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The edge features of peanut grain image are not considered in peanut grain integrity detection, and there are many noises, resulting in low accuracy of peanut grain integrity detection and poor effect of image edge noise removal. Therefore, this paper designs a peanut seed integrity detection method based on deep learning convolution neural network. The edge contour of peanut grain image is closed, the edge contour curve characteristics of peanut grain image are extracted, the noise area of peanut grain edge image is determined according to the filter window of Gaussian kernel function, and the wavelet descriptor in contour description operator is used to reduce the edge noise of peanut grain image. Input the image into the convolution neural network, update the weight by gradient descent method, construct the peanut seed integrity detection model, output the peanut seed integrity detection results, and realize the peanut seed integrity detection. The experimental results show that the proposed detection method can improve the accuracy of peanut grain detection and has certain feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh-seed germination (FSG) impairs peanut production, especially in areas where the peanut harvest season coincides with rainy weather. Developing FSG-resistant cultivars by molecular breeding is expected to mitigate yield loss and quality impairment caused by FSG. However, the genetic control of FSG awaits elucidation. In this study, FSG at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days post-imbibition in three environments were tested, and quantitative-trait loci (QTL) associated with FSG were mapped in a peanut recombinant inbred line population by leveraging existing high-density peanut genetic maps. Of 24 QTL identified in 13 linkage groups, qFSGA04 was a stable major QTL on linkage group 04 (LG04). It was consistently detected in five germination stages and three environments. By designing and validating DNA markers in the confidence interval of qFSGA04, we identified one single-nucleotide polymorphism and one InDel closely associated with FSG that could be used as linked markers for FSG resistance in peanut breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moldy peanut seeds are damaged by mold, which seriously affects the germination rate of peanut seeds. At the same time, the quality and variety purity of peanut seeds profoundly affect the final yield of peanuts and the economic benefits of farmers. In this study, hyperspectral imaging technology was used to achieve variety classification and mold detection of peanut seeds. In addition, this paper proposed to use median filtering (MF) to preprocess hyperspectral data, use four variable selection methods to obtain characteristic wavelengths, and ensemble learning models (SEL) as a stable classification model. This paper compared the model performance of SEL and extreme gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost), light gradient boosting algorithm (LightGBM), and type boosting algorithm (CatBoost). The results showed that the MF-LightGBM-SEL model based on hyperspectral data achieves the best performance. Its prediction accuracy on the data training and data testing reach 98.63% and 98.03%, respectively, and the modeling time was only 0.37s, which proved that the potential of the model to be used in practice. The approach of SEL combined with hyperspectral imaging techniques facilitates the development of a real-time detection system. It could perform fast and non-destructive high-precision classification of peanut seed varieties and moldy peanuts, which was of great significance for improving crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To accurately distinguish intact peanut, nut damaged peanut and epidermis damaged peanut. Methods: A peanut seed integrity detection scheme based on deep learning convolution neural network （CNN） was proposed. The peanut seed color selection system was established and a peanut seed image database was also established; The improved density peak clustering （DPC） algorithm was used to adaptively compress the CNN convolution kernel to effectively balance the network depth and operation efficiency; The improved sparrow search algorithm was used to optimize the CNN super parameter configuration and network structure, and the CNN model suitable for peanut grain integrity detection was obtained. Results: Compared with other detection methods, this scheme improved the recognition accuracy by about 5.41%~13.92%, and the detection time of single image of peanut grain was shortened by about 16.9%. Conclusion: This method effectively improves the accuracy and real-time of peanut grain integrity detection.

