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We investigated the effects of climate warming and land-use changes on the temperature and discharge of seven Swiss and Italian streams in the catchment of Lake Lugano. In addition, we attempted to predict future stream conditions based on regional climate scenarios. Between 1976 and 2012, the study streams warmed by 1.5-4.3 °C, whereas discharge showed no long-term trends. Warming trends were driven mainly by catchment urbanization and two large-scale climatic oscillations, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In comparison, independent influences by radiative forcing due to increased atmospheric CO2 were uncertain. However, radiative forcing was predicted to further increase stream temperature (to +3-7 °C), reduce summer discharge (to −46%) and increase winter discharge (to +96%) between the present and 2070-2099. These results provide new insights into the drivers of long-term temperature and discharge trends in European streams subject to multiple impacts. The picture emerging is one of transition, where greenhouse-gas forcing is gaining ground over climate oscillations and urbanization, the drivers of past trends. This shift would impress a more directional nature upon future changes in stream temperature and discharge, and extend anthropogenic warming to rural streams. Diffusing future impacts on stream ecosystems would require adaptation measures at local to national scales and mitigation of greenhouse-gas emissions at the global scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Most Easy, Efficient and Low Cost Geothermal Systems for Retrofitting Civil and Historical Buildings" (GEO4CIVHIC) project aims to accelerate the deployment of shallow geothermal systems for heating and cooling purposes when retrofitting existing and historical buildings. Analyzing the implementation process of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), allows the understanding of how to promote the long-term sustainability of shallow geothermal energy systems. The thermal interference between BHE systems represents a problem, especially due to the increasing deployment of this technology and its spread in densely built-up areas. The main goal of this paper is to propose a conceptual model and to apply this to different case studies. The methodology includes phases to adopt an integrated approach for preventing long term thermal interference in neighbouring borehole heat exchangers, by providing management strategies and technical suggestions for design and operation. The method developed follows the following steps: 1) literature review to determine what are the main drivers for thermal interference between shallow geothermal systems, in the context of the GEO4CIVHIC project case study sites; 2) to create a conceptual model to limit thermal interference at both design and operational phases; 3) to apply the developed method to real and virtual case studies in countries with different regulatory frameworks and to test its main strengths and weaknesses. The application of this conceptual model to specific case studies provides evidence of critical planning and operational characteristics of GSHP systems and allows the identification of measures to mitigate impacts of thermal interference to be identified., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Belliardi M et al.)

