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Purpose: The leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta (PFA) are generally reported to have antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects and commonly used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and antioxidant activity of PFA on busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction, histological damage, oxidative stress (OS), sperm quality, and hormone levels using a mouse model. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups: control, busulfan-only treated, and varying concentrations of PFA (100 and 200 mg/kg) with busulfan. In the busulfan group, 40 mg/kg of busulfan was intraperitoneally injected to induce azoospermia. Mice were orally administered PFA for 35 consecutive days after busulfan administration. Samples were collected and assessed for testis/body weight, testicular histopathology, sperm quality, serum hormone levels, and OS to evaluate the effects of PFA treatment on spermatogenesis dysfunction induced by busulfan. Results: The busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction model showed reduced testis weight, adverse histological changes, significantly decreased sex hormones and sperm quality, and attenuated OS. These results indicate that PFA treatment significantly increased testis weight, testis/body weight, epididymal sperm count, motility, and testosterone level compared with busulfan alone. PFA treatment also attenuated the busulfan-induced histological changes. Furthermore, compared with mice treated with busulfan alone, PFA supplementation upregulated the testicular mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), with a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) production and an increase in SOD and GPx activities. Conclusions: This study shows that PFA exerts a protective effect against testicular damage by attenuating OS induced by busulfan. Our results suggest that PFA is a potentially relevant drug used to decrease the side effects induced by busulfan on testicular function and sperm during cancer chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla oil from the medicinal crop Perilla frutescens possess a wide range of biological activities and is generally used as an edible oil in many countries. The molecular basis for its formation is of particular relevance to perilla and its breeders. Here in the present study, four PfFAD2 genes were identified in different perilla cultivars, PF40 and PF70, with distinct oil content levels, respectively. Their function was characterized in engineered yeast strain, and among them, PfFAD2-1PF40, PfFAD2-1PF70 had no LA biosynthesis ability, while PfFAD2-2PF40 in cultivar with high oil content levels possessed higher catalytic activity than PfFAD2-2PF70. Key amino acid residues responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of PfFAD2-2PF40 was identified as residue R221 through sequence alignment, molecular docking, and site-directed mutation studies. Moreover, another four amino acid residues influencing PfFAD2 catalytic activity were discovered through random mutation analysis. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of high-oil-content perilla cultivars and the biosynthesis of LA and its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on 3D printing‐preparation of novel biomaterials based on fish scale collagen and the following plant extracts: Eclipta alba L. Hassk leaf (EA), Piper betle L. leaf (PB), Perilla frutescens L. Britt leaf (PF), and Styphnolobium japonicum L. Schott flower bud (SJ). The characterizations of the obtained biomaterials were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and stereo microscopy. Additionally, assessments of the biomaterials were conducted on the water contact angle, simulated body fluid contact angle, scratch resistance, color changes, and swelling degree in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, in‐vitro blood clotting time and the anti‐inflammatory ability of these biomaterials were also performed. The results indicated that the plant extracts contributed to modifying collagen, significantly improving the scratch resistance and water contact angle of the collagen/plant extract biomaterials. The plant extracts were dispersed consistently with the collagen matrix, impacting the vibrations of specific functional groups of collagen. Collagen/plant extract dressings exhibited great biocompatibility and anti‐inflammatory. The in‐vitro tests demonstrated that the ethanol EA extract notably enhanced the hemostatic effectiveness of collagen, suggesting the potential of collagen/plant extract biomaterials in hemostatic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla [ Perilla frutescens (L.) var frutescens ] is a traditional oil crop in Asia, recognized for its seeds abundant in α-linolenic acid (18:3), a key omega-3 fatty acid known for its health benefits. Despite the known nutritional value, the reason behind the higher 18:3 content in tetraploid perilla seeds remained unexplored. Gamma irradiation yielded mutants with altered seed fatty acid composition. Among the mutants, DY-46-5 showed a 27% increase in 18:2 due to the 4-bp deletion of PfrFAD3b , and NC-65-12 displayed a 16% increase in 18:2 due to the loss of function of PfrFAD3 a through a large deletion. Knocking out both copies of FATTY ACID DESATURASE3 (PfrFAD3a and PfrFAD3b) simultaneously using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in an increase in 18:2 by up to 75% and a decrease in 18:3 to as low as 0.3% in seeds, emphasizing the pivotal roles of both genes in 18:3 synthesis in tetraploid perilla. Furthermore, diploid Perilla citriodora , the progenitor of cultivated tetraploid perilla, harbors only PfrFAD3b , with a fatty acid analysis revealing lower 18:3 levels than tetraploid perilla. In conclusion, the enhanced 18:3 content in cultivated tetraploid perilla seeds can be attributed to the acquisition of two FAD3 copies through hybridization with wild-type diploid perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor greening is becoming popular because it provides many benefits for people. However, plant selection for indoor greening is limited to shade-tolerant tropical plants internationally, and little research has been performed to expand the use of native herb plant species. The aim of this research was to study growth characteristics of Japanese native herbs under common light intensity regimes in office buildings. Eight species of Japanese native herbs (Acorus gramineus, Cameilla sinensis, Farfugium japonicum, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Perilla frutescens var. crispa f. viridis, Petasites japonicus, Sasa veitchii, and Saxifraga stolonifera) were examined in an open growth chamber with light-emitting diode light tape under three light intensities [photosynthetic photon flux densities of 3 µmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 (250 lx), 6 µmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 (500 lx), and 12 µmol⋅m-2⋅s-1 (750 lx)] from 8 AM to 10 PM every day from Jun 2021 to Oct 2021 in an office. Farfugium japonicum and Saxifraga stolonifera were as shade-tolerant as typical tropical plants and grew well under all light intensities. Sasa veitchii performed well under high and medium light intensity. The other plant species require supplemental lightning to achieve sufficient growth indoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023 in Aichi Prefecture, shiso plant growth in a deep flow technique (DFT) hydroponic system was delayed from mid-March to late April with roots showing evidence of rotting. An oomycete species was isolated from the roots and identified as Phytopythium helicoides based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence homology. Identical symptoms appeared on shiso plants after inoculating seedlings with zoospores from the strain, and the same oomycete species was reisolated from the diseased plants. This study is the first report in the world of root rot caused by P. helicoides in shiso in a DFT hydroponic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endophytic fungi (EF) reside within plants without causing harm and provide benefits such as enhancing nutrients and producing bioactive compounds, which improve the medicinal properties of host plants. Selecting plants with established medicinal properties for studying EF is important, as it allows a deeper understanding of their influence. