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The present study examined the association between personality, competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and physiological arousal in athletes with high and low anxiety levels. Anxiety was manipulated by means of an incentive. Fifty male participants, first, completed the Five Factor Personality Inventory and their resting electro dermal activity (EDA) was recorded. In the second stage, participants were randomly assigned to high or low anxiety groups. Individual EDAs were recorded again to determine precompetition physiological arousal. Participants also completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and played a computer-simulated soccer match. Results showed that neuroticism was related to both CSAI-2 components and physiological arousal only in the group receiving the incentive. Winners had higher levels of cognitive anxiety and lower levels of physiological arousal than losers. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that an athlete's neurotic personality may influence his cognitive and physiological responses in a competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports findings of two studies exploring instructor feedback orientations. Study one examined relationships between Big Five personality traits and student feedback orientations. Study two examined relationships between academic traits and feedback orientations. Canonical correlations identified two significant functions for each study. Study one found that agreeable, conscientious, and open individuals were more likely and neurotic individuals less likely to view instructor feedback as useful and likely to be retained while being less sensitive to it. Study one also found conscientious and neurotic individuals more likely and extraverted individuals less likely to desire confidential feedback. Study two found entitled and grade-oriented individuals to be more sensitive to feedback and view feedback as less likely to be retained. Study two also found learning-oriented individuals less likely to desire confidential feedback and grade-oriented individuals more likely to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity is usually characterized by originality and effectiveness, novelty and appropriateness, quality and high intelligence. Knowledge and creativity are interrelated, knowledge favors creativity and creativity allows the discovery of new knowledge. However, they are also opposed in the sense that creativity sometimes can contradict the so far established or traditional knowledge. The psychology of creativity is flourishing, but research in the area of the philosophy of creativity is scarce. Here I present a philosophical analysis of philosophy of creativity and the power of knowledge, which answers the important question about the interrelationship between philosophy and creativity. Sigmund Freud in his article on creativity “Creative Writers and Daydreaming” (1908) identified the process of creativity with children’s phantasying and conceived of creative writers as persons who perform sublimation. In this line of reasoning, Strachey conceived of creative writers as “successful neurotics”. According to Hausman (1979), there are four utmost questions about creativity, namely: “Who is the creator? Why does the creator create? What happens when the creator creates? and How does the creator create?” In general there are numerous strategies how one can enhance one’s creative capacity, including by psychopharmacological neuroenhancement. Pragmatic strategies, for example, include the following ones: 1) performance of proposed steps more efficiently, 2) increase of the amount of time spent or the number of times a given step is performed., 3) the a performance of steps, but in different order and 4) the introduction of a brand new stage model (Gascón & Kaufman, 2010). Plato’s and Aristotle’s views on creativity were antagonistic: Plato argued that creativity is a mysterious act of imitation, whereas Aristotle argued that it is a scientifically explainable act. Immanuel Kant conceived of creativity of geniuses as a natural gift, which rules are not given and that creativity as a capacity cannot be taught. Arthur Schopenhauer conceived of creativity as a pure contemplation of Ideas and noted the similarities between creative geniuses and madmen. Bertrand Russell’s contribution is that he proposed a genuine test for creativity. More recently, the dark side of creativity in terms of malevolent usage of creative products or even malevolent creative acts. Finally, it is noted that a positive correlation between creativity scores and certain psychopathological illnesses, such as hypomania, mania, schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorders has been found. This correlation seems to be related to dopaminergic function in the brain. A conclusion is reached that creativity in fact appears before a degeneration in terms of psychopathology appears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract How perceivers' impressions of a researcher's personality might vary as a function of the messiness of the researcher's office was explored in the current set of experiments. Participants from the US were randomly assigned to sit in a researcher's office (A) that was either clean, neat, organized, and uncluttered or one (office B) that was somewhat messy (experiment 1) or very messy (experiments 2 & 3). They guessed the Big 5 traits of the researcher afterward. In each experiment, participants thought that the office B researcher was less conscientious than the office A researcher. In experiments 2 and 3, participants also thought that the office B researcher was less agreeable and more neurotic than the office A researcher. Discussion centers on how the degree of office messiness might matter in terms of whether perceivers view the office owner as possessing one or more negative personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we analyze the impact of paternal unemployment on the “big five” personality traits of young adult offspring aged 17-25. Results from longitudinal value-added models for personality show that paternal unemployment makes offspring significantly more conscientious and—to a smaller extent—less neurotic. The uncovered effects are robust to the presence of selection on unobservables and correlation between the error term and the lagged outcome. We also discuss heterogeneous effects and the potential mechanisms behind our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of personality organization (PO) is central to current psychodynamic understanding of normal personality development as well as the development of personality disorders (PDs). However, individual differences in PO have primarily been studied in adult populations, and it remains unclear whether the clinical indicators of normal, neurotic and borderline PO manifest differently during adolescence. This study aimed to address the gaps in current knowledge regarding the potentially different manifestation of pathological PO in adolescence. In addition, we wanted to further establish the validity of the adolescent version of the Inventory of Personality Organization, by identifying cut-off points for each of the main dimensions of Normal, Neurotic, and Borderline PO. Participants included 430 adolescents (M = 16 years old) from the community. Cluster analysis identified three levels of PO corresponding to Normal, Neurotic, and Borderline PO. Cut- off points between the different POs were successfully established using ROC curve analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an ethnographic exploration of the lawyer–client relationship focusing on the attitudes held by legally aided lawyers to their criminal clients. The study combines formal interviews with participant observation in a mixed methodology approach designed to give voice to the lawyers taking part as well as allow the researcher to provide their own perspective. The research produced two quite contradictory viewpoints as lawyers claimed to hold positive attitudes of their clients in interview while presenting negative attitudes under observation. To reconcile this difference, the author suggests considering psychoanalytic literature on self-image, which can be applied to show that the lawyers may have been displaying signs of Freudian defence mechanisms and, ultimately, presented as neurotic in their practise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study attempted to compare neurotic patients and normal (non-neurotic) individuals with respect to their personality pattern and quality of life. For the said purpose a group of 50 neurotic patients were purposively selected from the OPD of Psychiatric department of Tripura Medical College, Hapania. Another matched group of normal persons was also purposively selected from West District. Data were collected by using NEO-Five Factor Personality Inventory developed Paul and McCrae (2008) and Quality of Life Scale-WHOQOL-BREF (1991). Data analysis revealed significant difference between neurotic and normal individuals with respect to their personality pattern and quality of life. However, insignificant difference was observed between them with respect to openness to experience dimension of their personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied patients with three main forms of neurotic disorders and also psychotherapists trained in personality-oriented (reconstructive) psychotherapy with the aim of classifying specific psychotherapeutic targets significant for the dynamic of clinical and psychological patient features in the course of psychotherapeutic treatment. A two-stage study was conducted, in which on the first stage took. The results showed that specific characteristics of psychotherapeutic targets and their combinations used by the psychotherapist have a certain regularity; a reliable statistical relationship was found with symptomatic effects of ongoing psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional psychoanalytic theories of development hold that the adult neurotic can regress, or has already regressed, to the childhood arrests and/or fixations in which his pathology originated. More recent critiques have called this possibility into question. It is unlikely that anyone can roll back the additions and modifications of lifespan development in a full-fledged return to the needs, wishes, and anxieties of childhood. By regression, though, some analysts mean not a full-fledged return to an earlier developmental phase, but a non–phase-specific slip into primitive fantasies and defenses. The operational term, in this particular variation, is not regression but primitive. The shift from the depressive to the paranoid-schizoid position