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This study aims to analyze the effect of per capita income, Bank Indonesia (BI) interest rates, and the consumer price index on the demand for electronic money in Indonesia during the period 2009-2022. In an increasingly developing digital economy era, financial technology (FinTech) innovations play a crucial role in facilitating financial transactions and fostering a cashless society. This study highlights macroeconomic variables that are considered to have a significant impact on the adoption of electronic money in Indonesia. The data used in this study consists of annual data obtained from official sources such as Bank Indonesia and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression to measure the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable. Before performing the regression analysis, classical assumption tests were conducted to ensure that the data met the classical linear regression requirements, including tests for normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity. The results of the study indicate that per capita income has a positive and significant effect on the demand for electronic money. This finding suggests that an increase in per capita income encourages greater use of electronic money as a means of payment. BI interest rates were also found to have a significant but negative effect on the demand for electronic money, indicating that higher interest rates tend to reduce the use of electronic money. Conversely, the consumer price index was found to have a positive but not significant effect on the demand for electronic money, meaning that fluctuations in consumer prices do not have a substantial impact on the use of electronic money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes are the main source of state income. The research aims to examine the influence of the contribution of the service and the industrial sector on tax revenues. The difference in research is that it uses per capita income as a moderating variable. This research uses data from countries, such as Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, which have several similarities in terms of prosperity, education, and a strong and stable economy. The data used comes from the World Bank and spans 2002-2019. The research results show that the contribution of the service sector, industry, and per capita income positively influences tax revenues. Supported by high tax rates, increasing donations to the service, and industrial sectors means that tax revenues are growing. Interestingly, using per capita income as a moderating variable negatively affects the service and industrial sectors' tax revenues. With the moderating influence of per capita income, tax avoidance can grow in the service and industrial sectors. One of the tax avoidance measures is using a transfer pricing scheme. This was triggered by high tax rates and the Human Development Index (HDI). The higher the tax rate, the more loopholes the taxpayer will look for to avoid taxes, to lower the tax burden. A high HDI will enable a high level of tax knowledge. Apart from increasing tax compliance, a high level of tax knowledge will also allow tax avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence deaths in road accidents in India. The study uses panel econometric methodologies such as the fixed effects model, random effects model, and Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable technique to achieve this goal. Unobserved heterogeneity between states/union territories (UTs) and time is accounted for by time-fixed and state-fixed effects. Based on the panel data set from Indian states/UTs for the period 2004–2018, the study confirms previous results that motorisation, population, urbanisation and income level are all potential contributors to road accidents and fatalities. It also shows that spending on health care and law enforcement appears to help the Indian states minimise mortality in road traffic accidents. On the one hand, spending on health care facilities can provide health-related assistance to persons who have been involved in traffic accidents; on the other hand, spending on police increases the enforcement of rules, resulting in a reduction in traffic accidents. Thus, to lessen the economic and financial cost of road accidents in the country, the government should focus on boosting both per capita health expenditure and per capita police expenditure. JEL Codes: C23, C26, H51, I18, L92, O18, R41, R42 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main motive of the study was to investigate the role of good governance between debt to GDP and economic development. Existing study used the data over the period of period 1990 to 2020 of World Bank. Per capita Income (PCI) is taken as dependent variable for economic performance. While good governance (GG) is considered as mediating variable in this study which is measured through the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). Whereas debt to GDP is used as an independent variable in this study. This study measured the direct and indirect effect of mediating and independent variables. The study results concluded that there is a relationship between debt to GDP and economic development. It shows that more debt to GDP leads to higher economic development. Study also found significant relationship of mediating variable between debt to GDP and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to determine the effect of bank lending channel on household consumption expenditure in Nigeria. The influence of the channel as a transmission route to household consumption has not been relatively investigated in many developing nations like Nigeria. In view of this, the aim of the study is achieved using the non-linear econometric approach such as the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) on annual secondary data obtained from the United Nations Statistical Division Database and Central Bank of Nigeria Database. The study found that lending rates in maximum and prime are significantly affect real household consumption expenditure in Nigeria. In addition, evidence from the study suggest that growth rate of the per capita income and changes in the domestic prices of nominal output significantly affect the response variable The study discussed the implications of the study for the bank