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Saffron "Crocus sativus" is a plant of the Iridaceae family. Its therapeutic virtues have been known since antiquity; it is used in traditional medicine and culinary preparations. It is also known for its use in cosmetics because of its beneficial pharmacological activities for human skin. In particular, saffron tepals are the main by-product of saffron processing; they contain several bioactive compounds such as mineral agents, anthocyanins, monoterpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and flavonols (kaempferol). This review aims to describe the different properties of saffron flower tepals, including their botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, biological activities, and cosmetology and perfumery uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically, males should increase their ejaculate expenditure when the probability of sperm competition occurring (or risk) is high but decrease ejaculate expenditure as the number of competing ejaculates (or intensity) increases. Here we examine whether male decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) use cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) transferred to females by rival males at mating to assess the risk and intensity of sperm competition and adjust their ejaculate accordingly. Unmated females and those perfumed with CHCs extracted from one, three, or five males could be distinguished chemically, providing a reliable cue of the risk and intensity of sperm competition. In agreement with theory, males mating with these females increased sperm number with the risk of sperm competition and decreased sperm number with the intensity of sperm competition. Similarly, as the risk of sperm competition increased, males produced a larger and more attractive spermatophylax (an important non-sperm component of the ejaculate) but these traits did not vary with the intensity of sperm competition. Our results therefore demonstrate that both sperm and non-sperm components of the male ejaculate respond to the risk and intensity of sperm competition in different ways and that CHCs provide males with an important cue to strategically tailor their ejaculate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) is not consumed as fresh fruit as other members of Citrus. Bergamot essential oil has a unique aroma. Bergamot essential oil is a very valuable product used in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and food industry due to its beautiful scent and functional properties. As with other Citrus species, the composition of bergamot essential oil can vary according to harvest time, climate and extraction technology. Bergamot essential oil could be obtained by cold press extraction or distillation method. Within the scope of the study, the effect of four different hydrodistillation (HD) times (5, 10, 60 and 120 min) on the composition of bergamot essential oil obtained from Turkish fruits was investigated. In the first 60 min, 96.11% of the total essential oil was obtained. Research findings have shown that the distillation time is quite effective in the composition of bergamot essential oil. Limonene, linalool and linalyl acetate, which are the main components of bergamot essential oil, varied in the range, 42.36%–53.25%, 5.59%–12.18% and 20.84%–26.73%, respectively, with respect to distillation time. In cold press method, bergamot essential oil has lower linalool/linalyl acetate ratio (0.15) compared to HD method and a higher quality essence was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of vanillin derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one scaffolds were prepared and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The results revealed that compounds 6j (29.73 μg/ml) and 7a (38.15 μg/ml) displayed excellent inhibitory activity against the spore of Fusarium solani. The inhibitory activity of compound 7d (10.53 μg/ml) against the spore of Alternaria solani was more than 42-fold that of vanillin. Compound 7a (37.54 μg/ml) showed better antifungal activity against the spore of B. cinerea than positive controls. The cytotoxicity assay confirmed that compounds 6k, 7a, and 7d showed good selectivity and less toxicity to normal mammalian cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer und Recht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I look at the relationship between human olfaction, digital platforms, and everyday media practices in contemporary capitalist contexts. In the first section, I map what I describe as interfaced anosmia, or the absence of smell from mundane media devices. This absence is especially glaring given how olfaction uniquely lends itself to certain mediated forms of affective modulation. In the second section, I look at the platformization of the luxury fragrance industry, across three sites of analysis to reveal how, despite the conditions of interfaced anosmia, smell has already been shaped on and by platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtained from Aquilaria Lam. and Gyrinops Gaertn., agarwood is a prestigious perfume and medicinal material in the world. Its primary