is, for instance, considered not a phase-specific regression but a regression to primitive forms of mentation. The psychoanalytic conception of the primitive originated in Freud’s reading of late nineteenth and early twentieth century anthropology. Freud and later Klein believed that the neurotic regresses to a psychological childhood, which in turn preserves the thought patterns of our prehistoric ancestors. Although this proposition and the underlying principle of recapitulation have been disproven, its traces are nonetheless preserved in what are termed the primary processes and primitive defenses. A tradition of theoretical critique and developmental research, however, shows that the primary processes and primitive defenses are not in fact primitive. That is, they are neither evolutionarily nor developmentally primary in human life. By implication, psychoanalysis should discard the term primitive and adopt a lifespan approach to the processes it describes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The study aimed to determine the severity of trait and state anxiety in patients treated for neurotic and personality disorders with intensive, short-term group psychotherapy and to analyse the change of anxiety intensity in the course of treatment. Methods. 116 patients (81 females and 35 males) participated in the study. The measurement of anxiety intensity was conducted with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at the beginning and at the end of treatment. Results. The majority of patients (69% of the study group) demonstrated a high intensity of state anxiety at the beginning of the treatment with 47.4% being classified as very high. High intensity of trait anxiety was observed in 64.7% of participants (50.9% - very high). RCI (Reliable Change Index) and RCV (Reliable Change Value) indicated a significant change in state anxiety intensity in 62.1% of participants (48.3% - significant decrease, 13.8% increase). At the end of treatment more than a half of patients manifested medium and low intensity of both trait and state anxiety. Conclusions. At the beginning of psychotherapy the majority of patients demonstrated high intensity of both trait and state anxiety. In the course of therapy a considerable reduction of intensity of trait and state anxiety is observed. Significant deterioration in trait anxiety is observed in one out of every thirteen treated patients. Polish adaptation of STAI questionnaire is a useful tool for monitoring effectiveness of psychotherapy and may be successfully applied for screening and detailed diagnosis of neurotic and personality disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defined variously and unsatisfactorily as a worsening of the patient's condition following a correct interpretation, the negative therapeutic reaction is typically blamed on the patient: 'the operation was a success but the patient died.' For most neurotic patients unconscious guilt objects to progress and activates the need to suffer. For most character-disturbed patients envy cannot bear the analyst's cleverness. However, patients with ego boundary problems-even sectors of psychosis-may require a different explanatory mechanism, where a correct interpretation may be experienced as a penetration and an engulfment, threatening the intactness of the self. A short-term, time-limited, psychoanalytic psychotherapy that went off the rails following a correct but ill-timed interpretation is presented as an opportunity to amend analytic theory, here favoring the interactional over the intrapsychic. Herman Melville helps tell the tale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the afternoon of May 6, 2016, at the University of South Dakota, Professor Emeritus Roger Baron delivered the Keynote Address during the Hooding Ceremony for the USD Law Class o f2016. That commencement address is reprinted here, with minor stylistic edits and footnotes to identify sources and provide additional information. The Keynote Speaker is a notable individual chosen each year the graduating class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of how war neurotics of the Second World War were treated in Yugoslavia has not received much scholarly attention so far. Yugoslav military psychiatry after the war may well have corresponded to this ignorance towards the history of the war neurotic since it quickly accepted the position that there was only a very low, in fact a negligible number of war neurotics during the war. My analysis of patient files from the years 1944-1948 of psychiatric clinics in Croatia and Serbia challenges this position, though. I argue that the psychological suffering of combatants of the Second World War in Yugoslavia in general, and of the Yugoslav partisans in particular, was deliberately made nearly invisible by means of psychiatric diagnosing. Instead of war-related diagnoses such as war neurosis or war hysteria, most of the (former) combatants thus received diagnoses such as psychopathy or schizophrenia. In doing so, Yugoslav civil and military psychiatry joined mainstream psychiatric practices and discourses of many other European postwar societies, which for a long time were marked by eliding the psychological wounds created by war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mental disorders show varying degrees of continuity from childhood to adulthood. This study addresses the