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the impact of EF after inoculating the medicinal plant Perilla frutescens, specifically focusing on their role in enhancing medicinal properties. Results: In the current study, the impact of two EF i.e., Irpex lenis and Schizophyllum commune isolated from A. bracteosa was observed on plant Perilla frutescens leaves after inoculation. Plants were divided into four groups i.e., group A: the control group, group B: inoculated with I. lenis; group C: inoculated with S. commune and group D: inoculated with both the EF. Inoculation impact of I. lenis showed an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a (5.32 mg/g), chlorophyll b (4.46 mg/g), total chlorophyll content (9.78 mg/g), protein (68.517 ± 0.77 mg/g), carbohydrates (137.886 ± 13.71 mg/g), and crude fiber (3.333 ± 0.37%). Furthermore, the plants inoculated with I. lenis showed the highest concentrations of P (14605 mg/kg), Mg (4964.320 mg/kg), Ca (27389.400 mg/kg), and Mn (86.883 mg/kg). The results of the phytochemical analysis also indicated an increased content of total flavonoids (2.347 mg/g), phenols (3.086 mg/g), tannins (3.902 mg/g), and alkaloids (1.037 mg/g) in the leaf extract of P. frutescens inoculated with I. lenis. Thus, overall the best results of inoculation were observed in Group B i.e. inoculated with I. lenis. GC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extract showed ten bioactive constituents, including 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester as major constituents found in all the groups of P. frutescens leaves. The phenol (gallic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were also observed to increase after inoculation by HPTLC analysis. The enhancement in the phytochemical content was co-related with improved anti-oxidant potential which was analyzed by DPPH (% Inhibition: 83.45 µg/ml) and FRAP (2.980 µM Fe (II) equivalent) assay as compared with the control group. Conclusion: Inoculation with I. lenis significantly enhances the uptake of nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties in P. frutescens, suggesting its potential to boost the therapeutic properties of host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AP2 transcription factors belong to the AP2/ERF superfamily and are involved in the regulation of various biological processes in plant growth and development, as well as in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, studies on the AP2 transcription factor family of Perilla frutescens have not been reported. In this study, totally 18 AP2 family members were identified from the Perilla frutescens genome and analyzed for gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements using bioinformatics.WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is a key regulator of lipid biosynthesis in many plant species and plays an important role in the regulation of lipid synthesis. Sequence comparison revealed that one member of WRI1 is highly homologous to AtWRI1 and contains two conserved AP2 domains, named PfWRI1. The expression levels of PfAP2 family genes were analyzed in different tissues of Perilla frutescens and at different stages of seed development in conjunction with the transcriptome data, and the results showed that PfWRI1 is highly expressed only in the seeds of Perilla frutescens, suggesting that PfWRI1 may be related to the developmental process of the seeds. The overexpression vector of plant pCAMBIA1303-PfWRI1 was constructed, and wild-type (Col) and mutant (wri1-1) Arabidopsis thaliana were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to obtain overexpression and complementation lines, respectively. The results showed that the expression of PfWRI1 led to an increase in oil content of Arabidopsis seeds by 8.90%-13.57% compared with Col, and promoted the accumulation of oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) and reduced the accumulation of palmitic acid (C16:0), arachidonic acid (C20:0), and cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (C20:1) in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. In addition, PfWRI1 gene expression increased the expression of glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes AtPKP-α, AtPKP-β1, AtBCCP2, AtSUS2, and AtLIP1. Taken together, PfWRI1 may promote lipid accumulation by increasing unsaturated fatty acid content through interaction with the above genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens, a short-day plant, is rich in biologically active substances and nutrients. Current research on Perilla frutescens focuses on agronomic traits such as yield and fatty acid accumulation, with limited exploration of the flowering process and floral organ development. The molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying these aspects remain unclear. FLOWERING LOUC T (FT) is a florigen in Arabidopsis, plays critical roles in floral transition. PfFT3 is unannotated by genome but annotated by transcriptomics data to the FT-like subfamily. Its function in controlling flowering is yet to be explored. Here subcellular localization analysis showed that PfFT3 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The plant over-expression vector pCAMBIAI1303-PfFT3 was constructed and transformed into wild-type (Col-0) and mutant fd-2, fd-3, and ft-10 plants by agrobacterium-mediated inflorescence infiltration as a means of obtaining genetically stable and pure overexpression and backfill transgenic lines in Arabidopsis, respectively. Analysis of the results showed that overexpression of PfFT3 significantly promoted early flowering in Arabidopsis and rescued the late-flowering phenotype of the mutants fd-2, fd-3, and ft-10, and that expression of the exogenous PfFT3 promoted the expression of the downstream endogenous flowering genes AtSOC1, AtAP1, AtFUL, and AtLFY. This study demonstrates the positive role of PfFT3 in promoting flowering, providing a foundation for further investigation of PfPEBP function and advancing the breeding of early-flowering Perilla frutescens cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile oil, mainly extracted from aromatic plants, is widely used in medical, cosmetics, and other industries for its disinfection, sterilization, antioxidant, and other effects. The yield of volatile oil was influenced by plant density and harvest time. Here, two common aromatic plants, Perilla frutescens and Ysphania ambrosioide, were taken as examples to investigate the effects of plant density and harvest time on plant yield-related traits, content, and yield of volatile oil, and the oil yield was determined by steam distillation. Results showed that plant density and harvest time significantly affected the yield and quality of the two plants (p < 0.05). Increasing plant density significantly increased the dry yield and leaf dry yield of P. frutescens, while the dry yield and volatile oil content and yield of Y. ambrosioides significantly decreased, and the maximum value exhibited was at the plant density of 80 cm × 80 cm. In P. frutescens, the maximum volatile oil content was obtained at the plant density of 60 cm × 60 cm, and the maximum volatile oil yield was obtained at the plant density of 30 cm × 30 cm. The yield and volatile oil yield of these two plants increased first and then decreased with the extension of harvest time. The maximum of P. frutescens was in mid-September, and that of Y. ambrosioides was in late October to early November. Our study provides new data for improving plant volatile oil yield and commercial value by optimizing planting density and harvest time and highlights the importance of optimizing planting management mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Perilla frutescens and its dried extract have been employed in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing due to the plant's biological activities, which include antibacterial, anti-allergic, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties. Despite numerous studies on preparing dry extracts from various medicinal herbs, no research has been conducted to optimize spray-drying conditions specifically for P. frutescens. Aims: To optimize the spray-drying parameters using BCPharSoft software and evaluate the quality of P. frutescens dry extract. Methods: D-optimal design based on four independent variables carrier type (Glucidex, Glucidex: Arabic gum 9:1, Glucidex: Arabic gum 8:2), carrier mass (10, 15, and 20 g), inlet air temperature (160, and 180℃) and flow rate (12, and 14 rpm/min) was applied to investigate the cause-effect relations and optimized preparation process. The drying performance, moisture content, total phenol, and total flavonoid content were investigated as four dependent variables. Results: All independent variables had significant effects on the dependent variables. The optimal parameters of the preparation process included using carrier Glucidex: Arabic gum at a ratio of 9:1, carrier mass of 19 g, inlet air temperature of 161°C, and flow rate of 12 rpm/min. The drying performance, moisture content, total phenol, and flavonoid content of the optimized P. frutescens dry extract were found to be 10.42%, 4.80%, and 90.57 mg GA/g, and 53.55 mg QE/g, respectively. Conclusions: Dried P. frutescens extract has been efficiently produced using the spray-drying technique, establishing a foundation for future manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and functional foods derived from P. frutescens.