Peanut seeds are ideal bioreactors for the production of foreign recombinant proteins or secondary metabolites. Seed-specific promoters (SSPs) can direct the expression of genes specifically in seeds to avoid undesirable effects associated with constitutive expression. However, few SSPs have been identified in peanut. Previous studies have shown that some allergen-encoding genes encode seed storage proteins or exhibit seed-specific/preferential expression. In this study, we characterized allergen-encoding genes from across the genomes of Arachis species to explore seed-specific genes. We found that at least 9 out of 16 identified peanut allergen-encoding genes were expressed specifically in the seeds or were preferentially expressed. A 1493-bp promoter fragment of allergen gene Ara h 1 (we named it AHSSP6) was isolated from cultivated peanut genome. cis-element analysis showed that three RY repeat elements which usually exsisted in seed or embryo specific promoter sequence were also present in AHSSP6 sequence. Histochemical analysis showed AHSSP6 could drive the expression of a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene specifically in the seeds or cotyledon tissue of transgenic Arabidopsis, while not in other tissues. These findings indicated that these promoters of allergen genes were candidate SSPs, and AHSSP6 was a novel SSP which could be potentially utilized in peanut improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus , the primary mold that causes food spoilage, poses significant health and economic problems worldwide. Eliminating A. flavus growth is essential to ensure the safety of agricultural products, and extracellular compounds (ECCs) produced by Bacillus spp. have been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of this pathogen. In this study, we aimed to identify microorganisms efficient at inhibiting A. flavus growth and degrading aflatoxin B 1 . We isolated microorganisms from soil samples using a culture medium containing coumarin (CM medium) as the sole carbon source. Of the 498 isolates grown on CM medium, only 132 bacterial strains were capable of inhibiting A. flavus growth. Isolate 3BS12-4, identified as Bacillus siamensis , exhibited the highest antifungal activity with an inhibition ratio of 43.10%, and was therefore selected for further studies. The inhibition of A. flavus by isolate 3BS12-4 was predominantly attributed to ECCs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of 0.512 g/ml. SEM analysis revealed that the ECCs disrupted the mycelium of A. flavus . The hydrolytic enzyme activity of the ECCs was assessed by protease, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase activity. Our results demonstrate a remarkable 96.11% aflatoxin B 1 degradation mediated by ECCs produced by isolate 3BS12-4. Furthermore, treatment with these compounds resulted in a significant 97.93% inhibition of A. flavus growth on peanut seeds. These findings collectively present B. siamensis 3BS12-4 as a promising tool for developing environmentally friendly products to manage aflatoxin-producing fungi and contribute to the enhancement of agricultural product safety and food security.

Peanut burrower bug, Pangaeus bilineatus (Say), is a piercing-sucking pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea (L.), that is native to Central and North America. The insect spends most of its life below the soil surface and is not easily detected in the field. Although injury to peanut is sporadic in the Southern USA, the bug has become a serious economic pest for farmers in the region in recent years. During and after peanut seed formation, adult and immature bugs feed directly on seeds through the hull, reducing the quality and value of the crop. The value of peanut is reduced by approximately $209/MT when feeding injury is present on ≥3.5% of kernels by weight. Deep tillage prior to planting and application of granular chlorpyrifos during the growing season are the only tactics currently available for managing P. bilineatus in peanut in the United States. Relatively little research attention has been focused on P. bilineatus , and improved knowledge of the insect's biology and ecology is needed to develop an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy that significantly reduces financial losses caused by this insect. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the taxonomic history, biology, pest status, and management of P. bilineatus primarily as it relates to peanut production systems in the Southeast USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the planting area of peanut is 5 million hm² and the yield is 17 million kg. Seed shelling is an important part of peanut seed preparation before sowing, the quality of peanut seed after shelling affects the emergence, growth and yield of peanut. At present, peanut seed shelling is mainly based on the shape characteristics of peanut pods, mechanical actions such as kneading, extrusion and impact are used to crack and break the peanut pods to complete the shelling. However, the existing peanut shellers have some problems, such as low rate of shell removal, high rate of seed damage and poor adaptability to peanut varieties. In order to solve the above problems, a cone disc shelling mechanism for peanut seeds was designed. Taking Huayu 23 peanut as the experimental object, the EDEM software was used to simulate the shelling process of peanut pods, and the optimal structure parameters of the cone type shelling mechanism were obtained