relationship of child and adolescent mental disorders to early adult psychiatric morbidity. Methods From a population at risk of 830,819 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years, we selected all those ( n = 6043) who were enrolled for the first time in the Danish Psychiatric Register with an ICD-10 F00-99 diagnosis in 1995-1997, and identified any mental disorder for which they received treatment up to 2009. Results Neurodevelopmental and conduct disorders were the principal diagnostic groups at 6-16 years and exhibited a characteristic male preponderance; while affective, eating, neurotic, stress-related and adjustment disorders were more common in girls. Over a mean follow-up period of 10.1 years, 1666 (27.6%) cases, mean age 23.4 years, were referred for treatment to mental health services, and they had a markedly higher risk than the general population (RR 5.1; 95% CI 4.9-5.4). Affective, eating, neurodevelopmental, obsessive-compulsive and psychotic disorders had the strongest continuity. Heterotypic transitions were observed for affective, eating, neurodevelopmental, personality and substance use disorders. Conclusions These findings suggest that individuals with psychiatric antecedents in childhood and adolescence had a high risk of being referred for treatment in early adulthood, and many mental disorders for which they required treatment revealed both homotypic and heterotypic continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When self-report items with a Likert-type scale include a middle response option (e.g.,Unsure, Neither agree nor disagree, or?), this middle option is assumed to measure a level of the trait intermediate between the high and low response categories. In this study, we tested this assumption in the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, Version 5 (16PF5) by fitting Bock's nominal response model in the U.S. and UK standardization samples of the 16PF5. We found that in many cases, the middle option was indicative of higher levels of the latent trait than the ostensibly highest response option. In certain other cases, it was indicative of lower levels of the latent trait than the ostensibly lowest response option. This undermines the use of a simple successive integer scoring scheme where responses in adjacent response categories are assigned scores of 0, 1, and 2. Recommendations for alternative scoring schemes are provided. Results also suggested that certain personality traits, especially neurotic traits, are associated with a tendency toward selecting the middle option. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A longstanding trope in Indian psychiatry, and in popular representations of it, involves the efficacy of incantations and exorcism in healing afflictions of the mind, notably hysteria. In many accounts, from nineteenth century medical journals to twenty-first century popular films, a medicine deemed at once ‘Western’ and universal is granted the ability to diagnose neurotic afflictions, but rendered incapable of curing them, while bodily techniques referred to as ‘Indian’ are granted efficacy. In this article, I explore the subtleties and implications of this recurrent knowledge paradigm. I argue that a particular arrangement—one in which difference is established through equivalence—undergirds the terms by which medicine comes to be viewed as a cultural encounter. As these progressive formulations are often founded on stories about women’s madness, I ask, what are the implications of an arguably pragmatic ethos founded on an uneven—and deeply gendered—resolution to postcolonial knowledge problems? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A pivotal turning point in contemporary psychoanalytic practice and conceptualization was the presentation by André Green at the 1975 meeting of the International Psychoanalytical Association. In his presentation Green opened new ways of thinking about non-neurotic patients based on a theory of psychosis that accounts for confusion of subject and object and a mode of symbolization derived from a dual organization of patient and analyst. Green proposed that analysts lend themselves to the fusional needs of their patients while the focus is on the force of the negative-destructive mental states where connection is superseded by disconnections that in turn lead to disorganization resulting in blank depression and negative hallucination. Green finds precedent for this viewpoint in his reading of Winnciott's work on transitional space as a developmental movement toward separation. Central to clinical work with non-neurotic patients is the analyst's use of their countertransference as a form of binding the inchoate into form built on interpreting in the transference as opposed to interpreting of the transference while titrating the degree of silence so as not to fuel the terror of too much absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study of construct validity of the defense style factor on the 40 items defense style questionnaire (DSQ-40). Topics include a defense mechanisms DSQ-40 make up three factors including immature, neurotic, and mature defense styles, capturing the conscious aspects of self-reported defense mechanisms and to measure a person's defense style the DSQ was made by Bond, Gardner, 272 participants which were tested at the Adult. Article also mentions the demographic statistic.