Viruses pose a significant threat to human health, causing widespread diseases and impacting the global economy. Perilla frutescens, a traditional medicine and food homologous plant, is well known for its antiviral properties. This systematic review examines the antiviral potential of Perilla frutescens, including its antiviral activity, chemical structure and pharmacological parameters. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we revealed the correlation between Perilla frutescens and antiviral activity, identified overlaps between Perilla frutescens target genes and virus-related genes, and explored related signaling pathways. Moreover, a classified summary of the active components of Perilla frutescens, focusing on compounds associated with antiviral activity, provides important clues for optimizing the antiviral drug development of Perilla frutescens. Our findings indicate that Perilla frutescens showed a strong antiviral effect, and its active ingredients can effectively inhibit the replication and spread of a variety of viruses in this review. The antiviral mechanisms of Perilla frutescens may involve several pathways, including enhanced immune function, modulation of inflammatory responses, and inhibition of key enzyme activities such as viral replicase. These results underscore the potential antiviral application of Perilla frutescens as a natural plant and provide important implications for the development of new antiviral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with autophagy disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we identified therapeutic potential of perillaldehyde (PAE), a monoterpene compound obtained from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of HD, which included lifespan extension, healthspan improvement, decrease in polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregation, and preservation of mitochondrial network. Further analyses indicated that PAE was able to induce autophagy and mitochondrial unfolded protein reaction (UPRmt) activation and positively regulated expression of associated genes. In lgg‐1 RNAi C. elegans or C. elegans with UPRmt‐related genes knockdown, the effects of PAE treatment on polyQ aggregation or rescue polyQ‐induced toxicity were attenuated, suggesting that its neuroprotective activity depended on autophagy and UPRmt. Moreover, we found that pharmacological and genetic activation of UPRmt generally protected C. elegans from polyQ‐induced cytotoxicity. Finally, PAE promoted serotonin synthesis by upregulating expression of TPH‐1, and serotonin synthesis and neurosecretion were required for PAE‐mediated UPRmt activation and its neuroprotective activity. In conclusion, PAE is a potential therapy for polyQ‐related diseases including HD, which is dependent on autophagy and cell‐non‐autonomous UPRmt activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants play a crucial role in soil fixation and enhancement of slope stability, and saline–alkaline stress is one of the main restrictions inhibiting plant growth and development. At present, there is a lack of research on the effects of saline–alkaline composite stress on the mechanical properties of the root system and the erosion resistance of the root–soil complex. In this study, three gradients of saline–alkaline composite stress treatments and a control of saline-free treatment was set up for Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens. The plant salt damage rate, osmotic index, antioxidant enzyme activity and plant root morphological indicators were measured. The biomechanical characteristics were determined by stretching tests, the resistance of the plant was measured by a whole-plant vertical uprooting test, and the anti-erosion capacity of the root soil composite was measured by scrubbing test. The results showed that, at 200 mM, the salt damage index and salt damage rate of the four plants, in descending order, were as follows: E. sphaerocephalus < L. fulgens < O. biennis < P. frutescens. Among them, SOD of Perilla frutescens did not play an obvious protective role, and the substantial changes in CAT and POD, as well as the content of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline, showed its sensitivity to saline and alkaline stresses. Root growth was also significantly suppressed in all four plants, the 100- and 200-mM concentrations of saline solution significantly reduced the average tensile strength of O. biennis and P. frutescens, while the saline–alkali solution of 200 mM significantly reduced the elongation of E. sphaerocephalus and L. fulgens, and significantly elevated the soil detachment rate of the root–soil composite for E. sphaerocephalus. Additionally, all three concentrations of saline treatments significantly reduced the pullout resistance of all 4 plants. There was a negative power rate relationship between tensile resistance and root diameter in four plant species, while the relationship between tensile strength and root diameter showed a negative power law only for L. fulgens treated with 0–50 mM saline solution. There was no significant correlation between elongation and root diameter in the four plants. P. frutescens had the greatest tensile resistance and strength, as well as the lowest rate of elongation, while L. fulgens possessed the greatest pullout resistance, and both had comparable resistance to erosion of the root–soil complex. Therefore, compared to the other three plants, L. fulgens is more suitable for soil reinforcement applications on saline slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive alcohol intake leads to significant physiological complications, particularly alcoholic liver diseases (ALD). The extent of liver damage caused by ethanol correlates with increased oxidative stress and accumulation of lipids in the hepatic tissue. In this study, we investigated the defense properties of the aqueous extract of Perilla frutescens Briton Var. acuta Kudo (PF) on hepatic injury in chronically ethanol-treated mice. The mice were orally administered the water extract from PF for 4 weeks with ethanol treatment (3 g/kg. P.O.). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissues was determined. A substantial increase in MDA generation was detected in the livers of mice subjected to ethanol exposure, whereas the administration of PF markedly reduced MDA levels in hepatic tissues. Additionally, histological analysis of the liver tissue was performed. Histopathological investigation revealed a significant reduction in hepatocellular necrosis in the PF-treated group. This study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Perilla frutescens Briton Var. acuta Kudo (PF) attenuated chronic ethanol-induced liver injury by augmenting the antioxidant capacity of mice. These results can be utilized for the development of high-value-added products using PF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, a member of the Lamiaceae family, stands out as a versatile plant highly valued for its unique aroma and medicinal properties. Additionally, P. frutescens seeds are rich in Îś-linolenic acid, holding substantial economic importance. While the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of P. frutescens have already been documented, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence remains unreported. To this end, the sequencing, annotation, and assembly of the entire Mitochondrial genome of P. frutescens were hereby conducted using a combination of Illumina and PacBio data. The assembled P. frutescens mitochondrial genome spanned 299,551 bp and exhibited a typical circular structure, involving a GC content of 45.23%. Within the genome, a total of 59 unique genes were identified, encompassing 37 protein-coding genes, 20 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. Additionally, 18 introns were observed in 8 protein-coding genes. Notably, the codons of the P. frutescens mitochondrial genome displayed a notable A/T bias. The analysis also revealed 293 dispersed repeat sequences, 77 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and 6 tandem repeat sequences. Moreover, RNA editing sites preferentially produced leucine at amino acid editing sites. Furthermore, 70 sequence fragments (12,680 bp) having been transferred from the chloroplast to the mitochondrial genome were identified, accounting for 4.23% of the entire mitochondrial genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that among Lamiaceae plants, P. frutescens is most closely related to Salviamiltiorrhiza and Platostoma chinense. Meanwhile, inter-species Ka/Ks results suggested that Ka/Ks < 1 for 28 PCGs, indicating that these genes were evolving under purifying selection. Overall, this study enriches the mitochondrial genome data for P. frutescens and forges a theoretical foundation for future molecular breeding research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping systems can improve soil fertility and health, however, soil microbial communities and functional genes related to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling under the intercropping system of mesquite and perilla have not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, different planting densities and varieties of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt and kiwifruit were used for intercropping, and changes in soil microbial communities and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling genes in kiwifruit inter-roots under inter-cropping conditions were investigated by macro-genome sequencing technology. The results showed that intercropping with Perill caused a decrease in most soil nutrients, soil enzyme activities, and had a significant impact on the microbial (bacteria and fungi) diversity. Inter-cropping