cell level, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in alveolar macrophages collected from exposed mice (in vivo). Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from C57BL/6J mice and treated with 25 μg/mL of a DEP methanol extract (DEPe). These cells exhibited significant (FDR

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm described in humans, dogs, and cats. A hallmark of diagnosis for GISTs is positive immunohistochemical labelling with c-Kit (CD117). The differentiation of GIST from other mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract is pivotal to allow for initiation of appropriate treatment. In humans, cystic GIST has been described, though this has not been reported in dogs. In humans, the cystic form of GIST has been associated with a favorable prognosis. In the present paper, we report a case of multilocular cystic GIST in a dog, which has not previously been described in this species. Case presentation A ten-year-old, male-entire Maltese terrier mix breed dog presented with a large cystic mural mass of the duoedenum and orad jejunum. Histopathology and positive immunohistochemical staining with CD117 confirmed a diagnosis of GIST. No evidence of metastasis was detected on routine staging with abdominal sonography and thoracic radiography at the time of diagnosis. Surgical resection was performed and toceranib therapy was initiated post-operatively. Metastasis was documented 251 days after surgery on computed tomography. Due to clinical deterioration, the patient was humanely euthanised 370 days after surgical excision. Conclusions There are few differential diagnoses for large multilocular cystic intra-abdominal masses in dogs. This case presents a previously undescribed presentation of gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the dog as a predominantly multilocular cystic mass. It remains unclear if the cystic form of GIST may represent a favorable prognosis in dogs.

Abstract Background Hyperphosphatemia is common in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Restricting dietary phosphorus often leads to a decrease in protein intake, which may result in hypoalbuminemia. The high pill burden of phosphate binders may also contribute to compromised appetite and dietary intake. Hypoalbuminemia is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in PD patients. The goal of this study was to determine if sucroferric oxyhydroxide improves albumin and self-reported measures of appetite in PD patients. Methods We performed a prospective, open-label, 6-month, pilot study of 17 adult PD patients from the Denver Metro Area. Patients had to use automated peritoneal dialysis for ≥ 3 months, have a serum albumin ≤ 3.8 g/dL, and have serum phosphate ≥ 5.5 mg/dL or ≤ 5.5 mg/dL on a binder other than SO. SO was titrated to a goal serum phosphate of

Background: Cytology of serous effusions is an indispensable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of non‐neoplastic as well as neoplastic effusions, aiding in the categorisation, staging, and prognostication of the patient. This study focuses on reclassifying cases of peritoneal fluid cytology following the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS), highlighting various challenges encountered and adding to the body of data regarding the risk of malignancy (ROM), focussing on peritoneal effusions due to gynaecological causes. Methods: Peritoneal effusion samples were retrieved from our department's archives and reclassified according to the TIS. The ROM for each category was calculated based on available surgical follow‐up. Results: A total of 818 peritoneal effusions were studied. Following the definitions and guidelines of the TIS, the cases were reclassified with 125 (15.2%) in the category of non‐diagnostic (ND), 595 (72.7%) as negative for malignancy (NFM), 26 (3.2%) as atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), 12 (1.5%) as suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and 60 (7.3%) as malignant (MAL). The respective ROM values for each category were 16.9%, 12.1%, 50%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. By considering the MAL and SFM groups as positive, and the ND, NFM, and AUS groups as negative, the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined as 85.2%, 36.7%, 99.1%, 91.7%, and 84.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Peritoneal cytology categorisation following the proposed TIS offered a practical approach for categorisation of the fluids received. The ROMs reported in our study were mostly concordant with those published according to the TIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Presentation of sarcoma inside the peritoneal cavity is a rare finding to begin with. In such a rare incidence, there are a multitude of sarcoma subtypes that can be identified, with each of these subtypes presenting with different characteristics in terms of prognosis and treatment options. Considering these factors and the resulting lack of strong data to guide treatment plans, this study aims to share our experiences with cases of peritoneal sarcomatosis to increase the knowledge about possible options and outcomes. We report on 19 cases of surgery in patients with peritoneal sarcomatosis, ranging from palliative procedures to major multivisceral resections, and highlight their course of disease, treatment, and outcome. Hereby, we aspire to increase the cumulative experience with challenging cases like these and support a more informed tailoring of treatment plans for future cases to come. Sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies that most commonly occur in the extremities, retroperitoneum, and head and neck. Intra-abdominal manifestations are rare and prove particularly difficult to treat when peritoneal sarcomatosis is present. Because of the overall poor prognosis of the disease, a tailored approach to surgical management is essential to achieve satisfactory outcomes with limited morbidity. We present the perioperative and long-term outcomes of 19 cases of sarcoma with peritoneal sarcomatosis treated surgically at our hospital. Treatment pathways were reviewed and clinical follow-up was performed. Patient characteristics, medical history, tumor subtype, surgical approach, hospital stay, complications, follow-up, and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Our patients were 9 women and 10 men with a median age of 45.9 years (18–88) and a median survival of 30 months (0–200). In most cases, peritoneal sarcomatosis was either discovered during surgery or the procedure was performed with palliative intent from the beginning. The surgical approach in these cases is very heterogeneous and should consider a variety of factors to tailor an approach for each patient. Sharing our experiences will help to increase knowledge about this rare disease and provide insight into the management of future cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term success of peritoneal dialysis as a kidney replacement therapy requires a well-functioning peritoneal dialysis catheter. With ongoing reductions in infectious complications, there is an increased emphasis on the impact of catheter-related and mechanical complications. There is currently a marked variation in the utilization of various types of catheters (double cuff vs single cuff, coiled tip vs straight tip), methods of catheter insertion (advanced laparoscopic, open surgical dissection, image guided percutaneous, blind percutaneous), timing of catheter insertion, location of catheter placement (pre-sternal v. abdominal) and peri-operative practices. Specialized approaches to catheter placement in clinical practice include use of extended catheters and embedded catheters. Marked variations in patient lifestyle preferences and comorbidities, specifically in high acuity patient populations (polycystic kidney disease, obesity, cirrhosis) necessitate individualized approaches to catheter placement and care. Current consensus guidelines recommend local procedural expertise, consideration of patient characteristics and appropriate resources to support catheter placement and long-term functioning. This review focuses on an overview of approaches to catheter placement with emphasis on a patient-centered approach.

Cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages release large numbers of ~30-nm cholesterol-rich particles. Here, we show that those particles represent fragments of the plasma membrane that are pulled away and left behind during the projection and retraction of filopodia and lamellipodia. Consistent with this finding, the particles are enriched in proteins found in focal adhesions, which attach macrophages to the substrate. The release of particles is abolished by blocking cell movement (either by depolymerizing actin with latrunculin A or by inhibiting myosin II with blebbistatin). Confocal microscopy and NanoSIMS imaging studies revealed that the plasma membrane-derived particles are enriched in 'accessible cholesterol' (a mobile pool of cholesterol detectable with the modified cytolysin ALO-D4) but not in sphingolipid-sequestered cholesterol [a pool detectable with ostreolysin A (OlyA)]. The discovery that macrophages release cholesterol-rich particles during cellular locomotion is likely relevant to cholesterol efflux and could contribute to extracellular cholesterol deposition in atherosclerotic plaques.

How plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol is controlled is poorly understood. Ablation of the gene encoding the ER stress steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain (StarD)5 leads to a decrease in PM cholesterol content, a decrease in cholesterol efflux, and an increase in intracellular neutral lipid accumulation in macrophages, the major cell type that expresses StarD5. ER stress increases StarD5 expression in mouse hepatocytes, which results in an increase in accessible PM cholesterol in WT but not in StarD5-/- hepatocytes. StarD5-/- mice store higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, which leads to altered expression of cholesterol-regulated genes. In vitro, a recombinant GST-StarD5 protein transfers cholesterol between synthetic liposomes. StarD5 overexpression leads to a marked increase in PM cholesterol. Phasor analysis of 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data revealed an increase in PM fluidity in StarD5-/- macrophages. Taken together, these studies show that StarD5 is a stress-responsive protein that regulates PM cholesterol and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.

Abstract Background Adenomatoid mesothelioma is a rare subtype of malignant mesothelioma that can be confused with adenomatoid tumors, which are classified as benign. The clinical features and optimal management of adenomatoid mesothelioma have not been elucidated in the literature. In this report, we present an extremely rare case of adenomatoid mesothelioma that developed on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm as well as a literature review of adenomatoid mesothelioma in the abdominal cavity. Case presentation The patient was a 61-year-old Japanese woman who had undergone resection of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the hand 18 years prior. She was diagnosed with clinical stage I lung adenocarcinoma on follow-up chest radiography. Simultaneously, a 20-mm enhancing nodule with slow growth on the right diaphragm was detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. She presented no specific clinical symptoms. At this point, the lesion was suspected to be a hypervascular tumor of borderline malignancy, such as a solitary fibrous tumor. After a left upper lobectomy for lung adenocarcinoma, she was referred to our department, and laparoscopic tumor resection was performed. Adenomatoid tumors were also considered based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses, but we made the final diagnosis of adenomatoid mesothelioma using the results of the genetic profile. The patient remains alive, with no recurrence noted 6 months after surgery. Conclusion We encountered a valuable case of adenomatoid mesothelioma of peritoneal origin. There are some previously reported cases of adenomatoid mesothelioma and adenomatoid tumors that may need to be recategorized according to the current classification. It is important to accumulate and share new findings to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics and genetic status of adenomatoid mesothelioma.