The Internet addiction or Internet addiction disorder (IAD) can have detrimental outcomes for young people that may require professional interventions. Nowadays researchers have identified a number of personality traits and mushrooming disorders associated with Internet addiction. This article discusses the empirical support of various authors that recognized the relevant external as well as internal factors considered to be the leading causes and consequences of this fatal addiction. It discusses number of relevant studies that are consistent with the fact of escalating neurotic/psychological problems associated with this disorder. The panoramic view of this pathological gambling can offer a wider perspective towards this problem as well as help with the much-needed intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each disease brings with it lot of additionally associated problems that the patient requires to cope with this additional burden and stress. Therefore, every patient has to cope with both the disease and the accompanying stresses in the form of biological, psychological and social problems. HIV/AIDS is also a disorder with high incidence and prevalence. It is a viral disease, which reduces the ability of immune system to defend the body against the introduction of foreign substances (antigens). Its negative impact on the individual and society itself is in alarming stage, as the disease is highly associated with a variety of loss, grief and stress. Each individual suffering from HIV/AIDS adopts a different style and strategy to cope with the disease. However, these patients can be enabled to cope with the disease related stress and worries by training them on appropriate ways of coping. The existing literature indicating about various methods categorized as better ways of coping with specific diseases but it is important to know what type of ways are being adopted by the patients and need to be changed for the success of interventions to teach appropriate ways of coping. Therefore, study aimed at assessing the patterns of emotion focused and problem focused ways of coping among HIV and AIDS patients. The present study was carried out in Haryana on 500 patients with HIV/AIDS having the age from 25 to 50 years (mean age 37.5 years). To assess and compare the coping styles adopted by HIV/AIDS patients, the selected subjects were tested with the ways of coping questionnaire by Folkman and Lazarus (1988). Frequencies of individual high on one type of coping (quartile based) and the mean of coping scores were calculated and analyzed. The Chi-square and *t* values reveal that most of the HIV/AIDS patients were going more with emotion focused coping than with problem focused coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates a model suggesting that the job performance of highly neurotic individuals is influenced by job characteristics. By building on research that emphasizes bright sides of neuroticism, the author challenges neurotics' disadvantage in job performance. In a longitudinal field study at two time periods using a sample ( T1: n = 802; T2: n = 760) of employees in 13 job profiles from 22 private banks, the present study found the support for moderation effects of various job characteristics on the relationship between neuroticism and job performance. These findings highlight a previously unidentified mechanism to explain the complex relationship between neuroticism and job performance. Implications of the study to theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latent rank structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was examined and a methodology for "ranking assessment" for use in clinical screening was suggested. Clinical screening is conducted by using dichotomous methods, which is problematic. Recent research has introduced the concept of ranking assessment, which is conducted by dividing clients into ordinal groups according to the Latent Rank Theory (LRT). Participants (N = 949, including 80 neurotic patients) completed the GHQ. They were then divided into four ordinal groups according to LRT. The usual cut-off point of the GHQ (16/17 points) distinguished the third and fourth rank group as the clinical group and the first-rank group as the healthy group. However, the second rank group was classified as neither a healthy or clinical group. These results indicate that the LRT has the potential to facilitate practical and flexible clinical screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three experiments tested the effects of ego depletion on economic decision making. Participants completed a task either requiring self-control or not. Then participants learned about the trust game, in which senders are given an initial allocation of $10 to split between themselves and another person, the receiver. The receiver receives triple the amount given and can send any, all, or none of the tripled money back to the sender. Participants were assigned the role of the sender and decided how to split the initial allocation. Giving less money, and therefore not trusting the receiver, is the safe, less risky response. Participants who had exerted self-control and were depleted gave the receiver less money than those in the non-depletion condition (Experiment 1). This effect was replicated and moderated in two additional experiments. Depletion again led to lower amounts given (less trust), but primarily among participants who were told they would never meet the receiver (Experiment 2) or who were given no information about how similar they were to the receiver (Experiment 3). Amounts given did not differ for depleted and non-depleted participants who either expected to meet the receiver (Experiment 2) or were led to believe that they were very similar to the receiver (Experiment 3). Decreased trust among depleted participants was strongest among neurotics. These results imply that self-control facilitates behavioral trust, especially when no other cues signal decreased