increased the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phylum "Proteobacteria" and "Actinobacteria" by 47 and 57%, respectively, but decreased the relative abundance of the dominant fungal phylum "Chordata" and "Streptophyta" by 11 and 20%, respectively, in the inter-root soil of kiwifruit, and had a significant impact on the microbial (bacteria and fungi) diversity. In addition, inter-cropping could greatly increase the inter-root soil carbon sequestration (PccA, korA/B/C/D, fhs, and rbcl/s), carbon degradation (abfD), organic nitrogen mineralization (GDH2), denitrification (napA/B, nirB, norB), organic phosphorus mineralization (phop, phn), and inorganic phosphorus solubilization (gcd, ppk) gene abundance. The gene co-occurrence network indicated that soil korB, nirB, and gnd key functional genes for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling in kiwifruit interroot soils and their expression was up-regulated in the inter-cropping group. Structural equation (SEM) further showed that soil total nitrogen, organic matter, total carbon and acid phosphatase had significant effects on microbial diversity (p < 0.05) and soil carbon cycling gene korB and phosphorus cycling gene purH (p < 0.001), while korB and purH had positive effects on kiwifruit quality. In conclusion, intercropping perilla in kiwifruit orchards changed the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the inter-root soil of kiwifruit, but I believe that intercropping perilla stimulates carbon degradation, leading to carbon emission and serious loss of soil nutrients, and that prolonged intercropping may adversely affect the quality of kiwifruit, and thus its limitations should be noted in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens var. acuta (Lamiaceae) is widely used not only as an oil or a spice, but also as a traditional medicine to treat colds, coughs, fever, and indigestion. As an ongoing effort, luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide (1), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide (2), and rosmarinic acid (3) isolated from P. frutescens var. acuta were investigated for their anti-adipogenic and thermogenic activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Compound 1 exhibited a strong inhibition against adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the expression of Pparg and Cebpa over 52.0% and 45.0%, respectively. Moreover, 2 inhibited the expression of those genes in a dose-dependent manner [Pparg: 41.7% (5 µM), 62.0% (10 µM), and 81.6% (50 µM); Cebpa: 13.8% (5 µM), 18.4% (10 µM), and 37.2% (50 µM)]. On the other hand, the P. frutescens var. acuta water extract showed moderate thermogenic activities. Compounds 1 and 3 also induced thermogenesis in a dose-dependent manner by stimulating the mRNA expressions of Ucp1, Pgc1a, and Prdm16. Moreover, an LC-MS/MS chromatogram of the extract was acquired using UHPLC-MS2 and it was analyzed by feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) and the Progenesis QI software (version 3.0). The chemical profiling of the extract demonstrated that flavonoids and their glycoside derivatives, including those isolated earlier as well as rosmarinic acid, are present in P. frutescens var. acuta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the effects of benzoic acid (BA) on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of perilla rhizosphere soil. The analysis was based on high-throughput sequencing technology and physiological and biochemical detection. The results showed that with the increase in BA concentration, soil pH significantly decreased, while the contents of total nitrogen (TN), alkaline nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) significantly increased. The activities of soil conversion enzymes urease and phosphatase significantly increased, but the activities of catalase and peroxidase significantly decreased. This indicates that BA can increase soil enzyme activity and improve nutrient conversion; the addition of BA significantly altered the composition and diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Gemmatimonas, Pseudolabrys, and Bradyrhizobium decreased significantly, while the relative abundance of harmful fungi such as Pseudogymnoascus, Pseudoeurotium, and Talaromyces increased significantly. Correlation analysis shows that AP, AN, and TN are the main physicochemical factors affecting the structure of soil microbial communities. This study elucidates the effects of BA on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of perilla soil, and preliminarily reveals the mechanism of its allelopathic effect on the growth of perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant breeding has evolved significantly over time with the development of transformation and genome editing techniques. These new strategies help to improve desirable traits in plants. Perilla is a native oil crop grown in Korea. The leaves contain many secondary metabolites related to whitening, aging, antioxidants, and immunity, including rosmarinic acid, vitamin E, luteolin, anthocyanins, and beta-carotene. They are used as healthy and functional food ingredients. It is an industrially valuable cosmetics crop. In addition, perilla seeds are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid. They are known to be effective in improving neutral lipids in the blood, improving blood circulation, and preventing dementia and cardiovascular diseases, making them excellent crops whose value can be increased through improved traits. This research will also benefit perilla seeds, which can increase their stock through various methods, such as the increased production of functional substances and improved productivity. Recently, significant attention has been paid to trait improvement research involving gene-editing technology. Among these strategies, CRISPR/Cas9 is highly adaptable, enabling accurate and efficient genome editing, targeted mutagenesis, gene knockouts, and the regulation of gene transcription. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing has enormous potential for improving perilla; however, the regulation of genome editing is still at an early stage. Therefore, this review summarizes the enhancement of perilla traits using genome editing technology and outlines future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt, a member of the Lamiaceae, is a Chinese herbal plant renowned for its diverse pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, vasodilatory, hypoglycemic, and blood lipid-lowering. Notably, the Perilla stem aqueous extract (PSAE) holds significant promise as a novel approach in acne vulgaris (AV) treatment. Understanding the fundamental components and mechanisms through which PSAE operates in AV treatment is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic agents. This study validated PSAE's capacity to impede testosterone-induced lipid accumulation in SZ95 cells. Moreover, it delved into the pivotal components and mechanisms underlying PSAE's regulation of lipid synthesis, employing network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The findings underscored PSAE's efficacy in effectively restraining lipid accumulation. The constituents of PSAE predominantly targeted key elements such as the androgen receptor (AR), protein kinase B (AKT), forkhead box O (FoxO), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), which played a crucial role in inhibiting sebaceous synthesis by modulating the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT/FoxO pathway, consequently modulating downstream expression of mTOR and PPAR-γ. The flavonoid glycosides including luteolin-7-Oglucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, and apigenin-7-Odiglucuronide, as well as organic acids like rosmarinic acid and rosmarinic acid methyl ester, and triterpenoids such as hederagenin and glochidone, demonstrated significant affinity for AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) and forkhead box factor 1 (FoxO1) in the PI3K/AKT/FoxO pathway. It's noteworthy that glochidone could potentially serve as a pivotal constituent within PSAE, effectively inhibiting sebaceous synthesis by targeting AKT1, FoxO1, mTOR, and PPAR-γ, showcasing robust affinity towards these targets. This study elucidated the potential of PSAE in combatting AV-related sebum synthesis via modulation of the PI3K/AKT/FoxO signaling pathway with glochidone emerging as a significant player component. It furnished a theoretical framework for the utilization of PSAE in anti-AV treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An excessive inflammatory response of the gastrointestinal tract is recognized as one of the major contributors to ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite this, effective preventive approaches for UC remain limited. Rosmarinic acid (RA), an enriched fraction from Perilla frutescens, has been shown to exert beneficial effects on disease-related inflammatory disorders. However, RA-enriched perilla seed meal (RAPSM) and perilla seed (RAPS) extracts have not been investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. RAPSM and RAPS were extracted using the solvent-partitioning method and analyzed with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mice with UC induced using 2.5% DSS for 7 days were pretreated with RAPSM and RAPS (50, 250, 500 mg/kg). Then, the clinical manifestation, colonic histopathology, and serum proinflammatory cytokines were determined. Indeed, DSS-induced UC mice exhibited colonic pathological defects including an impaired colon structure, colon length shortening, and increased serum proinflammatory cytokines. However, RAPSM and RAPS had a protective effect at all doses by attenuating colonic pathology