The peritoneal cavity is the second most common location for mesothelioma with only 10.5% of 10,589 mesothelioma cases reported in the United States between 1973 until 2005 and known with poor prognosis. Diagnosing malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a challenge for many clinicians because the symptoms are often non-specific. Therefore, the emergence of computer tomography (CT) features knowledge and another finding is an essential aspect in establishing the diagnosis. We present a case 43-years-old man with no history of malignancy presented with abdominal distention, weight loss, and decreased appetite for 2 months. To pursue the proper diagnosis an abdominal CT was performed and revealed diffuse, irregular thickening of the parietal peritoneum with multiple nodules, and the chest CT revealed a left-sided pleural effusion with multiple nodules in both lungs. Concomitant with the imaging result, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis of a core biopsy of the peritoneal nodule showed a malignant round cell tumor indicating the source of the mesothelioma.

Intra-abdominal solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), also known as hemangiopericytoma, is rare, especially for those with a mesenteric location, and only a few cases have been reported. Distinguishing a hemangiopericytoma from other intra-abdominal benign or malignant tumors can be difficult, as they have similar presentations on both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the present study, the records for a 31-year-old Vietnamese woman who underwent abdominal surgery for greater omental tumor resection and received histopathological results revealing SFT are retrospectively reviewed. The case is discussed and similar reported cases are reviewed. Due to the aggressive behavior and high rate of postoperative recurrence associated with SFT, a thorough understanding of the radiologic and histopathological features of the disease is necessary to achieve an appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

The retrograde flow of endometrial tissues deposited into the peritoneal cavity occurs in women during menstruation. Classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated macrophages partake in the removal of regurgitated menstrual tissue. The failure of macrophage egress from the peritoneal cavity through the mesothelium leads to chronic inflammation in endometriosis. To study the migration differences of macrophage phenotypes across mesothelial cells, an in vitro model of macrophage egress across a peritoneal mesothelial cell monolayer membrane was developed. M1 macrophages were more sessile, emigrating 2.9-fold less than M2 macrophages. The M1 macrophages displayed a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature, including IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, TNF-β, and IL-12p70. Mass spectrometry sphingolipidomics revealed decreased levels of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), an inducer of migration in M1 macrophages, which correlated with its poor migration behavior. C1P is generated by ceramide kinase (CERK) from ceramide, and blocking C1P synthesis via the action of NVP231, a specific CERK chemical inhibitor, prohibited the emigration of M1 and M2 macrophages up to 6.7-fold. Incubation with exogenously added C1P rescued this effect. These results suggest that M1 macrophages are less mobile and have higher retention in the peritoneum due to lower C1P levels, which contributes to an altered peritoneal environment in endometriosis by generating a predominant pro-inflammatory cytokine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm described in humans, dogs, and cats. A hallmark of diagnosis for GISTs is positive immunohistochemical labelling with c-Kit (CD117). The differentiation of GIST from other mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract is pivotal to allow for initiation of appropriate treatment. In humans, cystic GIST has been described, though this has not been reported in dogs. In humans, the cystic form of GIST has been associated with a favorable prognosis. In the present paper, we report a case of multilocular cystic GIST in a dog, which has not previously been described in this species. Case presentation: A ten-year-old, male-entire Maltese terrier mix breed dog presented with a large cystic mural mass of the duoedenum and orad jejunum. Histopathology and positive immunohistochemical staining with CD117 confirmed a diagnosis of GIST. No evidence of metastasis was detected on routine staging with abdominal sonography and thoracic radiography at the time of diagnosis. Surgical resection was performed and toceranib therapy was initiated post-operatively. Metastasis was documented 251 days after surgery on computed tomography. Due to clinical deterioration, the patient was humanely euthanised 370 days after surgical excision. Conclusions: There are few differential diagnoses for large multilocular cystic intra-abdominal masses in dogs. This case presents a previously undescribed presentation of gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the dog as a predominantly multilocular cystic mass. It remains unclear if the cystic form of GIST may represent a favorable prognosis in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the seventh commonest cancer in Egypt. Early detection of peritoneal metastasis is a major challenge in CRC management. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of positive malignant cells in peritoneal lavage before and after resection of CRC. Patients and methods This prospective study was conducted from May 2020 to June 2022 and included 50 patients who underwent colorectal tumor resection. Intraoperative peritoneal lavage before and after tumor resection was done to detect intraperitoneal free cancer cells by conventional cytology. Results Preresection cytology was positive in four (8%) patients and negative in 46 (92%) patients. Postresection cytology was positive in five (10%) patients and negative in 45 (90%) patients. Positive preresection cytology was significantly prevalent in cases with mucinous carcinoma (P<0.031) and in cases with positive lymph node metastases (P<0.008). Positive postresection cytology in originally negative preresection one was significantly prevalent in the younger age group (P=0.046). There was more incidence of change of negative preresection cytology to positive postresection cytology whenever the tumor was located in the rectum than in cases of left or right tumor location. Conclusions Positive intraperitoneal free cancer cells are a prognostic factor of recurrence for patients treated for CRC, and it may be used as a criterion for selecting patients for further management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mesotheliomas are neoplasms of the serosal lining of the body cavities. Diagnosis requires a multimodal approach of clinical findings, cytology, and histopathology with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The published sensitivity of cytology for diagnosing mesothelioma ranges from 30% to 75%. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to calculate the incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM) at our institute and to study the cytological features of MM. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids submitted at our institute was done. The duration of the study was 8 years (2011–2019). Apart from examining Giemsa smears, a panel of immunocytochemical (ICC) and cell block immunohistochemical (IHC) markers was applied to achieve the diagnosis. These included calretinin, mesothelin, CK5/6, Hector Battifora mesothelial cell antibody (HBME), WT1, MOC31, CK7 and CK20. Histopathological correlation was done wherever possible. Result: In the present study, we compiled four cases of MM over 8 years diagnosed on serous effusion cytology and confirmed by immunocytochemistry (ICC)/cell block immunohistochemistry (IHC)/biopsy. This indicates a rare incidence of MM. The Cytological features of MM were studied. Conclusion: The diagnosis of MM is difficult, especially cytologically. It was found to be a rare entity in the malignant cases diagnosed on effusion cytology.

Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) are ubiquitous, are formed in many inflammatory tissues, including atherosclerotic lesions, and frequently mediate proinflammatory changes 1 . Because OxPL are mostly the products of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, mechanisms to specifically neutralize them are unavailable and their roles in vivo are largely unknown. We previously cloned the IgM natural antibody E06, which binds to the phosphocholine headgroup of OxPL, and blocks the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) by macrophages and inhibits the proinflammatory properties of OxPL2-4. Here, to determine the role of OxPL in vivo in the context of atherogenesis, we generated transgenic mice in the Ldlr-/- background that expressed a single-chain variable fragment of E06 (E06-scFv) using the Apoe promoter. E06-scFv was secreted into the plasma from the liver and macrophages, and achieved sufficient plasma levels to inhibit in vivo macrophage uptake of OxLDL and to prevent OxPL-induced inflammatory signalling. Compared to Ldlr-/- mice, Ldlr -/- E06-scFv mice had 57-28% less atherosclerosis after 4, 7 and even 12 months of 1% high-cholesterol diet. Echocardiographic and histologic evaluation of the aortic valves demonstrated that E06-scFv ameliorated the development of aortic valve gradients and decreased aortic valve calcification. Both cholesterol accumulation and in vivo uptake of OxLDL were decreased in peritoneal macrophages, and both peritoneal and aortic macrophages had a decreased inflammatory phenotype. Serum amyloid A was decreased by 32%, indicating decreased systemic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis and inflammation were also decreased. Finally, the E06-scFv prolonged life as measured over 15 months. Because the E06-scFv lacks the functional effects of an intact antibody other than the ability to bind OxPL and inhibit OxLDL uptake in macrophages, these data support a major proatherogenic role of OxLDL and demonstrate that OxPL are proinflammatory and proatherogenic, which E06 counteracts in vivo. These studies suggest that therapies inactivating OxPL may be beneficial for reducing generalized inflammation, including the progression of atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis and hepatic steatosis.