lending channel with policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article measures the ten-year development progress of 47 least developed countries (LDCs) based on comparing the development performances of 217 countries and economies. A methodology based on the theory of statistical process control is used to evaluate development performances in three dimensions: per capita income, life expectancy, and education. This methodology uses a pair of average and standard deviation charts to measure each LDC's degree of growth and stability of growth in each dimension of development, and uses the three standard deviation limits in each chart to identify exceptional development performances that are outside the upper or lower limit. This article has three key findings on the exceptional development performances of LDCs in the context of world development over 2010–2019: (1) Seventeen LDCs achieved exceptionally high increases in life expectancy; (2) one LDC achieved exceptionally high growth in per capita income, but two LDCs had exceptionally low performances in the growth of per capita income; and (3) six LDCs experienced exceptionally unstable growth of per capita income. These findings shed some light on the future development priorities for LDCs. The reliability of analysis is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental degradation, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions, and the per capita income in ASEAN countries. The data used is secondary data in the form of panel data for 1993-2020 originating from the World Bank and Our World in Data. The method used is quantitative descriptive analysis with the Granger Causality Test. The results of the study indicate that there is a one-way relationship that flows from environmental degradation in the form of CO2 and CH4 emissions to per capita income in ASEAN countries, but the reverse does not apply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, Social Assistance Expenditure, and Per Capita Income partially and simultaneously on the human development index in 13 districts/cities of South Kalimantan Province. This type of research is quantitative. Regression analysis using panel data is a combination of time series data for the 2018-2022 period. The results show that education spending and per capita income have a positive and significant effect on the human development index in South Kalimantan Province. Health spending and social assistance spending have a positive and insignificant effect on the human development index in South Kalimantan Province. Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, Social Assistance Expenditure, and Per Capita Income simultaneously have a significant effect on the human development index in South Kalimantan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between the green economy, economic growth, and per capita income in Vietnam. It analyzes data from 1995 to 2022 on GDP, GDP per capita, and CO2 emissions to understand the quantitative relationship between these factors. The study finds that in the short term, there is a positive correlation between economic growth, CO2 emissions, and per capita income. However, in the long term, as GDP and per capita income reach a certain threshold, waste decreases and environmental quality improves. The article emphasizes the importance of promoting green economic growth in Vietnam through policies and investments in clean infrastructure and environmental protection. [Extracted from the article]

This study examines the determinants of poverty across all provinces using 2019–20 data from the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) survey. The results from binary logistic regression analysis reveal several significant findings; household size, the square of the household head’s age, marital status and province-specific factors are positively associated with a household head’s classification as poor. Conversely, the age and gender of the household head, educational levels of the household head, household characteristics, and assets exhibit negative correlations with poverty. The findings will offer valuable insights for policymakers to formulate targeted poverty reduction strategies toward potential solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While urban trees provides significant ecosystem services, the impact of increasing urbanization and population on their carbon sequestration potential remains relatively underexplored in interior sprawling cities, highlighting a critical research gap amid growing urban environmental challenges. Although existing studies suggest a strongly correlation between urban forest cover and carbon sequestration, this study aims to investigate how the urban demography factors influence land cover and carbon sequestration across cities with low, medium, and high population densities. Using the i-Tree Canopy tool, we sampled 18,814 random points to estimate city land cover and carbon sequestration in Arkansas, interior state of the US. Results from the principal component analysis revealed that 74% of the variation in a city's land cover among population density classes is attributed to tree and soil cover percentages. The mean annual (1.40 ± 0.08 T ha-1) and total carbon sequestration rates (35.30 ± 5.57 T ha-1) were significantly higher in the areas with low population density due to a higher average tree cover percentage (46%). Carbon sequestration rate was negatively associated with land cover types such as impervious surfaces like buildings (r = -0.44), roads (r = -0.28), grass cover (r = -0.46), and impervious other (r = -0.53). The log-linear model with scaled variables suggested that factors such as city's size and tree cover has positive influence urban trees' annual and total carbon sequestration, while spatial distribution and per capita income negatively affect these ecosystem befits in growing cities, regardless of population density. Travel time within city may have negative impact, while decadal population change may positively impact on carbon sequestration alongside management effort. Valuing this potential urban forest carbon sequestration for emerging carbon market could provide monetary benefits to the urban communities, city managers, and policymakers, enabling the development of effective urban forest management strategies in the context of urban climate change.