by simulation analysis and prototype testing. The best structural parameters of the shelling mechanism were obtained through simulation analysis and prototype test, that is, the inclination angle of the lower cone was 25°, and the inclination angle of the upper cone was 30°. In order to further reduce the damage rate of peanut seeds, the rubber spines were pasted on the shell surface of the upper and lower cones of the machine. The rotation speed of lower cone, the minimum shelling clearance and number of rubber bumps were taken as experimental factors, threshing rate and damage rate of peanut were taken as response values, single-factor test and Box-Behnken test were conducted. ANOVA was performed on the test results by Design-Expert 8.0.6 software, and the regression models of the threshing rate and the damage rate between the rotation speed of lower cone, the minimum shelling clearance, the number of rubber bumps were established. The optimal combination of the three factors were obtained by the dual objective optimization method, that was the rotation speed of lower cone 270 r/min, the number of rubber bumps within one squire meter 5 500 and the minimum shelling clearance was 11 mm，respectively, at this time, the highest predicted value of the threshing rate was 97.95%, and the lowest predicted value of the damage rate was 3.19%. The comparative experiment results showed that compared with the drum type sheller for peanut seeds, the threshing rate of the cone disc sheller without rubber spines was slightly higher and the damage rate was slightly lower. The threshing rate of the cone disc sheller with rubber spines was increased by 2.03 percentage points, and the damage rate was reduced by 0.67 percentage points..According to the fatigue damage analysis of rubber spines, after 90 hours of shelling operation, the rubber skin was seriously worn and the shelling quality was reduced, it should be replaced in time. The research results can provide reference for the development and improvement of peanut seeds sheller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, we tested whether the resveratrol-enriched peanut sprout extracts cultivated with fermented sawdust medium (PSEFS) could suppress benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The mode of action of PSEFS was estimated by employing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, MTT assay, cell counting, cell cycle analysis, immunoblots, and immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In vivo efficacy of PSEFS was analyzed in BPH animal model via immunostaining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We selected the Yesan peanut sprout variety, which contains the highest level of resveratrol. The resveratrol levels in PSEFS were higher than those obtained with hydroponic technology. PSEFS treatment induced cell cycle arrest at the G1- phase by downregulating CDK4 and cyclin D1 via p21WAF1 induction in the RWPE-1 and WPMY prostate cells, thereby decreasing their proliferation. Treatment with PSEFS decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased JNK phosphorylation. The levels of DNA-bound transcription factors associated with proliferation (nuclear factor-κB, Sp-1, and AP-1) decreased upon PSEFS treatment in both prostate cells. Additionally, the levels of the molecular markers of BPH development (5α-reductase, androgen receptor, fibroblast growth factor, Bcl-2, and Bax) also changed by the addition of PSEFS. Finally, in a testosterone propionate-induced BPH model in rats, PSEFS administration attenuated the size, weight, and thickness of prostate tissues with no signs of death. Conclusions: These results showed that PSEFS inhibited BPH both in vitro and in vivo and might be useful in the development of a potential BPH therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of chemical quality of peanut seed with the soil temperature (ST) has received little attention. The aim of this work was to determine the effects of ST in the seed growth environment, during the seed filling period, on the oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio, alpha, beta, gamma, delta tocopherols and the sum of them (TT), fructose, glucose and sucrose and the sum of them (FGS), contents in peanut kernels. Field experiments included cultivars (Florman and ASEM), water regimes (irrigated and water stress), sowing dates and alteration of ST. The response of O/L ratio to ST fitted a linear model, where the O/L ratio increased while ST increased. Mean O/L ratios were 1.31 for ASEM and 1.20 for Florman. The TT mean concentration was similar for both genotypes (478 ppm). A positive association between a-tocopherol (the main source of vitamin E) and ST, and a negative association between d and a tocopherols were detected. The responses of FGS and sucrose to ST fitted linear models, where increments in ST showed decreases in FGS and sucrose concentrations. However, the decrease rates of FGS and sucrose in ASEM were three times lower than in Florman. The results showed that ST affected the chemical composition of peanut kernels, which mainly determines the shelf life and flavor