chemical constituents and indicators of agarwood's development are 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (PECs). However, how PECs affect its quality, accumulation, and transformation pattern is still unclear. The present study investigated this issue by monitoring resin filling in agarwood generated by the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique over a span of a year, observing the ethanol extract concentration at different sampling times, and statistically examining PECs in agarwood from each sampling period. In agarwood, the resin accumulated over time, except during the 4th-6th month due to the creation of a barrier layer. The relative content of total PECs demonstrated an overall increase throughout the year but a decrease from the 4th month to the 6th month, and the relative content of 19 PECs that persisted throughout the year was positively correlated with the content of ethanol extracts. In addition, the process of chromone accumulation was accompanied by the production and transformation of different types of chromones, with flindersia type 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, epoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, and diepoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones being the major chromone components; in addition, the content of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones kept increasing after 6 months of agarwood formation. Three main trends were identified from 58 analogs of PECs, each with notable variation. The first type had the highest content at the beginning of resin formation. The second type had the highest content at 6 months and then started to decrease, and the third type had a slowly increasing content. As a whole, this study systematically investigated the accumulation of PECs during injury-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis, which is of scientific significance in resolving the transformation of PECs and revealing the secret of agarwood formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many odors, like perfumes, are complex mixtures of chiral and achiral molecules where the cost‐efficient (enantio−)selective sensing represents a major technical challenge. Here, we present a colorimetric sensor array of surface‐mounted metal‐organic‐framework (SURMOF) films in Fabry‐Pérot (FP) cavities. The optical properties of the FP‐SURMOF films with different chiral and achiral structures are affected by the (enantio−)selective adsorption of the analytes in the SURMOF pores, resulting in different responses to the analyte molecules. The read‐out of the sensor array is performed by the digital camera of a common smartphone, where the RGB values are determined. By analyzing the sensor array data with simple machine learning algorithms, the analytes are discriminated. After demonstrating the enantioselective response for a pair of pure chiral odor molecules, we apply the sensor array to detect and discriminate a large number (16) of common commercial perfumes and eau de toilettes. While our untrained human nose is not able to discriminate all perfumes, the presented colorimetric sensor array can classify all perfumes with great classification accuracy. Moreover, the sensor array was used to identify unlabeled samples correctly. We foresee such an FP‐chiral‐SURMOF‐based sensor array as a powerful approach toward inexpensive selective odors sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhiyan 智儼 (602–668) is considered the second patriarch of the Chinese Huayan 華嚴 (Jp. Kegon) school. Zhiyan gave his scholarly attention to the Dilun School 地論宗 and Shelun School 攝論宗. By his period, the reunification of the North and South had permitted the Dilun and Shelun lineages to begin to merge, and the texts on which they were based had a common origin in the Indian Yogācāra and Tathāgatagarbha. In this article, I focus on Zhiyan's conceptual innovations and their background. My chief concerns are twofold: the first is to review several terms and teachings as representative examples of the creative practice of Zhiyan and the second is to identify his roots in the earlier traditions of Indian and Chinese Buddhism. I focus on the translation and understanding of the term zhenru 真如 (Skt. tathatā; suchness/thusness), which is a crucial expression used in descriptions of ultimate truth in Buddhism. By investigating the terms through the lens of the Ratnagotravibhāga (=RGV), I consider what tathatā, dhātu and gotra signified in their Indian usage and how these meanings evolved in the process of the appropriation of these concepts in China, especially in Zhiyan's writings. Furthermore, through this analysis, I aim to explore Zhiyan's attitude towards the Jiujing yisheng baoxing lun 究竟一乘寶性論 (=BXL), the Chinese translation of the RGV, and examine how he absorbed and utilized this significant treatise, which was compiled in India and translated in Northern China. We cannot find even one clear interpretation defining suchness as unconditioned dharma in the Dasheng qixin lun 大乘起信論 (=AF; Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith). In the AF, it is stated that suchness is initially pure. However, due