in DSS-induced UC mice, potentially through the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. Concentrations of 50 mg/kg of RAPSM and RAPS were sufficient to achieve a beneficial effect in UC mice. This suggests that RAPSM and RAPS have a preventive effect against DSS-induced UC, potentially through alleviating inflammatory responses and relieving severe inflammation in the colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genes from Perilla frutescens and Ocimum basilicum were introduced into N. tabacum L. var. HHY via distant hybridization, and the new-type tobacco varieties "Zisu" and "Luole" were developed, with noticeable differences in chemical composition. Smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and its pathogenesis is complex. In the present study, 48 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, the control, "HHY", "Zisu" and "Luole", and then exposed to fresh air/cigarette smoke (CS) for 30 days and 60 days. The COPD model was constructed, and their health hazards were compared and evaluated. CS from different tobacco varieties influenced rats in varying degrees at the tissue, cell and molecular levels. The rats in the "HHY" group showed obvious symptoms, such as cough and dyspnea, which were less severe in the "Zisu" and "Luole" groups. Pathological and morphological analyses, including scores, MLI, MAN, WAt/Pbm and WAm/Pbm, showed that "Zisu" and "Luole" caused less damage to the airways and lung parenchyma than "HHY". Significant increases in the numbers of total leukocytes and neutrophils in the BALF were found in "HHY" compared to those in "Zisu" and "Luole". Moreover, they caused less oxidative stress and apoptosis in lung tissues, as reflected by indicators such as ROS, MDA, T-AOC, GSH, the apoptotic index and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. "Zisu" and "Luole" even altered the ratios of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in lung tissues to a lesser degree. These differences between CS-exposed rats may be closely related to the altered expression of Nrf2, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK. Changes in chemical composition via introducing genes from some medicinal plants may be an attractive strategy for tobacco harm reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species distribution modeling (SDM) can be a valuable tool to improve perilla production by identifying optimal locations for its cultivation in the North Eastern Hill (NEH) region of India. Numerous habitat suitability modeling techniques are available; however, requirement of sophisticated hardware and software for their execution limits their in-situ utility to agriculturalists in real-time. Integrating SDM on edge devices for habitat suitability predictions is challenging due to the computational demands and complexity of current modeling techniques. Hence, in the present study, we developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based mobile application to predict perilla habitat suitability solely from geographical location. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) software with perilla occurrence data from the NEH region was utilized to generate an accurate suitability map (Area Under Curve (AUC) for test data = 0.88). Probabilities and corresponding locations extracted from the suitability map were used as training data for AI models including Random Forest Regression (RFR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The ANN model, architecture being optimized using a genetic algorithm, achieved the best performance (R² = 0.81). All models show good predictive ability (R² > 0.75) in predicting actual habitat suitability (Residual Prediction Deviation (RPD) > 2.10), and a high degree of relationship between predicted and actual probabilities (AUC > 94.0 %) was also observed. The mobile application integrated with the ANN model achieved high AUC (>97.0 %) and R² (0.82) values for testing locations and predicted known perilla locations with an accuracy of 76.0 %. This shows the practical utility of AI-based mobile application for species distribution modeling and emphasizes its potential for perilla cultivators. The developed user-friendly mobile application may help farmers of NEH region to predict optimal locations for perilla cultivation in real-time with a single click, thereby enhancing sustainable production efficiency and biodiversity conservation efforts in their locales.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, an annual plant in the mint family, is considered invasive in the United States where it excludes native vegetation in natural areas and can cause respiratory illness in livestock. An effective biological control agent would improve perilla management, but none have been developed or proposed. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum shisoi, recently found infecting perilla in North America. The growth rates and morphology of seven Colletotrichum shisoi isolates were recorded. A virulence assay was performed on two perilla accessions, and the number and size of foliar lesions produced were used to select a single isolate, Colletotrichum shisoi isolate 21-072, exhibiting consistently high virulence for further evaluation of biocontrol efficacy and host specificity. Treatment with 0.5 mL of 1 × 107 spores/mL H2O caused a 52% reduction in shoot height and 84% reduction in root length of invasive perilla seedlings compared to a control treatment (P < 0.001). Seedlings treated with 1 × 108 spores/mL had a 100% mortality rate. Formulation of inoculum in a 1:1 water:oil emulsion reduced dew period requirements for causing >50% plant mortality from 48 to 24 h, but oil emulsions exhibited a mild phytotoxic effect on seedlings. Four additional perilla accessions were susceptible to C. shisoi, and none of 34 other species included in host range experiments developed disease symptoms following inoculation. These results suggest C. shisoi 21-072 could be an effective antagonist of perilla and likely poses a low risk of non-target impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is a perennial plant of the Lamiaceae family. It is found as an ornamental plant in Bulgaria, from which both green-leafed and purple-leafed varieties are known. The aim of this work was to compare the chemical composition of two varieties of species of Perilla frutescens (L.) essential oils, cultivated in Bulgaria with a view of searching for opportunities for their application. The yield of essential oil from purple-leafed perilla is 0.04% and its main compounds are: perilla ketone (30.30%), ß-caryophyllene (21.80%), (Z,E)-α-farnesene (9.90%), perillene (5.80%), perilla alcohol (5.95%), germacrene D (5.18%), and ß-eudesmol (3.80%). The amount of essential oil from green-leafed perilla is 0.24% and the main constituents are: perilla aldehyde (29.76%), ß-caryophyllene (18.27%), (Z,E)-α-farnesene (16.46%), limonene (13.06%) and germacrene D (3.57%). The results show that handrails can be successfully cultivated in Bulgaria, with the two varieties having a very different composition of the resulting essential oils. The content of some allergens such as ß-caryophyllene, limonene, etc. is grounds for their more limited application in cosmetic products, but research is forthcoming for their inclusion in various food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syngonium podophyllum Schott plants are increasingly being imported in Korea due to their ability to purify indoor air. Root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are the most frequently occurring nematodes associated with S. podophyllum, leading to the disposal of plants or their return to the country of origin, due to inadequate phytosanitary treatments. We evaluated the effectiveness of hot water treatment in controlling Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, present in S. podophyllum and Perilla frutescens Britton. The mortality rate (LT99%: the time at which 99% lethality is achieved) of P. penetrans at 44 to 52 °C water and treatment-caused plant damage were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro test showed the LT99 at 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52 °C was 119.1, 27.0, 14.70, 1.40, and 0.48 min, respectively. The LT99 of hot water treatment on the nematodes infecting both plants was 18.4 to 1.7 min at 46 to 50 °C. S. podophyllum was undamaged at 30 days after treatment with 49 and 51 °C water for 30 min. This study demonstrates that hot water treatment is a potential phytosanitary disinfection method for Pratylenchus spp. infecting foliage plants, which can accelerate their trade by reducing incidents of disposal or return to the country of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a simple, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using a rosmarinic acid extract from Perilla frutescens (PFRAE) as the bioreduction agent. The resulting nanoparticles, called PFRAE-AgNPs, were characterized using various analytical techniques. The UV–Vis spectrum confirmed the formation of PFRAE-AgNPs, and the FTIR spectrum indicated the participation of rosmarinic acid in their synthesis and stabilization. The XRD pattern revealed the crystal structure of PFRAE-AgNPs, and the TEM analysis showed their spherical morphology with sizes ranging between 20 and 80 nm. The DLS analysis indicated that PFRAE-AgNPs were monodispersed with an average diameter of 44.0 ± 3.2 nm, and the high negative zeta potential (−19.65 mV) indicated their high stability. In the antibacterial assays, the PFRAE-AgNPs showed potent activity against both Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial pathogens, suggesting that they could be used as a potential antibacterial agent in the clinical setting. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of PFRAE-AgNPs against DPPH and ABTS radical scavengers highlights their potential in the treatment of various oxidative stress-related diseases. PFRAE-AgNPs also demonstrated significant anticancer activity against a range of cell lines including human colon cancer (COLO205), human prostate carcinoma (PC-3), human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), and human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cell lines suggesting their potential in cancer therapy. The nanoparticles may also have potential in drug delivery, as their small size and high stability could enable them to cross biological barriers and deliver drugs to specific target sites. In addition to the aforementioned properties, PFRAE-AgNPs were found to be biocompatible towards normal (CHO) cells, which is a crucial characteristic for their application in cancer therapy and drug delivery systems. Their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties make them promising candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents. Furthermore, their small size, high stability, and biocompatibility could enable them to be used in drug delivery systems to enhance drug efficacy and reduce side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla is a characteristic medicinal and edible plant. According to the different monoterpenes in Perilla leaves, Perilla can be divided into many chemical types. In this study, four Perilla cultivars of different chemical types, including perillaldehyde (PA), perillaketone (PK), perillene (PL) and piperitenone (PT) were selected for metabolome and transcriptome analysis. In total, 35 terpene compounds were identified and main monoterpenes were consistent with corresponding chemical types, respectively. Combined with transcriptomes, 5,920 differentially expressed genes were obtained among them. In total, 69 genes referred to MVA (Mevalonate) and MEP (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate) pathways and 109 PfTPSs encoded genes were identified, which possessed partial differentially expressed in four chemical types. The core PfTPSs in co-expression analysis were functionally characterized. Three PfTPSs were identified as linalool synthase and one PfTPSs was identified as geranyl synthase. This research analyzed the monoterpene biosynthesis and functional characterization of TPSs in Perilla, which can provide a foundation for in-depth research of the Perilla chemotype metabolic mechanism.

MADS-box transcription factors are widely involved in the regulation of plant growth, developmental processes, and response to abiotic stresses. Perilla frutescens, a versatile plant, is not only used for food and medicine but also serves as an economical oil crop. However, the MADS-box transcription factor family in P. frutescens is still largely unexplored. In this study, a total of 93 PfMADS genes were identified in P. frutescens genome. These genes, including 37 Type I and 56 Type II members, were randomly distributed across 20 chromosomes and 2 scaffold regions. Type II PfMADS proteins were found to contain a greater number of motifs, indicating more complex structures and diverse functions. Expression analysis revealed that most PfMADS genes (more than 76 members) exhibited widely expression model in almost all tissues. The further analysis indicated that there was strong correlation between some MIKCC-type PfMADS genes and key genes involved in lipid synthesis and flavonoid metabolism, which implied that these PfMADS genes might play important regulatory role in the above two pathways. It was further verified that PfMADS47 can effectively mediate the regulation of lipid synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transformants. Using cis-acting element analysis and qRT-PCR technology, the potential functions of six MIKCC-type PfMADS genes in response to abiotic stresses, especially cold and drought, were studied. Altogether, this study is the first genome-wide analysis of PfMADS. This result further supports functional and evolutionary studies of PfMADS gene family and serves as a benchmark for related P. frutescens breeding studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new depside derivatives 1 and 2 as well as a new pair of rosmarinic acid enantiomers 3a/b were isolated from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) britt. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified based on detailed spectroscopic and physicochemical analyses (HR-ESI-MS, NMR) and comparison of literature data. Compounds 3a/b were obtained by chiral separation, and their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 3a/b exhibited potential inhibitory activity on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 15.92 ± 3.32 μM and 48.72 ± 4.12 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study aimed to outline the antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic proprieties of various types of Perilla frutescens extracts obtained from the leaves of the species. (2) Methods: We determined total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic actions in three types of ethanolic extracts (E1, E2, E3) and in three types of acetone: ethanol extracts (A1, A2, A3) of Perilla frutescens according to standardized procedures. (3) Results: We found that Perilla frutescens ethanolic extracts had the highest total phenol and anthocyanins concentrations. The flavonoids concentration was not statistically different between the extracts. The iron chelating capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, and lipoxygenase inhibition capacity showed a significant increase with higher concentrations of Perilla frutescens extracts, particularly the ethanolic extracts. Perillyl alcohol had greater cytotoxic capacity in the MG-63 cell line and E1 extract showed similar significant cytotoxic effects in the A431 cell line. (4) Conclusions: Both ethanolic and acetone–ethanol extracts from Perilla frutescens exhibited important antioxidant and antitumoral actions in vitro, which proportionally increased with concentration. The cytotoxic threshold determined in this study for various types of extracts could help determine the best dosage with the maximum antioxidant and antitumoral potential. Our results could serve as a basis for further studies that will investigate the cytotoxic effects of Perilla frutescens variants on various types of cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutense var. acuta (Lamiaceae) has been used to treat indigestion, asthma, and allergies in traditional medicine. In this study, luteolin 7-O-diglucuronide (1), apigenin 7-O-diglucuronide (2), and rosmarinic acid (3) were isolated from the leaves of P. frutescens var. acuta through various chromatographic purification techniques. Several approaches were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the constituents (1–3) and their working mechanisms. In silico docking simulation demonstrated that 1–3 would work as a PPAR-α/δ/γ agonist, and in vitro PPAR-α/δ/γ transcriptional assay showed that the Perilla water extract (PWE) and 3 increased PPAR-α luciferase activity (1.71 and 1.61 times of the control (PPAR-α + PPRE, p < 0.001)). In the NF-κB luciferase assay, 1 suppressed NF-κB activity the most (56.83% at 5 µM; 74.96% at 10 µM; 79.86% at 50 µM). In addition, 1 and 2 inhibited the mRNA expression of NF-κB target genes, including Il6, Mcp1, and Tnfa, at 50 µM, and 3 suppressed the genes at the mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner. We report that 1 and 2 exert anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition, and the PPAR-α/NF-κB signaling pathway is related to the anti-inflammatory activity of 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is characterized by abnormal lipid concentrations in the bloodstream, heightening the risk of atherosclerosis. While statins are primarily prescribed to treat dyslipidemia, not all patients benefit from them for various reasons, such as intolerance, myopathy, and hepatotoxicity. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, traditionally grown in East Asia, has been used for various therapeutic purposes. The seed oil of this plant is prosperous in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Previous research found the efficacy of perilla (P. frutescens) seed oil in reducing cholesterol in patients with dementia. Our study aimed to determine if the lipid-lowering effects of P. frutescens seed oil occur on their own or alongside statin treatments by conducting a retrospective analysis of existing data to assess its efficacy in improving lipid profiles among the elderly. Objective: This study aimed to understand if P. frutescens seed oil inherently possesses lipid-lowering properties or if these effects are amplified when combined with statins. Methods: A retrospective post hoc analysis was performed on 182 geriatric patients previously involved in a dementia study. These patients were categorized into four groups: those administered both P. frutescens seed oil and a statin (G1), only P. frutescens seed oil (G2), only a statin (G3), and neither (G4). The outcomes evaluated post-intervention included lipid profiles, liver and renal functions, complete blood count, and neutrophils to lymphocytes and platelets (N/LP) ratio. Results: Patients in G1 exhibited the most pronounced reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, suggesting a potential synergistic effect when P. frutescens seed oil is combined with statins. Liver enzyme levels remained stable across all groups, suggesting the hepatic safety of P. frutescens seed oil even when co-administered with statins. Conclusion: P. frutescens seed oil, particularly when used