The present study analysed the characteristics of homicide in internees according to the Social Defence system in Belgium. The Social Defence system was inaugurated in 1930, following the ideas of Adolphe Prins, a Belgian specialist in the criminal law. The Social Defence system concerns those offenders who are considered as mentally ill at large. The concept of mental illness encompasses the classical notion of "dementia" but also those people with mental unbalance as personality disordered offenders and mentally retarded persons. In the present study, we considered all those internees who committed a homicide or a homicide attempt and whose cases were examined by the review board between September 1998 and June 2000. We collected 99 cases and studied the age at the time of the offence (mean: 32.2 years), their diagnoses, the status of victims. These 99 murderers committed 111 "facts", a fact being a murder or murder attempt on one or several person(s) without arrest between the different phases of the commitment. These facts provoked 132 victims (72 men and 60 women); 61.36 % deceased. There was no significant difference in the characteristics of homicide versus homicide attempt. The results showed that, in our population, 59.6 % of the patients endorsed a diagnosis of psychosis (37 cases of paranoid schizophrenia, 2 schizophrenias of other types, 7 schizo-affective disorders, 1 autistic disorder, and 12 delusional disorders). Other axis I disorders were 3 intermittent explosive disorders, 2 major depressive disorders, 2 paraphilias and 1 bipolar disorder. The 32 offenders with no axis I major mental diseases presented such diagnoses, alone or comorbid, as antisocial personality disorder (n = 17), borderline personality disorder (n = 8), paranoid personality disorder (n = 4), and schizoid personality disorder (n = 2), 14 were mentally retarded and 5 presented a cerebral damage or an epilepsy. The age of the offender at the first homicide was not significantly different between the different diagnoses: group 1 : schizophrenia-type group (29.63 years) ; group 2 : comorbid diagnoses of schizophrenia and cluster B personality disorder (31.64 years) ; group 3 : cluster B personality disordered people (without psychosis) (27.90 years) ; and group 4 : the mixed group of residual diagnoses (32.63 years). Only the persons with a delusional disorder (group 5) significantly committed their homicide at an older age (47,06 year). We found no significant differences between group 2 (54.55 %), 3 (69.23 %), and 4 (50 %) in the proportion of offenders having substance problems. The group 1 (schizophrenia-type without comorbid personality disorder) presented significantly less problems with substances (13.83 %) than the three former groups. The group 5 (20.0 % prevalence) exhibited only a significant difference with group 3. We distinguished instrumental and emotional violence. Instrumental violence was more represented in the facts committed by group 2, 3 and 4 versus group 5. Group 1 differed also significantly from groups 2 and 3. The status of the victim(s) was divided in: 1) members of the family; 2) specifically known persons (outside the family); 3) specifically chosen victims (chosen, searched or followed because of their status, gender, profession, social role); 4) opportunity victims (victims present at the time and having sufficient characteristics to be attacked, e.g. being a woman, suspected to have some money); and 5) accidental victims. We demonstrated in our sample that victims of murderers in their family or specifically known were more frequently victims of pure psychotic offenders (groups 1 + 5) than of offenders of the mixed group (groups 2, 3 and 4) (21.97% vs 10.61%; 16,67% vs 13.64 %, respectively). On the contrary, specifically chosen (2.27 % vs 8.33 %) and opportunity victims (3.03 % vs 11.36 %) were more frequently attacked by the "mixed group". Accidental murders were almost only committed by psychotics (10.61 % vs 0.76 %), often in the context of a spree murder. In conclusion, we discuss that, from such a biased sample, the interest resides in the study of the comparison of the homicidal behaviour between psychotics (schizophrenia-type or delusional disordered), "mixed" and non-psychotics in terms of age at murder (older in delusional disorder), substance problems (more problems in non-psychotics), motivation (more emotional offences in psychotics) and statutes of victims (more family and known victims in psychotics). We are encouraged to precise our data on a larger sample and a longer period in future studies.

The authors report a case of Guillain-Barré syndrome occurring after a hip replacement associated with hyponatremia due to a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). They describe and review the literature about this syndrome's etiology and its association, relatively rare, with SIADH. The diagnostic reasoning and the therapeutic possibilities are described.

In this last article on nursing and martyrdom, the persecution and death of nurses in Brazil, New Guinea and in Europe during the First and Second World War are described. While many nurse martyrs had the choice and opportunity to avoid their violent death by fleeing, all chose to remain with the people they served.

The persecution and martyrdom of nurses identified in selected regions in Asia since the beginning of the twentieth century is discussed. Many missionary workers lost their lives in China during the Boxer rebellion in 1900. The persecution and martyrdom suffered by nurses working in China at the time is described followed by an account of the events which led to the deaths of nurses working in Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and East Pakistan during the early and latter half of the twentieth century.

An interest in the development of nursing from early Christian times and the persecution of women in the Early Church has led to this study of nurses and martyrdom. Historical research using secondary sources was undertaken to identify and describe the experiences of nurse martyrs with special reference to the present century. Martyrdom does not belong to the past as generally believed. The twentieth century is recognised as a century of Christian martyrdom unparalleled since the earliest Christian times. Women have been major contributors to the missionary calling and during the course of the nineteenth century many woman missionary societies were founded. Education and health care go hand in hand with the Christian message. While a few examples of nurses who suffered martyrdom in the mission field have been recorded, it is necessary to examine the events which led to their death. This article pays tribute to known and unknown nurse martyrs. Subsequent articles describe the suffering of nurse martyrs identified in selected world regions.

After a review of the techniques of subcutaneous mastectomy and of reconstruction of the breast, the authors analyze the cause of the most common complications and suggest a method which is shown to prevent their occurrence: it is based on a wide exposure of the glands to be excised and of the following defect. A dermofat flap based inferiorly is interposed between the skin and the prosthesis. Complications have been very rare in a series of 35 cases and the results have been cosmetically very satisfactory. The method is therefore indicated in all the cases where some degree of ptosis is associated with the mammary condition.