of both genotypes differentially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are prized for their flavor and popular worldwide as food or as food ingredients. The raw peanut seed contains the precursor compounds to roasted peanut flavor and has the potential to be manipulated through traditional breeding methods. However, little is known about the metabolome of the raw seeds. Comprehensive metabolite profiles of both raw runner and Virginia‐type peanuts were determined. Using a system incorporating several methodologies including (RP)/UPLC‐MS/MS and HILIC/UPLC‐MS/MS, along with quantitation of fatty acids, free amino acids, and tocopherols, 365 metabolites were identified and of these, 52 were significantly different between market types (P < 0.05). Higher levels of gamma‐glutamylalanine, oxylipins, purine metabolites, and alpha‐ketoglutarate derived members of the glutamate family of amino acids defined the Virginia‐type, while runner‐type peanuts were differentiated by their ethylmalonate and eicosenoate content. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the raw peanut seed, providing knowledge of the range of small molecules present in peanuts. The new information presented here will enable future research for peanut quality improvement. Practical Application: Peanuts are widely used as snack foods and as food ingredients. Knowledge of the secondary metabolite compounds in raw peanuts is needed to determine their importance in peanut flavor and nutritional quality. This report used a nontargeted analytical approach for the identification of these types of compounds in peanuts for the first time. These data were supplemented with quantitative analysis of free amino acids and tocopherols and discussed as potential flavor precursors and health promoting compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophagous insects utilize visual, olfactory and gustatory cues to find food. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), quickly approaches fresh peanut seeds newly introduced into the rearing cage in the laboratory but shows less interest in stale peanut seed previously infested by conspecifics. This observation suggests that H. halys can perceive the quality of food by detecting the volatile(s) from fresh peanut seeds. A bioassay revealed that H. halys adults could more quickly find fresh peanut seeds than three-day-infested peanut seeds, which is consistent with laboratory observations. Hexanal was found to be the major volatile component of fresh peanut seeds but not of previously infested ones. In the two-choice assays, the adult bugs that did respond were significantly attracted to fresh peanut volatiles and hexanal. Hexanal also induced proboscis-protruding behavior in adult H. halys, which suggested that this compound is a key stimulant of foraging behavior of laboratory-reared H. halys adults. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) can be attacked by many pathogens both in field and in deposits. Most of the time the peanuts are healthy, but during improper storage they can be contaminated with fungi. The myco-flora associated with the peanut seeds is formed mainly by fungi from the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus. The mentioned fungi are very harmful for health because they are producing carcinogenic mycotoxins. Mainly the Aspergillus species can infect peanuts during the vegetation period, especially in the case very high humidity conditions in field. Thus, the infection can continue during the harvesting, transport and storage. Due to this fact, the problem of the accumulation of aflatoxins is very serious in the big peanut cultivating countries. Many researches show the presence of the aflatoxins in the sold peanuts. The approached topic in this research is actually and presents interests for the consumers in special. The identification if the myco - toxigenous from peanuts from supermarket was realised on seeds that were originating from four countries (Romania, Brasil, U. S. A. and Egypt). The main objective of this laboratory study was to identify the myco - toxigenous fungi, mainly those that grow on and from peanuts sold in supermarkets in Timisoara. During the sample collection there was considered the origin of the peanuts to comprise different parts of the world. The peanuts were bought from big supermarkets. The obtained results regarding the fungal contamination index of the peanuts seeds with fungi show the presence in myco - flora of some myco - toxigenous fungi harmful for health. Fusarium sp. is highlighted in all the samples by a quite great contamination rate comprised between 5.12% (the peanut crust samples from U. S. A.). The contamination of the seeds with the myco-toxigenous fungus Aspergillus flavus is obvious in the case of the peanuts from U. S. A. where was registered the greatest infection rate of 25.89% in seeds and 10.25% in crusts. The third fungus that was determined in quite great rates on the peanuts seeds was Penicillium sp. The greatest infection level was registered in the samples from China (24.56%) and U. S. A. (22.32%). Aside the three myco - toxigenous