The moderating role of per capita income pertaining to poverty and energy consumption is a missing link in the literature. To this end, this study aims to explore the energy-poverty nexus in Pakistan, incorporating per capita income as a moderator. Based on the time series nature of the data, we utilize the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique for the period 1984–2018. We design two separate models, that is, poverty model-A (the primary effect model) and poverty model-B (the interaction effect model). Our findings validate the significant prevalence of the influence of per capita income, as a moderator, on the relationship between energy consumption and poverty in Pakistan. Interestingly, the nature of moderation was observed to be enhancing both in the short and in the long-run. This study provides important policy implications for mitigating poverty in Pakistan. Our empirical findings educate policy makers and academicians to consider moderating behavior of per capita income for robust energy-poverty policy making in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to investigate the relationship between the per capita income of countries and the deaths resulting from COVID-19 per million inhabitants. For this, information from the twenty-eighth of June 2021 is considered for 186 countries, comprising the five continents. Using the ordinary least squares linear regression technique and data on GDP per capita, human development index, percentage of population with two doses of vaccine, deaths from COVID-19 per million inhabitants, available tests per capita, percentage of population with diabetes, hospital beds available per capita, percentage of the population over 70 years old, population density, democracy index and Gini coefficient, the results show that the countries most vulnerable to the pandemic are those classified as upper-middle-income, with per capita income. Capita, proportion of elderly people and democracy index significantly impact deaths per million inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: After almost four years of the COVID pandemic, there remain significant differences in its effect on the death rate (death per 1M population) and the fatality rate (death/case ratio) among different regions of the world, especially between Eastern and Western countries, according to the cumulative figures found in Worldometers. For example, the death rate and the fatality rate for Japan are 595 and 0.221% respectively, whereas those for the US are 3,519 and 1.082% respectively. The aim of this research is to examine and determine what factors can explain these regional differences in the COVID death and fatality rates for some 150 countries around the world. Design/Methodology/Approach: First, we overview the geographical patterns of those cumulative figures, particularly international differences between the East and the West as well as between the North and the South by the regression analysis using the longitude and the latitude numbers for some 150 countries. Second, we introduce key economic, demographic and health factors as explanatory variables in our regression analysis to explain the regional differences revealed in our longitude-latitude approach. Finally, we present our hypothesis regarding the degree of immunity for corona viruses to explain what is left unexplained by the key socio-economic factors. Findings: Our results show that the representative economic factor, that is, per capita income, is the only consistently significant variable among various other social and health factors which could, in theory, affect the regional differences in COVID cases, deaths and fatality rates. Our analysis also shows that per capita income cannot fully explain the regional differences and the longitude variable remains significant in our regressions with the per capita income variable included. This result has led us to the hypothesis regarding the degree of immunity. Practical implications: Our study implies that we should be more careful about adopting globally uniform anti-corona virus policies which are often recommended by international organizations on the basis of data and/or observations in certain countries or regions, mostly the Western world. What we need is a more localized, or regionalized policy making and adoption approach toward a "pandemic" like COVID, based on data and observations in each region, as there might well be significant regional differences in the death and fatality rates remaining over several years. Originality/Value: This is the first empirical study to highlight and analyze the regional differences, particularly the East-West differences, in COVID cases, death, and fatality rates. It is also significant that this study is the first attempt to comprehensively use the worldwide data listed in the Worldometer table, which is often cited but never fully utilized to do empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Economic Science is the property of Modern Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the impact of energy consumption's Green Quality Index (GQI) on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2021. At this point, the estimated models control for the effects of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urban population, and globalization on CO 2 emissions. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimations demonstrate that GQI and globalization reduce CO 2 emissions in the short- and long run. However, GDP per capita and urban population are positively related to CO 2 emissions in the short- and long-run. Different estimation techniques confirm the long-run baseline findings. Potential policy implications for reducing CO 2 emissions in the United States are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No one country of the planet is self-sufficient for financial and non-financial resources. Some have abundant of natural resources while someone have abundant of human resources and so on. Due to scarce of resources a country needs effective and efficient utilization of resources. Effective and efficient utilization of resources depends upon good governance, competent and sincere economic managers. Keeping in view of the said perception, current study examined the role of good governance in the debt management and economic performance. Current study used the World Bank data from the period of 1990 to 2020. Economic performance is measured by the per capita income (PCI) and taken as dependent variable. Whereas, debt to gross domestic product (GDP) is taken an independent variable. While good governance (GG) is taken as mediating variable and measured through The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project constructs aggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of governance such as voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence/terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of Law and Control of Corruption. Econometric equation is developed to measure the direct and indirect effect of GG with respect to debt to GDP and PCI. The study results concluded that there is no relationship between debt to GDP and economic development. While interesting finding is that there is significant relationship between GG and economic performance. Study also found insignificant mediation of GG between debt to GDP and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of growing greenhouse gases and climate change, this paper investigates the effect of per capita income, renewable energy, natural resources, trade, and urbanisation on the material footprint of Saudi Arabia. This study uses data from 1990 to 2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, and Canonical Cointegrating Regression are used as estimation techniques. The result hints that per capita income, renewable energy, natural resources, trade, and urbanisation are determinants of material footprint in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the short- and long-run results show that per capita income, trade, and urbanisation increase material footprint, contributing significantly to Saudi Arabia's ecological damage. However, renewable energy and total natural resources rent reduce the material footprint in both periods. Other cointegration techniques also support the long-run estimates. The implications of the result for a sustainable environment were discussed.

The development of an economy is significant since it has far-reaching implications for several industries. Particularly, the income levels of inhabitants in crucial locations must reach a specific threshold for an economy to flourish effectively. To achieve this goal, it is vital to determine the factors that affect economic development. A significant aspect that can improve people's living standards is enhanced competitiveness. Therefore, this study employs the generalized ordinary least squares (GLS) method to examine the provincial competitiveness index (PCI) on economic development as measured by per capita income in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The panel data of eleven Red River Delta provinces from 2010 to 2021 was studied. The results indicate that the provincial competitiveness index has a beneficial impact on economic growth and contributes to an increase in the income levels of the populace. The study also shows that labor literacy rate and trade openness also contribute to economic development while labor growth rate inhibits long-term economic development. Governments need to analyze indicators to find solutions to improve national competitiveness. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to the business environment, apply technology in handling administrative procedures and have policies to support business capital creation for domestic enterprises.

This study attempts to analyze the trends and patterns of horticulture diversification in India, the differences between states in diversification toward highvalue crops, and identify the factors influencing horticulture diversification. Total horticulture crops have shown moderate diversification. Among horticulture crops, Fruits, plantation crops and spices have exhibited high diversification, whereas high and moderate diversification have been recorded for vegetables during the period under study.The states Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,Bihar,Gujrat, Kerala, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya,Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, Telangana, Tamil Nadu,Uttar Pradesh have shown high diversification whereas Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Uttarakhand have displayed moderate diversification in the year 2020-21. Per capita income, annual rainfall, and lagged SID for total horticulture crops all have positive effects on horticulture diversification, whereas fertilizer consumption has a negative effect.