social risk in trusting, such as if an actual or possible relationship with the receiver were suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The American novelist Edith Wharton suffered an unusual childhood neurotic symptom, a fear of crossing thresholds, a condition that might be called a “threshold phobia.” This symptom is identified and examined in autobiographical material, letters, diaries, and selected literary fiction and nonfiction left by Wharton to arrive at a formulation not previously drawn together. A fascinating theme—living or being trapped between “two worlds”—runs through much of the writer’s life and work. The phobia is related to this theme, and both can be linked more broadly to certain sexual conflicts in women. This understanding of Wharton’s phobia, it is argued, throws new light on the developmental issues and conflicts related to the female “oedipal” or triadic phase, characterized by the need to negotiate the two worlds of mother and of father. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: Increasing evidence suggests the importance of relationships between district and site leaders. However, there is limited empirical evidence regarding the social infrastructure between and among leaders especially as related to the exchange of advice related to reform. Moreover, we have limited understanding regarding the mechanisms that are associated with how certain leaders occupy influential social positions. Method: Using social network data from district and site leaders, we conducted social network analysis and regression models to examine the relationship between a leader’s network position measured by incoming, outgoing, and close ties; personality traits; and leader self-efficacy controlling for demographics. Findings: Findings indicate that leaders with more incoming advice relationships from other leaders were associated with more years of experience in the district, being self-identified as “neurotic,” reporting higher efficacy in leading reform, and less efficacy in management. Leaders with more outgoing advice ties also self-identified as “neurotic” and reported lower efficacy in management. Leaders who were readily sought in terms of advice were explained by the number of years in the district and the self-reported personality traits of “neurotic,” “extraverted,” and “conscientious.” Leaders who were able to more efficiently connect to other leaders for advice were explained by being “neurotic,” “extraverted,” and “conscientious” as well as reporting low efficacy for management. Implications: Results suggest the importance of considering both personality traits as well as perceptions of efficacy in terms of understanding how leaders come to occupy influential social position in an advice network related to reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD) is a chronic disabling neuropsychiatric disorder. Current treatment modalities, such as pharmacological and behavioral methods, are sometimes unsatisfactory. The mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway is supposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of OCD. In this study, L-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-[ F-18]fluorophenylalanine ( F-18 FDOPA) positron emission tomography ( PET) is exploited to investigate the possible abnormality of dopaminergic neuronal circuits in the brains of OCD patients in vivo. Methods The study subjects were recruited after psychological assessment and gave written informed consent to participate. The F-18 FDOPA PET scans were performed on five OCD patients and six healthy volunteers at 120 min after 185 MBq of F-18 FDOPA intravenous injection. The PET results were analyzed with the Statistical Parametric Mapping tool. Results Compared to the healthy subjects, the OCD brains showed increased dopaminergic metabolism in the left frontal premotor cortex ( P < 0.001), along with trends toward an increase in the left posterior cingulate gyrus, the left cuneus, the left lingual gyrus, the right cuneus and precuneus, the right lingual gyrus, the right middle temporal gyrus, the left cerebellum, and the right cerebellum ( P < 0.01). Conclusion Our observations suggest that the increased dopaminergic neuronal function in these brain areas may be implicated in the pathogenesis of OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical psychologists remain puzzled about the diagnostic basis and therapeutic disposition of individuals who present with a clinical profile of psychopathy. Psychopaths have been characterized as lacking in conscience and presenting a mask of sanity, thus differentiating them from psychotics and neurotics. The clinical profile of the psychopathic personality seems at odds with Kant's moral philosophy, in which Kant characterizes not only the central role of conscience in moral judgment, but in which Kant also insists that every person has a conscience. In this paper the clinical assessments presented by Cleckley and Hare in particular are juxtaposed to Kant's philosophical position, thereby to gain an understanding what is at the base of the psychopathic personality disorder. The clinical and the moral-philosophical assessments are reconciled, nonetheless leaving the clinical psychologist with the difficult task of therapeutic disposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photographers, cinematographers, and computer-graphics engineers use certain techniques to create striking pictorial effects. By using lenses of different focal lengths, they can make a scene look compressed or expanded in depth, make a familiar object look natural or distorted, or make a person look smarter, more attractive, or more neurotic. Photographers have a rule of thumb that a 50 mm lens produces natural-looking pictures. We asked why pictures taken with a 50 mm lens look natural, while those taken with other focal lengths look distorted. We found that people's preferred viewing distance when looking at pictures leads them to