Asbestos fibers are highly toxic (Group 1 carcinogen) due to their high aspect ratio, durability, and the presence of iron. In nature, plants, fungi, and microorganisms release exudates, which can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil minerals including asbestos minerals. We examined whether exudates from bacteria and fungi at environmentally relevant concentrations can alter chrysotile, the most widely used asbestos mineral, and lower its toxicity. We monitored the release of iron from chrysotile in the presence of organic acid ligands and iron-specific siderophores derived from bacteria and fungi and measured any change in fiber toxicity toward peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice. Both fungal and bacterial siderophores increased the removal of iron from asbestos fibers. In contrast, organic acid ligands at environmentally relevant concentrations neither released iron from fibers nor helped in siderophore-mediated iron removal. Removal of plant-available or exchangeable iron did not diminish iron dissolution by both types of siderophores, which indicates that siderophores can effectively remove structural iron from chrysotile fibers. Removal of iron by siderophore lowered the fiber toxicity; fungal siderophore appears to be more effective than bacterial siderophore in lowering the toxicity. These results indicate that prolonged exposure to siderophores, not organic acids, in the soil environment decreases asbestos fiber toxicity and possibly lowers the health risks. Thus, bioremediation should be explored as a viable strategy to manage asbestos-contaminated sites such as Brownfield sites, which are currently left untreated despite dangers to surrounding communities.

The relationship between macrophages of the peritoneal cavity and the adjacent omentum remains poorly understood. Here, we describe two populations of omental macrophages distinguished by CD102 expression and use an adoptive cell transfer approach to investigate whether these arise from peritoneal macrophages, and whether this depends upon inflammatory status, the origin of peritoneal macrophages and availability of the omental niches. We show that whereas established resident peritoneal macrophages largely fail to migrate to the omentum, monocyte‐derived resident cells readily migrate and form a substantial component of omental CD102+ macrophages in the months following resolution of peritoneal inflammation. In contrast, both populations had the capacity to migrate to the omentum in the absence of endogenous peritoneal and omental macrophages. However, inflammatory macrophages expanded more effectively and more efficiently repopulated both CD102+ and CD102− omental populations, whereas established resident macrophages partially reconstituted the omental niche via recruitment of monocytes. Hence, cell origin determines the migration of peritoneal macrophages to the omentum and predisposes established resident macrophages to drive infiltration of monocyte‐derived cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyperphosphatemia is common in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Restricting dietary phosphorus often leads to a decrease in protein intake, which may result in hypoalbuminemia. The high pill burden of phosphate binders may also contribute to compromised appetite and dietary intake. Hypoalbuminemia is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in PD patients. The goal of this study was to determine if sucroferric oxyhydroxide improves albumin and self-reported measures of appetite in PD patients.Methods: We performed a prospective, open-label, 6-month, pilot study of 17 adult PD patients from the Denver Metro Area. Patients had to use automated peritoneal dialysis for ≥ 3 months, have a serum albumin ≤ 3.8 g/dL, and have serum phosphate ≥ 5.5 mg/dL or ≤ 5.5 mg/dL on a binder other than SO. SO was titrated to a goal serum phosphate of < 5.5 mg/dL. The primary outcome was change in serum phosphate, albumin, and phosphorus-attuned albumin (defined as albumin divided by phosphorus) over 6 months.Results: The mean (SD) age and dialysis vintage was 55 ± 13 years and 3.8 ± 2.7 years, respectively. Participants' serum phosphate significantly decreased with fewer phosphate binder pills/day after switching to SO. There was no change in serum albumin, appetite, or dietary intake. However, participants had significant improvements in phosphorus-attuned albumin.Conclusion: The transition to SO improved phosphorus control, phosphorus-attuned albumin, and pill burden. There were no significant changes in self-reported appetite or dietary intake during the study. These findings suggest that PD patients maintained nutritional status with SO therapy.Trial Registration: First registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04046263 ) on 06/08/2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mesotheliomas are neoplasms of the serosal lining of the body cavities. Diagnosis requires a multimodal approach of clinical findings, cytology, and histopathology with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The published sensitivity of cytology for diagnosing mesothelioma ranges from 30% to 75%. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to calculate the incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM) at our institute and to study the cytological features of MM. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids submitted at our institute was done. The duration of the study was 8 years (2011--2019). Apart from examining Giemsa smears, a panel of immunocytochemical (ICC) and cell block immunohistochemical (IHC) markers was applied to achieve the diagnosis. These included calretinin, mesothelin, CK5/6, Hector Battifora mesothelial cell antibody (HBME), WT1, MOC31, CK7 and CK20. Histopathological correlation was done wherever possible. Result: In the present study, we compiled four cases of MM over 8 years diagnosed on serous effusion cytology and confirmed by immunocytochemistry (ICC)/cell block immunohistochemistry (IHC)/biopsy. This indicates a rare incidence of MM. The Cytological features of MM were studied. Conclusion: The diagnosis of MM is difficult, especially cytologically. It was found to be a rare entity in the malignant cases diagnosed on effusion cytology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]