This paper investigated exchange rate, interest rate, and economic development in Nigeria between 1980 and 2020. The study employed secondary data and sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and World Bank Data Indicators covering periods of 1980 to 2020. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, Johansen Co integration, and co integration regression Fully Modified ordnalist Square methods (FMOLS) were employed to established long run influence of exchange rate and interest rate on economic development. The study showed that long run relationship existed between exchange rate, interest rate, and economic development in Nigeria. Specifically, a number of results were obtained: in the case of HDI, economic development is negatively related to exchange rate; interest rate had significant relationship with economic development in Nigeria; and the interactive relationships of exchange rate and interest rate had a significant positive relationship with economic development. Using per capita income as a measurement of economic development revealed that; exchange rate had positive relationship withi economic development; the interactive effects of exchange rate and interest rate is positive and significant on economic development. Therefore, the study recommends that; proactive management of Nigeria’s exchange rate and interest rate must be the top priority of the country’s monetary authority. Therefore, the monetary authority through Central Bank of Nigeria should, as a matter of urgency, stabilize the nation’s exchange rate and improve the nation’s interest rate in a bid to attract investment and improve the nation’s capital accumulation necessary for long term economic development.

Growing populations, expanding economies, industrialisation, and urbanisation pose a problem for waste management in developing countries. Their waste management methods, on the other hand, are not as efficient as they could be. Most developing countries' current waste management practices do not fully conform to developed countries' best practices for meeting socioeconomic goals. As a result, the importance of waste management in developing countries has grown in recent years. In order to highlight the socioeconomic perspectives of waste management practices, the present study examines the existing literature, policies, information, and records on waste management in developing nations. The findings indicate that essential socioeconomic factors such as finances, population density, per capita income, education level, policies, and technology have a significant impact on waste management, which encompasses waste generation, collection, composition, and disposal/treatment. Nonetheless, waste management has a number of economic benefits, including financial stability, job creation, and community cohesion. This study will inspire further research on the need for developing nations to consider the socioeconomic benefits of proper waste management and to develop a policy plan to achieve these benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted during 2022-23 to assess the level of food insecurity and income status among farm households. Data from 474 farmers through personal interview method were collected. Agriculture was the primary occupation for most households followed by off-farm activities. Average per capita annual income (Rs. 1,00,073) was lower than the national average. The per capita annual income was Rs. 73,303, Rs. 93,256 and Rs. 1,44,456 for marginal, small, and medium farmers, respectively. About 47 per cent of the expenditure was made on consumption. A comparison of calorie intake to recommended calorie intake indicated that food insecurity was prevailing among 26 percent of the farmers. The major contribution to calorie intake was from cereals, the consumption of vegetables and fruits was low. A decision tree model using machine learning algorithms was used to identify the factors influencing food security. Per capita income, family size, consumption expenditure, social participation, and land holdings had significant importance in classifying the households as food secure and insecure. Diversifying farm activities and creating additional opportunities in rural areas, teaching households about balanced diets, promoting home gardening, and institutional policies to improve food security may be the strategic points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural populations are particularly exposed to increasing weather variability, notably through agriculture. In this paper, we exploit longitudinal data for Turkish provinces from 2008 to 2018 together with precipitation records over more than 30 years to quantify how variability in a standardized precipitation index (SPI) affects out-migration as an adaptation mechanism. Doing so, we document the role of three potential causal channels: per capita income, agricultural output, and local conflicts. Our results show that negative SPI shocks (droughts) are associated with higher out-migration in rural provinces. A mediated-moderator approach further suggests that changes in per capita income account for more than one quarter of the direct effect of droughts on out-migration, whereas agricultural output is only relevant for provinces in the upper quartile of crop production. Finally, we find evidence that local conflict fatalities increase with drought and trigger out-migration, although this channel is distinct from the direct effect of SPI shocks on out-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the non-linear effect of education level on ecological footprint considering changes in population structure and per capita income. The results show an inhibitory effect for the level of education on increases in ecological footprint. In high-income countries, this inhibitory effect is non-linear. The inhibitory effect of education level on ecological footprint increases with increases in education level. In addition, population structure also has an inhibitory effect on the increase in ecological footprint. In both high-income and low-income countries, the inhibitory effect of population structure on the ecological footprint decreases when the population structure exceeds the threshold. However, there is a promotional effect of GDP per capita on the increase in ecological footprint. And the threshold regression results show that