alongside statins, exhibits the potential to improve lipid profiles and may also offer liver protection. However, extended studies are necessary to understand its therapeutic significance in cardiovascular disease management fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic compounds is attractive. Perilla frutescens leaves were proven to be rich in antioxidants. The extraction of antioxidants from Perilla leaves via ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) based on choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was studied. Firstly, several DESs were prepared, and their extraction effects were compared. Secondly, the extraction process was optimized by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, the optimization results were verified and compared with the results of traditional solvent-based UAE. The effects of solvents on the surface cell morphology of Perilla frutescens leaves were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Choline chloride-acetic acid-based DES (ChCl-AcA) extract showed a relatively high ferric-reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyldrazyl radical scavenging rate (DPPH). Under the optimal operating conditions (temperature 41 °C, liquid–solid ratio 33:1, ultrasonic time 30 min, water content 25%, ultrasonic power 219 W), the experimental results are as follows: DPPH64.40% and FRAP0.40 mM Fe(II)SE/g DW. The experimental and predicted results were highly consistent with a low error (<3.38%). The values of the DPPH and FRAP were significantly higher than that for the water, ethanol, and butanol-based UAE. SEM analysis confirmed that ChCl-AcA enhanced the destruction of the cell wall, so that more antioxidants were released. This study provides an eco-friendly technology for the efficient extraction of antioxidants from Perilla frutescens leaves. The cytotoxicity and biodegradability of the extract will be further verified in a future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens, also known as perilla, is an annual herbaceous plant that is primarily found in East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. It has been introduced for cultivation in Europe and North America. Perilla has multiple uses as oilseeds, herbal medicine, vegetables, and flowers, and it is rich in nutritional value and medicinal properties. Recent research has focused on the genomic analysis, ploidy evolution, metabolic regulation, and genetic diversity of perilla, as well as its potential for breeding and cultivation. The study of perilla's genetic heredity and quality breeding has led to the development of varieties with higher oil content and specific traits. However, the changing environment and regional variations pose challenges to perilla's growth and development. Facility cultivation and the use of chitosan oligosaccharide lactate have been explored as methods to improve perilla yield and quality. Overall, perilla frutescens shows great potential as a valuable medicinal and food plant. [Extracted from the article]

The study was to optimize the separation procedures, characterize the galactoglycerolipids and explore their anti-inflammatory activities. Two monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and three digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton were obtained through one-step silica gel column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The presence of additional MGDG (1-O-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-2-O-7Z,10Z,13Z-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol) and DGDG (1-O-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-2-O-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1'→6'')-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol) was concluded for the first time in perilla, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, five galactoglycerolipids exhibited good inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that fatty acid chain length and unsaturation degree affected their anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two cultivated and weedy types of Perilla crop (TCWTPC), and they are widely distributed and cultivated in East Asia, especially in South Korea and Japan. The objective of this study is to create simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to morphological traits that show differences between accessions of the TCWTPC using recently designed SSR primer sets in Perilla crop. Genetic diversity within 52 accessions of the TCWTPC, gathered from South Korea, was assessed using 28 novel Perilla SSR primer sets. Based on the assessment, a collection of 28 Perilla SSR primer sets were shown to exhibit polymorphism and yielded a total of 142 alleles across the 52 accessions of the TCWTPC. Through inspection of a phylogenetic tree and population structure, the 52 accessions of the TCWTPC were classified into three major groups. Although most accessions of the TCWTPC were relatively clearly distinguished, SSR markers failed to distinguish several accessions belonging to the two weedy types of the Perilla crop. By using an association mapping analysis (AMA) of the 28 Perilla SSR markers and seven morphological characteristics in the 52 TCWTPC accessions, we detected that three of the Perilla SSR markers (KNUPF134, KNUPF137, KNUPF149) were associated with plant and seed characteristics. The novel SSR primer sets developed in Perilla crop should be useful in AMA for assessing genetic diversity and relationships between and within TCWTPC accessions, and this information will be helpful for genetic mapping in breeding programs for Perilla crop.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton is an annual herb plant of the Perilla genus in the Labiatae family, which is commonly utilized as an edible and medicinal resource. Polysaccharides are among the major components and essential bioactive compounds of P. frutescens, which exhibit a multitude of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-fatigue, immunoregulation, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects. As a natural carbohydrate, P. frutescens polysaccharide has the potential to be utilized in the development of drugs and functional materials. In this paper, we provide an overview of progress made on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and bioactivity of polysaccharides from different parts of P. frutescens. The challenges and opportunities for research are discussed, along with the potential development prospects and future areas of focus in the study of P. frutescens polysaccharides.

In this study, polysaccharides (PFPS) were extracted form Perilla frutescens L. and modified by HNO3-Na2SeO3 method, and the physicochemical and structural characteristics of PFPS and selenized PFPS (Se-PFPS) was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nanoparticle size analyzer, high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The selenium content of Se-PFPS was (1 004.33 ± 48.60) μg/g as determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The FTIR spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak of Se‒O‒C at 620 cm-1, indicating that sodium selenite was chemically bound to PFPS and seleniumin in Se-PFPS existed in the form of selenite. HPGPC and particle size analysis showed that selenization modification reduced the particle size, and increased the molecular mass of PFPS. The results of SEM and XRD showed that selenization modification changed the morphology and crystalline state of PFPS, and Se-PFPS mainly existed in polycrystalline and amorphous forms. TGA analysis showed that PFPS had stronger thermal stability than did Se-PFPS.

Abstract Background Glandular trichomes, often referred to as “phytochemical factories”, plays a crucial role in plant growth and metabolism. As the site for secretion and storage, the development of glandular trichomes is related to the dynamic biosynthesis of specialised metabolites. The study aims to explore the relationship between spatial phenotype and dynamic metabolism of glandular trichomes, and establish a novel approach for the exploration and study of the regulatory mechanism governing the development of glandular trichomes. Results In this study, we proposed a technical route based on the relative deviation value to distinguish the peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs) from the background tissues and extract their spatial phenotype. By defining glandular trichome developmental stages based on the leaf vein growth axis, we found that young PGTs were densely distributed near the proximal end of growth axis of the leaf veins, where perillaketone, a primary metabolite of PGTs, is predominantly accumulated. Conversely, mature PGTs are typically found near the distal end of the mid-vein growth axis and the lateral end of the secondary vein growth axis, where the accumulation rate of isoegomaketone and egomaketone exceeds that of perillaketone in PGTs. We further identified spatial phenotypic parameters, Lsum and d, as independent variables to construct a linear regression model that illustrates the relationship between the spatial phenotypes and metabolite content of PGTs, including perillaketone (R2 = 0.698), egomaketone (R2 = 0.593), isoegomaketone (R2 = 0.662) and the sum of the amount (R2 = 0.773). Conclusions This model proved that the development of PGTs was correlated with the growth of the entire leaf, and the development stage of PGTs can be identifined by spatial phenotypes based on the leaf veins. In conclusion, the findings of this study enhance our understanding of correlation between spatial phenotype and development of glandular trichomes and offer a new approach to explore and study the regulatory mechanism of glandular trichome development.