to the fumigation of ignorance, the marks and features of defilement will appear on pure suchness. Suchness, being connected with foundation consciousness, has been regarded as the foundation or origin of conditioned arising in the She dasheng lun chao 攝大乘論抄 (T2806), a significant commentary on the She dasheng lun 攝大乘論 translated by Paramārtha 真諦 (499–569), who has been associated with the AF. Building on this trend in the interpretation of suchness, Zhiyan employs both the AF and the BXL to expound his theory of suchness. He initially utilizes the theory of suchness from the AF and the BXL to argue that all phenomena, including delusion, could arise from suchness. Zhiyan asserts the fumigation/perfume of suchness. The background of Zhiyan's theory of suchness is based on the AF. However, while the AF only mentions the fumigation/perfume of suchness, Zhiyan adds that suchness does not inherently maintain its self-nature but arises conditionally. This marks a significant difference, or development, between the theory of suchness in the AF and that in Zhiyan's Huayan doctrinal system. In my view, the answer lies in the BXL, which Zhiyan himself regards as a key text alongside the AF as the basis for his theory of suchness. Zhiyan finds an intimation of the precious truth in the commentaries of Huiguang 慧光, who was a disciple of Ratnamati, the translator of the BXL, and the founder of the southern branch of the Dilun School. Zhiyan finds the doctrine of infinite dependent arising according to the one vehicle of the distinct teaching (Ch. biejiao yisheng 別教一乘) in Huiguang's commentaries. It indicates that the renderings and interpretations of Ratnamati and Huiguang seem to have deeply influenced Zhiyan. For a long time, many scholars have believed that the RGV had only a minimal impact on East Asian Buddhism, and few have pointed out its influence on Zhiyan. However, through the analysis in this article, I find that Zhiyan places significant importance on the RGV and its Chinese translation BXL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Musks, the foundation of many perfumes, as well as other ingredients of perfumes, were critical objects of study for establishing theoretical concepts about large ring chemical compounds and polymerization in the 1920s and 1930s. Because fragrance chemistry has been underdeveloped in the historiography, doubtless partly because it has become associated with the feminine, this has been ignored in the historiography. This essay highlights the strategic importance of perfume research, looking in particular at the work of Leopold Ružičkač, 1939 Nobel laureate in chemistry who had close ties to the fragrance industry, and Wallace Carothers at DuPont, whose well-known work on polymerization was intimately concerned with large ring compounds, including musk, and which indeed led to DuPont producing a synthetic musk in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the poetry of Jeannette Clariond, a celebrated literary figure in Mexico and internationally. Her poems reflect her past, including her family's origins in Lebanon and her childhood in the border desert of northern Mexico. Clariond describes her books as arising from pain, which has been deeply seated within her for a long time. She compares this pain to watermelon seeds embedded beneath the skin of an elephant, representing her experiences in Siam from another life. [Extracted from the article]

Thioether (sulfide) profragrances are readily prepared by 1,4‐addition of alkanethiols to enones (thia‐Michael reaction). Under ambient conditions, they slowly release the parent enones, thus generating a long‐lasting perfumery effect. The fragrance release of profragrances obtained by 1,4‐addition of S, O and N nucleophiles to enones was compared on cotton and on a hard surface for monomeric and dimeric structures. To avoid the uncontrolled generation of volatile sulfur compounds from thioethers, we investigated the extent to which different side reactions occurred next to the expected formation of enones and alkanethiols. Headspace analyses on cotton showed that enones and aldehydes were the major reaction products, whereas none or only traces of β‐mercaptoketones, diketones or alkanethiols were detected. The absence of alkanethiols indicated that 1,4‐elimination of thioethers was not a major pathway for fragrance release. Extraction of the cotton sheets after analysis showed that thioethers were oxidised to sulfoxides, which then can generate enones by 1,4‐elimination. Thioethers, sulfoxides and sulfones were shown to efficiently release enones in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the influence of different variables on drivers' willingness to accept and use a vehicle-mounted perfume automatic dispersal device (VP-ADD) connected to the vehicle's electronic map. Based on the technical acceptance model, we clarify and condense the explanation of the model used to evaluate the impact of user behavior attitudes and device characteristics on six factors, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude towards use, intention to use, perceived playfulness, and perceived risk, proposing eight hypotheses. Then, we assessed the responses of 562 drivers in China using SPSS for reliability and validity and AMOS for structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses. The findings reveal that the perceived usefulness, ease of use, playfulness, and risk significantly affected the willingness to accept and use the VP-ADD. Furthermore, the perceived risk has a negative influence, while the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived playfulness, and attitude towards use have a positive influence. This research is significant for further development and application of the VP-ADD. It is essential to alleviate driver fatigue, ensure traffic safety, and provide theoretical and empirical support for designing more popular driving assistance devices. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights for developing fatigue driving warning policies, in-vehicle device guidelines, and traffic safety regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Perfume (Parfum) or fragrance is a natural or synthetic cosmetic ingredient added to emit a pleasant aroma or to improve the odor of a cosmetic formula. It is a mixture of substances, not revealed by the manufacturer, which may contain ingredients with allergenic potential, endocrine disruptors, and other possible harmful effects on human health. This study aims to analyze children's cosmetics labels to assess the presence of Perfume. Methods: The researchers randomly visited points of sale in Curitiba, the capital of a southern Brazilian state; in order to catalog the largest possible number of children's cosmetics items. Results: 398 children's cosmetics were analyzed and found Parfum on 295 (74.1 %) of the labels, including 90.4 and 79,1 % of the shampoos and wet wipes, respectively. Conclusion: Exposure of children's skin to fragrances can lead to local side effects such as allergies, but also to systemic effects, and the lack of knowledge of the general population and health professionals about its possible deleterious effects emphasizes the importance of changes in the regulation of cosmetics aiming to reduce the use of this ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil (EO) of Salvia spp. has been widely used for culinary purposes and in perfumery and cosmetics, as well as having beneficial effects on human health. The present study aimed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative variations in EOs in wild-growing and cultivated pairs of samples from members in four Salvia sections or three clades, namely S. argentea L. (Sect. Aethiopis; Clade I-C), S. ringens Sm. (Sect. Eusphace; Clade I-D), S. verticillata L. (Sect. Hemisphace; Clade I-B), S. amplexicaulis Lam., and S. pratensis L. (Sect. Plethiosphace; Clade I-C). Furthermore, the natural variability in EO composition due to different genotypes adapted in different geographical and environmental conditions was examined by employing members of three Salvia sections or two phylogenetic clades, namely S. sclarea L. (six samples; Sect. Aethiopis or Clade I-C), S. ringens (three samples; Sect. Eusphace or Clade I-D), and S. amplexicaulis (five samples; Sect. Plethiosphace or Clade I-C). We also investigated the EO composition of four wild-growing species of two Salvia sections, i.e., S. aethiopis L., S. candidissima Vahl, and S. teddii of Sect. Aethiopis, as well as the cultivated material of S. virgata Jacq. (Sect. Plethiosphace), all belonging to Clade I-C. The EO composition of the Greek endemic S. teddii is presented herein only for the first time. Taken together, the findings of previous studies are summarized and critically discussed with the obtained results. Chemometric analysis (PCA, HCA, and clustered heat map) was used to identify the sample relationships based on their chemical classes, resulting in the classification of two distinct groups. These can be further explored in assistance of classical or modern taxonomic Salvia studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is an aromatic plant of the Lamiaceae family. The essential oil is produced by steam distillation and is a pale yellow liquid with of specific odour. The oil is used in perfumery, cosmetics and food products. The aim of the present work was a comparative analysis of water-ethanol solutions of lavender essential oil with possibilities for application in food products. The lavender oil was dissolved in different ethanol solutions (70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95%) by concentration at oil:solvent ratio = 1:5. The main compound in all solutions depending on the ethanol concentration is monoterpene alcohol linalool (from 54.10 to 38.75%), followed by monoterpene ester linalyl acetate (from 33.10 to 20.81%). The solutions were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes, followed by oxygenated aliphatics and monoterpene hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a plant of the Lamiaceae family, which is mainly used in folk medicine and food industry. Its essential oil is obtained by processing the aerial part, which is also widely used in perfumery, cosmetics, medicine, aromatherapy and food industry. Depending on the origin of the plant, the