this promotional effect is linear in all income groups. Finally, this study suggests that countries should develop environmental sustainability policies according to the threshold range in which their education level, population structure, and per capita income are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Development & Capital / Majallah-i tusiah & Sarmāyah is the property of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Faculty of Management & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aligns with the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 which aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". It contributes to the nascent literature stream on energy-health dynamics by introducing a holistic theoretical model to empirically examine the mediation effect of carbon emissions on the relationship between nonrenewable energy and infant mortality rate. Using an unbalanced panel data on 42 Asia and the Pacific countries from 2005 to 2015 and deploying the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach, the empirical results are surmised as follows: (i) for the full sample, nonrenewable energy indirectly increases infant mortality rate through increasing carbon emissions. In other words, carbon emissions play a partial mediation role between nonrenewable energy and infant mortality rate; and (ii) for the different income groups, carbon emissions show varying mediation effects. For example, the mediation effect of carbon emissions in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries are found to be similar to those of the full sample of countries. Therefore, based on these findings, we conclude that nonrenewable energy is an essential determinant of infant mortality rate. Policy recommendations are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issuance of Law No. 1 of 2022 as a complement to Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning financial relations between the central and regional governments. Fiscal transfer policies are becoming more selective in seeing local needs. However, this needs to be supported by good fiscal management in the regions to carry out development activities that have an impact on increasing income that is more evenly distributed between regions and communities. One of the important instruments of fiscal decentralization is the management of government spending. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between government spending and per capita income in Southeast Sulawesi. The units of observation analyzed are gross regional domestic product per capita in the previous year, personnel expenditures, goods and services expenditures, capital expenditures, HDI, district and city dummy variables. The model approach in the calculation is panel data regression analysis from 2016-2020. Based on the test results, the probability (F-statistics) is obtained, the equation of income per capita the Hausman test > 0.05, then the random effect model (REM) equation is the best model choice. The results of the analysis show all independent variables have a strong relationship with the dependent variable in the model which is shown by an R-square of 0.982. Variables that show significant effect on the increase in percapita income are ((GRDPprk(t−1)), goods and services expenditure, capital expenditure and HDI, while personnel expenditure has a negative effect on per capita income for both districts and cities in Southeast Sulawesi Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering annual data from 1980 to 2020, this study attempts to investigate major factors determining Current Account Deficits (CADs) for five South Asian economies (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka) in the South Asian Region. Using VAR estimation framework on a basic model of CAD, it is observed that exchange rate depreciation majorly helps to improve the Current Account Balances (CABs), whereas increased per capita income, trade openness, net foreign capital inflows don't pose major threats to deterioration in their CABs of countries. While fiscal deficit doesn't have substantial effect on CAB except for Bangladesh and Nepal, increased savings have an unfavourable effect on CAB, which is a major policy concern for almost all the countries in the region. Given the trends of liberalisation which is intensifying over time along with sustained growth of per capita incomes across economies, we conclude that unless some sectoral import restrictions are imposed along with ensuring the stability of exchange rates and productive allocation of external credits, the economies are likely to experience deterioration in their CABs and macro policy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research strives to investigate the socioeconomic and political fallouts of terrorism for developing and developed countries over the time period from 1970 to 2016. For this purpose, the research has used separate indicators for social, economic and political dimensions of the economy; namely, per capita income is taken as an indicator for economic performance; secondary school enrollment is used to capture the societal impact of terrorism, and the political dimension is captured through political stability index. For the terrorism variable, four different measures, the total number of terrorist incidents, the total number of injured persons, the total number of persons killed and a composite index of terrorism, have been employed. The major finding of the study is that terrorism has adverse economic, political and social fallouts for both developed as well as developing countries. In developing countries, however, the severity of the terrorism consequences is far greater than in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically investigated existence of U-Shaped relationship between workers' remittances inflows(WRI) and per capita income(PCI) in Pakistan. WRI can increase or decrease growth in per capita income depending on whether positive effects outweigh negative effects or vice versa. It is possible that in initial phase remittances affect growth negatively and in the later phase positively or vice-versa implying non-linearity. The study applied Johansen's Cointegration method to find long run relationship among variables using time series annual data from 1991-2017. The Error Correction Method was used to reconfirm long run