view long-focal-length pictures from too near and short-focal-length pictures from too far. Perceptual distortions occur because people do not take their incorrect viewing distances into account. By following the rule of thumb of using a 50 mm lens, photographers greatly increase the odds of a viewer looking at a photograph from the correct distance, where the percept will be undistorted. Our theory leads to new guidelines for creating pictorial effects that are more effective than conventional guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is an attempt to (1) expand the concept of the defense of projective identification to include everyday interactions between intimates who are not necessarily deeply disturbed, (2) show the importance of understanding projective identification inductions in couples therapy, (3) introduce a new way of working with normal/neurotic couples where there is at least some evidence of projective identification in their communication, and (4) describe the similarity of my approach with less disturbed couples to the technical modification of paradigmatic psychotherapy as employed by Modern Psychoanalysis in their work with more disturbed individual patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memory reconsolidation has been observed across species and in a number of behavioral paradigms. The majority of memory reconsolidation studies have been carried out in Pavlovian fear conditioning and other aversive memory settings, with potential implications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, there is a growing literature on memory reconsolidation in appetitive reward-related memory paradigms, including translational models of drug addiction. While there appears to be substantial similarity in the basic phenomenon and underlying mechanisms of memory reconsolidation across unconditioned stimulus valence, there are also notable discrepancies. These arise both when comparing aversive to appetitive paradigms and also across different paradigms within the same valence of memory. We review the demonstration of memory reconsolidation across different aversive and appetitive memory paradigms, the commonalities and differences in underlying mechanisms and the conditions under which each memory undergoes reconsolidation. We focus particularly on whether principles derived from the aversive literature are applicable to appetitive settings, and also whether the expanding literature in appetitive paradigms is informative for fear memory reconsolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sue Bridehead in Jude the Obscure is one of Hardy's most challenging female characters due to her psychological intricacies, whom some critics have aligned with modernist-feminist movement. Sue offers an interesting case study for psychoanalytic interpretation. She has been regarded as a neurotic and pathological woman who has the ability to be simultaneously prosaic and poetic at the most crucial junctures of her life. Being vocal about her unconventional and weird views on love, marriage and religion, she embodies a spirit of revolt and rejection. She has been assigned unparalleled place among Hardy's exceptional females for her feminist thoughts and actions. This paper aims to examine the root cause of the inherent psychological split which accounts for her unstable and wavering behaviour. She fails to relish the sense of independence and fulfilment due to her inability to bridge the fissure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author approaches mental pain and the problems in a psychoanalytic treatment of patients with difficulties in the psychic transformation of their emotional experiences. The author is interested in the symbolic failure related to the obstruction of development of phantasies, dreams, dream-thoughts, etc. She differentiates symbolization disturbances related to hypertrophic projective identification from a detention of these primitive communications and emotional isolation. She puts forward the conjecture that one factor in the arrest of this development is the detention of projective identifications and that, when this primitive means of communication is re-established in a container-contained relationship of mutual benefit, this initiates the development of a symbolization process that can replace the pathological 'protection'. Another hypothesis she develops is that of inaccessible caesuras that, associated with the detention of projective identification, obstruct any integrative or interactive movement. This caesura and the detention of projective identifications affect mental functions needed for dealing with mental pain. The personality is left with precarious mental equipment for transforming emotional experiences. How can a psychoanalytical process stimulate the development of creative symbolization, transforming the emotional experiences and leading towards mental growth? The author approaches the clinical problem with the metaphor of the psychic birth of emotional experience. The modulation of mental pain in a container-contained relationship is a central problem for the development of the human mind. For discovering and giving a meaning to emotional experience, the infant depends on reverie, a function necessary in order to develop an evolved consciousness capable of being aware, which is different from the rudimentary consciousness that perceives but does not understand. The development of mature mental equipment is associated with the personality's attitude towards mental pain. The differentiation between psychotic, neurotic or autistic functioning depends on what defences are erected to avoid mental pain. The primary link between infant and mother is where the building of mental equipment takes place, through communicational forms that, to begin with, are not verbal. The author suggests the need for the development of an ideo-grammar (in gestures, paralinguistic forms, etc.) in primary relations, as the precursor forms that will