1. Recent advances in nanomedicines for the treatment of ischemic stroke
- Author
-
Chao Li, Chen Jiang, and Tao Sun
- Subjects
RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp ,SHp, stroke homing peptide ,GFs, growth factors ,MSC, mesenchymal stem cell ,Review ,ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ,PCMS, poly (chloromethylstyrene) ,PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 ,TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α ,Blood‒brain barrier ,0302 clinical medicine ,NSCs, neural stem cells ,Antithrombotic ,LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 ,Medicine ,LHb, liposomal Hb ,NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor ,General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics ,e-PAM-R, arginine-poly-amidoamine ester ,IL-6, interleukin-6 ,NOS, nitric oxide synthase ,Stroke ,PEG, poly-ethylene-glycol ,0303 health sciences ,PEG-PLA, poly (ethylene-glycol)-b-poly (lactide) ,PLGA NPs, poly (l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles ,HMGB1, high mobility group protein B1 ,PBCA, poly-butylcyanoacrylate ,Nanomedicine ,SUR1-TRPM4, sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin-4 ,cRGD, cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase ,nNOS, neuron nitric oxide synthase ,CsA, cyclosporine A ,Thrombolytics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,TIA, transient ischemic attack ,IL-1β, interleukin-1β ,Side effect ,SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1 ,COX-1, cyclooxygenase-1 ,NGF, nerve growth factor ,Ischemia ,NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB ,RM1-950 ,Neuroprotection ,Ischemic cascade ,Neuroprotectant ,03 medical and health sciences ,ROS, reactive oxygen species ,BBB, blood‒brain barrier ,SOD, superoxide dismutase ,TEMPO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl ,miRNAs, microRNAs ,CXCR-4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 ,cardiovascular diseases ,Intensive care medicine ,MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion ,BCECs, brain capillary endothelial cells ,NPs, nanoparticles ,030304 developmental biology ,business.industry ,AEPO, asialo-erythropoietin ,Therapeutic effect ,Ce-NPs, ceria nanoparticles ,PSD-95, postsynaptic density protein-95 ,medicine.disease ,GPIIb/IIIa, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa ,siRNA, small interfering RNA ,Ischemic stroke ,DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns ,Reperfusion ,RBCs, red blood cells ,APOE, apolipoprotein E ,MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,CAT, catalase ,business ,RES, reticuloendothelial system ,Hb, hemoglobin - Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease normally caused by interrupted blood supply to the brain. Ischemia would initiate the cascade reaction consisted of multiple biochemical events in the damaged areas of the brain, where the ischemic cascade eventually leads to cell death and brain infarction. Extensive researches focusing on different stages of the cascade reaction have been conducted with the aim of curing ischemic stroke. However, traditional treatment methods based on antithrombotic therapy and neuroprotective therapy are greatly limited for their poor safety and treatment efficacy. Nanomedicine provides new possibilities for treating stroke as they could improve the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in vivo, achieve effective drug accumulation at the target site, enhance the therapeutic effect and meanwhile reduce the side effect. In this review, we comprehensively describe the pathophysiology of stroke, traditional treatment strategies and emerging nanomedicines, summarize the barriers and methods for transporting nanomedicine to the lesions, and illustrate the latest progress of nanomedicine in treating ischemic stroke, with a view to providing a new feasible path for the treatment of cerebral ischemia., Graphical abstract This review summarizes various nanomedicines, including liposomes, micelles, dendrimer, nanoparticles, and exosomes, which have been applied for the treatment of ischemic stroke. It especially focuses on their abilities to normalize various abnormalities at different phases of ischemic cascade, such as dissolving the clot and salvaging the penumbra.Image 1
- Published
- 2021