acquired essential oil has different main components (hemotype), which determine its indicators and properties. The objective of the present work is a comparative analysis of three commercial samples of basil oil, provided by Bulgarian companies, in order to determine their chemotype. In the first two oils, the main components are methylchavicol (from 20.36 to 42.12%), linalool (from 15.75 to 24.65%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (from 6.45 to 13.69%), eucalyptol (from 6.14 to 7.22%), α-(E)-bergamotene (from 4.75 to 6.84%), which defines them as mixed chemotype methyl cinnamate/linalool. The primary components of the third essential oil sample are linalool (39.02%), eucalyptol (11.95%), еugenol (8,17%), α-(E)-bergamotene (6,42%), epi-α-cadinol (3.85%), germacrene D (3.80%), which define it as chemotype linalool. The results show that it is not enough for basil to be produced in Bulgaria, but the origin of the plants should also be known, as there are different chemotypes. Bulgarian basil oil has a high content of linalool and is a linalool chemotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the numerous ancient remedies that include roses and places them in a broader context. It suggests that these medicines' efficacy was partly explained by the association between the flower and the goddess Aphrodite/Venus. Vast amounts of roses were needed in the production of ancient drugs, especially when these included rose oil. This article therefore attempts to shed light on the labour that was involved in growing, transporting, and preparing rose products in antiquity. It aims at finding traces of people who worked with roses. These workers, some of whom were likely enslaved, are usually invisible in the written record, but insight into their working practices can be found on frescos and mosaics. On these artefacts, workers are either presented in their human form or as cupids, the attendant of Venus/Aphrodite. I conclude that the labour involved in producing rose-based medicines depended largely on enslaved people, whose wellbeing suffered for the health of medical consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfume is a powerful art and technology, but its secrets are closely held by a privileged few-by some counts, there are more astronauts than there are perfumers. As critics have noted increasingly since 2020, those select few perfumers often share similar backgrounds. The Western perfume industry prizes perfumers with elite pedigrees, which often precludes marginalized perfumers. It also perpetuates » exclusionary practices, from erasing "noses who develop perfumes to exoticizing non-Western cultures, that push some marginalized perfumers into teaching themselves perfumery. But teaching oneself through recreating and remixing existing fragrances presents a different challenge. As interviews with American, British, and French perfumemakers reveal, intellectual property UP) plays a complicated role in perfumery. Some aspects of scents, like colors and odors, remain unsetded but likely fall into the negative space left by trademark and copyright law. Others, like molecules and formulas, are protected by IP that rarely deters competitors but effectively prevents aspiring perfumemakers from creating and sampling scents. The free culture movement addressed similar problems in other industries by championing creativity with limited or no IP, but the perfume industry has remained largely untouched. Drawing on work by perfumer and educator Saskia Wilson-Brown, this Article suggests that perfumery is overdue for a transformation. One is emerging: open source perfume. Open source perfumes allow anybody to replicate or reimagi fragrances, which empowers aspiring perfumemakers and the public to practice perfumery. It's simple. Crafting an open perfume requires releasing public, operationalizable documentation about the scent, including its ingredients and where to purchase them. Existing open source licenses feature terms that enable perfumemakers to reject or limit IP rights in aspects of their perfumes. For those seeking ways to share scents and signal commitment to democratizing perfumery, this Article draws on personal experience to pioneer the use of open source hardware certification-which extends the open source ethos into tangible products, broadly called "hardware, and provides additional infrastructure for forfeiting rights in branding, works, components, and know-how to share scents that are made to be sampled. Together, these interventions can fuel fragrances that are free: free to make, free to sample, and free from gatekeeping. Open perfume ought to be the next free culture frontier, and this Article helps chart a course toward its expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is presented as a methodological proposal for the field of fashion studies based on the interpretive model Somatheque (2013) of the theorist and activist Paul B. Preciado. Through this theoretical model, which draws lines of feminist post-structuralism and queer phenomenology, this study argues that the enunciation of the body as an archive is divided into four layers of analysis: (1) the biological