fungi was grown in a great rate in some samples the fungus Rhizopus sp., that usually is present in the peanuts seeds. The greatest infection level of the infection was determined in the peanuts from Egypt (65.85%) and those from Romania (64.56%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemically, peanuts provide significant nutritional value to humans, animals, and the food industry as a whole. This study was conducted to explore the potential for near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and effective variable selection algorithms to quantify phenolic compounds in peanut seeds. The phenolics were extracted and then identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The spectroscopic data were acquired from the peanut samples using a tabletop NIR spectrometer with a wavelength range of 10,000–4000 cm–1. The acquired spectra were preprocessed using a synergistic effect of first- and second-order derivative (FOD and SOD) preprocessing techniques, and multivariate algorithms were used, examined, and evaluated using correlation coefficients of the validation set (R p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and residual predictive deviations (RPDs). The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-partial least squares (CARS-PLS) model produced optimum performance for chlorogenic acid (R p = 0.933, RPD = 2.77), kaempferol (R p = 0.928, RPD = 2.68), p -coumaric acid (R p = 0.900, RPD = 2.32), and quercetin (R p = 0.932, RPD = 2.88), respectively. Therefore, this study proved that NIR spectroscopy in combination with CARS-PLS was capable of nondestructively predicting phenolic content in peanut seeds. • Phenolic compounds in peanut seeds were individually quantified using HPLC. • NIR spectroscopy was effectively employed to evaluate phenolic compounds. • Spectral signal pretreatment improved the performance of the PLS. • Variable selection methods can be used to enhance model performance. • CARS-PLS produced optimal results for predicting phenolic contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The nutritional quality, flavor, and shelf-life of both peanut products and its seeds are dependent on relative quantity of various fatty acids (FAs) like saturated, mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) present in its oil. High oleic (HO) peanut oils are extremely valued due to its superior nutritional composition for human health and augmented thermo-oxidative stability for industrial purposes. Scope and approach From the research perspective, noteworthy progress has been made during last three decades for the development of peanut lines having HO trait in its oil. In this review, the research achievements, perspectives, and prospects of peanut genetic improvement for HO trait is thoroughly discussed. Key findings and conclusions The research has helped not only understanding the genetics of HO traits and its genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction but also produced an enormous number of HO line throughout the world. Although, as of now, most of the high O/L cultivars developed are the outcome of traditional breeding efforts. But, with the advent of novel molecular techniques like CAPS and AS-PCR assay for HO peanut breeding program, it is extremely easy to achieve the traits through marker assisted selection (MAS) rather than through either conventional or genetic engineering approaches. The availability of peanut genome sequence and identification of different ahFAD2 gene families is also expediting the research for the breeding of HO peanut genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and internal Cd translocation in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are highly related to root uptake, which may largely depend on the cultivar variation and the depth of the Cd-contaminated soil. A split-column soil experiment was conducted using two common Chinese peanut cultivars (Huayu-20 and Huayu-23) known to relocate Cd to different tissues. The growth medium was separated into four layers and Cd solution was solely applied to one layer to determine the key depth affecting the Cd accumulation in a plant via root uptakes. The results showed that the biomass of Huayu-23 was significantly higher biomass (3.28-94.0%) than that of Huayu-20, especially in the aerial parts (stems and leaves) and kernels, implying the dilution of Cd. Following the addition of Cd to the soil, the Cd concentrations in peanut tissues increased on average by 28.9-172 and 28.3-111% in Huayu-20 and Huayu-23, respectively. The largest presence of Cd in a peanut plant was observed in the aerial parts, followed by the kernels. Huayu-20 accumulated more Cd in plant tissues than did Huayu-23 due to the former’s high Cd translocation. These findings imply that peanut cultivars vary widely in biomass, Cd accumulation, and the percentage distribution of Cd among various plant tissues, especially kernels. Different Cd treatments in the full depth of the root zone induced significant alterations in Cd accumulation of peanut tissues, especially kernels, for both cultivars. The percentage distribution of Cd