relationship. The sources of time series data were World Development Indicators, World Bank and Pakistan Labour Force Survey (Various issues), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. The results indicated that at first stage WRI affect per capita income negatively and later on after threshold level (WRI as percentage of GDP equal to 2.34) affect positively thus confirming existence of U-shaped relationship in case of Pakistan. The negative and significant coefficient of lagged ECM term in short run model confirmed convergence of the series towards equilibrium. It takes time for the benefits of WRI to outweigh their costs in the developing countries. The policy implication of the study is that optimal use of WRI is important for improvement in PCI in Pakistan. Policy makers need to understand nonlinear relationship where remittances affect growth positively after achieving certain threshold level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much is known about the relationship between economic growth and satisfaction, while little is known about the relationship between economic growth and dissatisfaction. This study measures the levels of public dissatisfaction in 36 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2018 using data from an official online petition platform. We construct panel data to analyze the impact of per capita GDP and per capita income on public dissatisfaction. The results show that per capita income has a significant negative effect on public dissatisfaction, but only once the per capita income exceeds a threshold amount. In the extended discussion, the nonlinear relationship between income and public dissatisfaction is described as a stair-shaped curve. The results imply the need for developing countries to adhere to economic policies based on income maximization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Research Journal of Business Studies is the property of Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigated exchange rate, interest rate, and economic development in Nigeria between 1980 and 2020. The study employed secondary data and sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and World Bank Data Indicators covering periods of 1980 to 2020. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis, Johansen Co integration, and co integration regression Fully Modified ordnalist Square methods (FMOLS) were employed to established long run influence of exchange rate and interest rate on economic development. The study showed that long run relationship existed between exchange rate, interest rate, and economic development in Nigeria. Specifically, a number of results were obtained: in the case of HDI, economic development is negatively related to exchange rate; interest rate had significant relationship with economic development in Nigeria; and the interactive relationships of exchange rate and interest rate had a significant positive relationship with economic development. Using per capita income as a measurement of economic development revealed that; exchange rate had positive relationship withi economic development; the interactive effects of exchange rate and interest rate is positive and significant on economic development. Therefore, the study recommends that; proactive management of Nigeria's exchange rate and interest rate must be the top priority of the country's monetary authority. Therefore, the monetary authority through Central Bank of Nigeria should, as a matter of urgency, stabilize the nation's exchange rate and improve the nation's interest rate in a bid to attract investment and improve the nation's capital accumulation necessary for long term economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the literature on the convergence problem by studying whether there is β-convergence between the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean by analyzing the trend in beta convergence, calculating regressions between ten-year periods of economic growth and the logarithm of per capita income. Thus, the trend of convergence from 1950 can be studied and any sub-period in which absolute convergence has occurred can be detected. For that purpose, the current study uses data from the Penn World Tables between 1950 and 2019 for all economies in the region. Although wider sample empirical tests in the 1990s found little evidence of unconditional convergence of poor countries from the 1950s on, this study tests whether these results still hold for the subsample of Latin American and Caribbean economies. While the Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries show a divergence pattern, the economic integration among the Caribbean Islands is yielding fruit in terms of σ-convergence. The main policy implication is that a major integration of Latin American countries would support convergence to a common steady state. Hence, all the countries should implement policies to develop their comparative advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The study aims to determine whether there is a bidirectional causality relationship between health expenditures and per capita income in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey (BRICS+T). Design/methodology/approach – For that purpose, the 2000–2018 period data of the variables were tested with the Kónya (2006) panel causality test. Additionally, the causality relationships between public and private health expenditures and per capita income were also investigated in the study. Findings – According to the analysis results, there is no statistically significant causality relationship from total health expenditures and public health expenditures to per capita income in the relevant countries. Besides, there is a unidirectional causality relationship from private health expenditures to per capita income only in Turkey. On the other hand, a unidirectional causality relationship from per capita income to total health expenditures in China, Russia, Turkey and South Africa and from per capita income to public health expenditures in India, Russia, Turkey and South Africa were determined. Consequently, a causality relationship from per capita income to private health expenditures was found out in Russia and Turkey. Originality/value – The variables are tested for the first time for BRICS+T countries, vis-à-vis the period under consideration and the method used.