become the matrix for the mental tools for dealing with emotional experiences in a mature way. The paper stresses the significance of the parental containing function for the development of symbolization of prenatal emotional experiences. This containment develops ideograms, transformations of sense impressions into proto-symbols, instruments that attenuate the traumatic experiences of helplessness. The author takes Bion's ideas about extending the notion of dream-work to an alpha function that goes on continually, day and night, transforming raw emotional experiences in a 'dream'. In order to acquire a meaning, facts need to be 'dreamed' in this extended sense. Meaning and truth are the nurture of the mind. Mental growth, the development of adequate tools - including reverie - for dealing with mental pain, seen from a psychoanalytic perspective including reverie, implies that the object becomes a provider of meanings. Analysis begins to aim primarily at the generation or expansion of the mental container, instead of predominantly working on unconscious contents as such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Problem drinking among college-age populations is a well-recognized public health concern. Furthermore, the hospitality student sub-population is at greater risk than the college-age population at large. Self-selection provides an explanation for the increased risk among the hospitality sub-population. Students may choose to study and work in hospitality if they believe they have suitable personal characteristics and skills or if they value outcomes available in hospitality occupations. This study provides support for self-selection on the basis of personality and personality types. Personality types posited to enjoy and be attracted to the nature of hospitality work, personality types that are likely to the seek pleasurable experiences and thrills through alcohol consumption, as well as those personality types that are neurotic and seek to self-medicate with alcohol were over-represented among the hospitality sample. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Inveiglement is a mode of interpersonal influence and control that has particular relevance to group, organizational, and political life. In inveiglement, a person or group is diverted from knowing, believing, or thinking about an idea or a perception that exists mentally, or that could be generated. In the former situation, inveiglement may be conceived of as induced dissociation; in the latter, an impingement on the capacity to think and generate thoughts. In both situations, the individual or group becomes mentally bound by the parameters imposed by the other, constricting freedom to think and behave independently. I describe four subtypes: toxic, neurotic, communal, and presentational inveiglement, and provide clinical illustrations from group psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the neurotic and layered additions that author Aimee Bender makes to the fairy tale corpus. It considers the appropriation of conventional form, inter-textual use of common themes and motifs, the intervention of new autonomous tales, and the exploration of the fairy tale's paradigm of the family dynamic. The ways in which Bender reworks familiar fairy tale elements into fiction are detailed.

The article presents Chapter Eleven of the book "Klein in the Trenches: Working With Disturbed Patients," by Robert Waska. It highlights the role of analytic observation in facing off transference of borderline, narcissistic, and neurotic patients as it explains how they use place, control, or view one's self and object. Moreover, the case material shows that patients are more open to hearing interpretations about the meaning and nature of their acting out and anxiety.

The argument in this article is that three versions of empire have been at stake in the West since the fall of the Roman Empire and the myths surrounding that polity: political empire, empire by economic hegemony and the empire of what can or cannot be known - what is or is not a legitimate way of understanding the world. This is coupled with the concept of nostalgia. Nostalgia may be a symptom of melancholy concerning what has been, or what is considered to have been, and subsequently lost, or it may be a neurotic fear of what either may be lost or of what valued object is likely to be lost. This couple - nostalgic anxiety of loss, and the empire designed as a bulwark against loss - is one that can generate preventative aggression in the pursuit of certainty and finality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the status of psychodynamic psychiatry and psychoanalysis. It states that psychoanalysis is a way of understanding all human behavior and psychological development. It says that psychoanalysis is also the type of intensive and lengthy psychological exploration of the self and used for treating personality-disordered and neurotic patients. Furthermore, the roots of psychodynamic psychiatry such as neuropsychiatry, academic psychiatry and psychoanalysis are mentioned.

The effect of visual-audio stimulation on the parameters of electroencephalogram (EEG) and the pulsation wave propagation rate (PWPR) in humans was analyzed. The effect of rhythmic audiovisual stimulation (AVS) on the parameters of EEG was also tested. In both cases the effect on EEG was higher than the individual effects from sound and color stimuli. During analysis of the influence of rhythmic visual stimulation and AVS on EEG parameters, frequency peaks corresponding to various color stimuli were revealed in EEG. It was established that most significant changes in brain activity were caused by color stimuli with the highest saturation coefficient and by audio stimuli of maximal sound intensity. The frequency range of maximal deviation from background EEG during rhythmic AVS was observed. Maximal RPWP value was observed in the case of visual-audio stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]