body as a medical discourse, (2) power practices, (3) body techniques and (4) apparatus of verification. This study will provide a detailed analysis of the CK One advertising campaign called 'Altered States', launched by Calvin Klein in 1995. Specifically, it will assess the applicability of the Somatheque model in fashion studies by considering perfume as a central object of study within the fashion system. Thus, the study of this campaign serves as an example that illustrates how perfume not only plays a pivotal role in fashion studies but also acts as a significant element in the shaping, producing and encoding of the body within its context and allows for the exploration of fashion as a cultural and biopolitical practice influenced by privilege, asymmetrical power relations and colonial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of foreign compounds and in the biosynthesis and catabolism of endogenous substances, including hormones. The activity of these enzymes can be affected by various xenobiotics, such as pollutants, food constituents, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products, which can disrupt the endocrine system by interfering with steroidogenic CYPs. CYP19, also known as aromatase, is a crucial enzyme for testosterone conversion into 17β-estradiol, which is the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. Endocrine disruptors have the potential to inhibit CYP19 activity, leading to an imbalance in estrogen levels in the body. This imbalance can impair reproduction and cause osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, dementia, and some types of cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of commercially available perfumes on testosterone aromatization to 17β-estradiol. For this purpose, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection and HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to examine CYP19 activity with and without perfume. The results showed that all perfumes tested (in a 300-fold dilution) had an inhibitory effect on this enzyme-catalyzed reaction, particularly the Montale® fragrance, 'Intense Roses Musk', which decreased 17β-estradiol production by 88% in comparison with the control. Upon exposure to UV light, the inhibitory effect of this perfume did not decrease. But exposure to UV light significantly increased the inhibitory capacity of another perfume with a weak baseline inhibitory effect. To ascertain whether this inhibition was caused by CYP19 interactions with perfumes, we measured the catalytic activity of NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR), the CYP reaction partner, with one selected perfume, 'Intense Roses Musk' by Montale®, and found no significant CYPOR inhibition. Accordingly, the decrease in testosterone conversion into 17β-estradiol caused by this perfume derives solely from CYP19. Combined, our findings highlight the importance of testing perfumes rather than single ingredients to determine their potential for adverse effects and to ensure consumer safety because their mixtures can interfere with a key enzyme of estrogen biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La química de los perfumes y esencias es un campo de la química de gran relevancia económica. Su origen data de la antigüedad cuando se utilizaban resinas y aceites esenciales en prácticas religiosas. Aunque en sus inicios su uso estaba restringido a la realeza y los sacerdotes, con el correr del tiempo, el uso de perfumes y fragancias se fue popularizando. En la actualidad es una actividad de gran relevancia económica derivada del uso de compuestos químicos no solo en la elaboración de perfumes sino también de productos de consumo masivo como jabones, detergentes y champú. Con la finalidad de despertar el interés de los lectores, especialmente jóvenes con inclinación hacia las ciencias químicas, en este artículo se presenta una visión general de la química relacionada con las materias primas tanto de origen natural como sintético usadas en la elaboración de perfumes y fragancias, abordándose de manera general su origen y estructura química, así como algunas aplicaciones.

الملخص: يتناول البحث دراسة حضارية لعطور المرأة وصناعتها في البحرين وعمان خلال العصر العباسي، فقد اهتمت المرأة بزينتها مُنذ القِدم، واستمر اهتمامُها عبر العُصور المختلفة، ومِن ثَم سَيُبيِّن البحث أنواع العُطور، وعطور المرأة المُستعمَلة في البحرين وعمان واستخداماتها، وكذلك الأدوات والآلات المُستَخْدَمة خلال هذه الصِّناعة، وطرق صناعة العطور، بالإضافة إلى كيفية استخراج العُطور ذات الأصل النباتي والحيواني، وِصناعة العُطور المركبة، وأهم المراكز التي عَمِلَتْ على صِناعتها. Abstract: The research deals with a civilized study about women's perfumes and industry in Bahrain and Oman during the Abbasid era. Women have been interested in their decorations since ancient times, and their interest has continued through different eras. The research will show the types of women's perfumes used in Bahrain and Oman and their uses, as well as the tools and machines used in this industry. Methods of making perfumes, in addition to how to extract plant and animal origins and make composite perfumes, and the most important centers that worked on making them.