accumulation by kernels was significantly higher in the deeper layer than in the top layer of the root zone for both peanut cultivars. This study suggests that soil modifications performed during agronomic activities should take into account the full depth of root exploration as well as the peanut cultivars to manage plant Cd uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: New technologies are needed to eliminate mycotoxins and/or fungal pathogens from agricultural products. RNA interference (RNAi) has shown potential to control fungi associated with crops. In RNAi, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) targets homologous mRNA for cleavage, and can reach the mRNA of pathogens in contact with the plant. The key element in this process is the movement of RNA signals cell‐to‐cell and over long distances within the plant, and between host plants and parasites. In this study, we selected a regulatory gene in the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, aflS/aflR, necessary for the production of aflatoxins in Aspergillus spp. We designed a Dicer‐substrate RNA (DsiRNA) to study the movement and stability of the duplex over time in in vitro peanut plants using stem‐loop primers and RT‐PCR for DsiRNA detection. The preliminary results demonstrated that DsiRNA was absorbed and moved away from the point of application, spread systemically and was transported rapidly, most likely through the phloem of the shoot, to the sink tissues, such as new auxiliary shoots, flowers and newly formed pegs. The DsiRNA remained detectable for at least 30 days after treatment. This is the first time that movement of exogenous DsiRNA in in vitro peanut plants has been described. Since DsiRNA was detectable in the pegs 15 days after treatment, aflatoxin reduction may be possible if the duplexes containing part of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathogen gene induce silencing in the peanut seeds colonised by Aspergillus spp. The application of small RNAs could be a non‐transformative option for mycotoxin contamination control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argentinean peanut provides a significant source of food worldwide, therefore is essential to preserve the quality of seeds during the storage period in order to ensure the yield of this crop. In this study in situ effect of a formulation based on microencapsulated boldo ( Peumus boldus ) essential oil (EO) was evaluated on in-pod stored peanut ( Arachis hipogaea ) to preserve the seed quality. Statistically significant ( p <  0.05) fungitoxic effects were observed at the end of the storage period. Seed damages caused by insects was very low during the 5 months, however, reductions of seed germinations were produced by the formulation. Low levels of residual boldo oil were recorded at the end of the assay. The application of boldo oil microcapsules is useful to preserve stored peanuts avoiding its deterioration, but not when it is intended for seed, but for another purposes as by-product elaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed expansion in peanut is a complex biological process involving many gene regulatory pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development, but little is known about their functions during seed expansion, or how they contribute to seed expansion in different peanut lines. We examined seed miRNA expression patterns at 15 and 35 days after flowering (DAF) in two peanut eighth-generation recombinant inbred lines (RIL8); 8106, a mediumpod variety, and 8107, a super-pod variety. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified 1,082 miRNAs in developing peanut seeds including 434 novel miRNAs. We identified 316 differentially expressed miRNAs by comparing expression levels between the two peanut lines. Interestingly, 24 miRNAs showed contrasting patterns of expression in the two RILs, and 149 miRNAs were expressed predominantly in only one RIL at 35 DAF. Also, potential target genes for some conserved and novel miRNAs were identified by degradome sequencing; target genes were predicted to be involved in auxin mediated signaling pathways and cell division. We validated the expression patterns of some representative miRNAs and 12 target genes by qPCR, and found negative correlations between the expression level of miRNAs and their targets. miR156e, miR159b, miR160a, miR164a, miR166b, miR168a, miR171n, miR172c- 5p, and miR319d and their corresponding target genes may play key roles in seed expansion in peanut. The results of our study also provide novel insights into the dynamic changes in miRNAs that occur during peanut seed development, and increase our understanding of miRNA function in seed expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the major oil crops and is the fifth largest source of plant oils in the world. Numerous genes participate in regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of the storage lipids in seeds or other reservoir organs, among which several transcription factors, such as LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (AtLEC1), LEC2, and WRINKLED1 (WRI1), involved in embryo