Volatile oil, mainly extracted from aromatic plants, is widely used in medical, cosmetics, and other industries for its disinfection, sterilization, antioxidant, and other effects. The yield of volatile oil was influenced by plant density and harvest time. Here, two common aromatic plants, Perilla frutescens and Ysphania ambrosioide, were taken as examples to investigate the effects of plant density and harvest time on plant yield-related traits, content, and yield of volatile oil, and the oil yield was determined by steam distillation. Results showed that plant density and harvest time significantly affected the yield and quality of the two plants (p < 0.05). Increasing plant density significantly increased the dry yield and leaf dry yield of P. frutescens, while the dry yield and volatile oil content and yield of Y. ambrosioides significantly decreased, and the maximum value exhibited was at the plant density of 80 cm × 80 cm. In P. frutescens, the maximum volatile oil content was obtained at the plant density of 60 cm × 60 cm, and the maximum volatile oil yield was obtained at the plant density of 30 cm × 30 cm. The yield and volatile oil yield of these two plants increased first and then decreased with the extension of harvest time. The maximum of P. frutescens was in mid-September, and that of Y. ambrosioides was in late October to early November. Our study provides new data for improving plant volatile oil yield and commercial value by optimizing planting density and harvest time and highlights the importance of optimizing planting management mode.

Viruses pose a significant threat to human health, causing widespread diseases and impacting the global economy. Perilla frutescens, a traditional medicine and food homologous plant, is well known for its antiviral properties. This systematic review examines the antiviral potential of Perilla frutescens, including its antiviral activity, chemical structure and pharmacological parameters. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we revealed the correlation between Perilla frutescens and antiviral activity, identified overlaps between Perilla frutescens target genes and virus-related genes, and explored related signaling pathways. Moreover, a classified summary of the active components of Perilla frutescens, focusing on compounds associated with antiviral activity, provides important clues for optimizing the antiviral drug development of Perilla frutescens. Our findings indicate that Perilla frutescens showed a strong antiviral effect, and its active ingredients can effectively inhibit the replication and spread of a variety of viruses in this review. The antiviral mechanisms of Perilla frutescens may involve several pathways, including enhanced immune function, modulation of inflammatory responses, and inhibition of key enzyme activities such as viral replicase. These results underscore the potential antiviral application of Perilla frutescens as a natural plant and provide important implications for the development of new antiviral drugs.

Abstract This study was performed to identify and profile the volatile compounds present in three different types of Perilla leaves collected from South Korea. Volatile compounds were analyzed by gas-chromatograph-mass spectrometry. In total, 41 volatile compounds were identified belonging to nine chemical classes (six alcohols, seven aldehydes, two benzodioxoles, two esters, three ethers, four ketones, five monoterpenes, one phenylpropanoid, and eleven sesquiterpenes). In cultivated type of var. frutescens (CF), weedy type of var. frutescens (WF), and weedy type of var. crispa (WC), a total of 34, 39, and 41 volatile compounds, respectively, were identified. The predominant compound in CF and WF was perilla ketone (PK; 87.2% and 64.5%, respectively) and in WC was perilla aldehyde (PA; 26.4%). There were 29 and 27 volatile compounds that showed significant differences of content between WC and CF or WF, respectively. In terms of chemotype based on the volatile compounds, CF and WC were PK type and PA or phenylpropanoid (PP) types, respectively. WF accessions, which were PK and PP types in chemical composition, showed intermediate characteristics in the composition of volatile compounds compared with CF and WC. The results obtained in this study identified successfully the composition and content of volatile compounds in Perilla crop in South Korea. These results will provide useful information for industries and research related to Perilla crop.

Abstract Background Perilla frutescens is widely used as both a medicine and a food worldwide. Its volatile oils are its active ingredients, and, based on the different volatile constituents, P. frutescens can be divided into several chemotypes, with perilla ketone (PK) being the most common. However, the key genes involved in PK biosynthesis have not yet been identified. Results In this study, metabolite constituents and transcriptomic data were compared in leaves of different levels. The variation in PK levels was the opposite of that of isoegoma ketone and egoma ketone in leaves at different levels. Based on transcriptome data, eight candidate genes were identified and successfully expressed in a prokaryotic system. Sequence analysis revealed them to be double bond reductases (PfDBRs), which are members of the NADPH-dependent, medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) superfamily. They catalyze the conversion of isoegoma ketone and egoma ketone into PK in in vitro enzymatic assays. PfDBRs also showed activity on pulegone, 3-nonen-2-one, and 4-hydroxybenzalacetone. In addition, several genes and transcription factors were predicted to be associated with monoterpenoid biosynthesis, and their expression profiles were positively correlated with variations in PK abundance, suggesting their potential functions in PK biosynthesis. Conclusions The eight candidate genes encoding a novel double bond reductase related to perilla ketone biosynthesis were identified in P. frutescens, which carries similar sequences and molecular features as the MpPR and NtPR from Nepeta tenuifolia and Mentha piperita, respectively. These findings not only reveal the pivotal roles of PfDBR in exploring and interpreting PK biological pathway but also contribute to facilitating future studies on this DBR protein family.

Abstract Background Dermatophyte caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a global disease with a growing prevalence that is difficult to cure. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is an edible and medicinal plant. Ancient books of Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has potential anti-fungi activity. This is the first study to explore the inhibitory effects of compounds from P. frutescens on Trichophyton mentagrophytes and its mechanism of action coupled with the antifungal activity in vitro from network pharmacology, transcriptomics and proteomics. Methods Five most potential inhibitory compounds against fungi in P. frutescens was screened with network pharmacology. The antifungal activity of the candidates was detected by a broth microdilution method. Through in vitro antifungal assays screening the compound with efficacy, transcriptomics and proteomics were performed to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of the effective compound against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Furthermore, the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to verify the expression of genes. Results The top five potential antifungal compounds in P. frutescens screened by network pharmacology are: progesterone, luteolin, apigenin, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid. In vitro antifungal assays showed that rosmarinic acid had a favorable inhibitory effect on fungi. The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. Comparison of real-time PCR and transcriptomics results showed that the trends of gene expression in glycolytic, carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways were identical. The binding modes and interactions between rosmarinic acid and enolase were preliminary explored by molecular docking analysis. Conclusion The key findings of the present study manifested that rosmarinic acid, a medicinal compound extracted from P. frutescens, had pharmacological activity in inhibiting the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by affecting its enolase expression to reduce metabolism. Rosmarinic acid is expected to be an efficacious product for prevention and treatment of dermatophytes.