development also control the lipid reservoir in seeds. In this study, the AtLEC1 gene was transferred into the peanut genome and expressed in a seed-specific manner driven by the NapinA full-length promoter or its truncated 230-bp promoter. Four homozygous transgenic lines, two lines with the longer promoter and the other two with the truncated one, were selected for further analysis. The AtLEC1 mRNA level and the corresponding protein accumulation in different transgenic overexpression lines were altered, and the transgenic plants grew and developed normally without any detrimental effects on major agronomic traits. In the developing seeds of transgenic peanuts, the mRNA levels of a series of genes were upregulated. These genes are associated with fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and lipid accumulation. The former set of genes included the homomeric ACCase A (AhACC II), the BC subunit of heteromeric ACCase (AhBC4), ketoacyl-ACP synthetase (AhKAS II), and stearoyl-ACP desaturase (AhSAD), while the latter ones were the diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins (AhDGAT1, AhDGAT2, AhOle1, AhOle2, and AhOle3). The oil content and seed weight increased by 4.42-15.89% and 11.1-22.2%, respectively, and the levels of major FA components including stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid changed significantly in all different lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut seeds are rich in oil, which exists as oil bodies (OBs). By extraction, peanut crude OBs are obtained and can be used as a food ingredient. In a previous study, it was found that the crude OBs contained an unknown protease, which hydrolyzed the oleosins. This would disrupt the integrity of OBs, and therefore, affect their physical and oxidative stability. In this study, the protein composition of crude OBs and some properties of the unknown protease were examined. The results showed that the protease was a two-chain (32 and 9 kDa) aspartic protease, which showed high affinity for OBs. The optimal pH and temperature for oleosin hydrolysis by the protease were pH 4.0 and 60 °C. Interestingly, the aspartic protease not only hydrolyzed OB intrinsic proteins (oleosin, caleosin, and steroleosin), but also extrinsic proteins (especially Ara h 1 allergen and 26–30 kDa arachin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A microscopic image of a section of a peanut seed shows that oil bodies (OBs) are a small droplet of oil that is dispersed throughout the whole seed. The protein profile of peanut's OBs recovered using the aqueous extraction method at different pH was found to have 2 oleosin isoforms of 14 and 16 kDa. Moreover, OBs essential amino acids are 1.52 higher than those in the PPI. Oleic acid and linoleic acid are the major fatty acids in both cold press peanut oil and OBs regardless of pH. Tocopherol content went from 270.76 to 278.2 mg/g when pH got increased. δ‐Tocopherols are slightly associated with peanut OBs, as it was resistant to the alkaline washing; however, α‐tocopherols were discovered to be weakly associable. On the contrary, phytosterols content decreased when pH got increased, with 631.49 μg/g for pH 6.8 and 614.96 μg/g for pH 11.0. Practical Application: Peanut oil is widely used in food industries in the form of emulsified oil. OBs can be presented as a better alternative solution, which is stable emulsified oil, with high content of antioxidant and phytosterols. Our results showed that peanut OBs are rich in nutritional components such as essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and phytosterols. Moreover, peanut OBs are surrounded with 2 oleosin isoforms and caleosin, which offer more stability to the emulsion system. Thus, peanut OBs can be perfect for food like mayonnaise and vinaigrettes products in the form of encapsulated oil with high content of vitamin E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of eight kinds of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) was investigated as potential natural antifungal agents against Aspergillus flavus in this study. Based on the in vitro assay, volatile phase inhibitory effects of the selected eight GLVs were consistently more effective on A. flavus growth than contact phase inhibitory effects, and ( E )-2-hexenal exhibited the highest efficacy as it could totally inhibited growth of A. flavus at concentrations of 0.032 μL/mL air and 1.6 μL/mL under vapor and contact conditions, respectively. Furthermore, results obtained from the in vivo assay demonstrated that ( E )-2-hexenal possessed potent fumigant activity in reducing A. flavus infection in stored peanut seeds, as it could completely inhibit colonization of A. flavus at 0.32 μL/mL air. Both in vitro and in vivo assay results provided convincing evidence that ( E )-2-hexenal, one of the GLVs that is naturally present in many plants, can potentially be used as a highly efficient and eco-friendly antifungal fumigant to protect peanut seeds from contamination of A. flavus during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve both poor coating qualified rate and high breakage rate of peanut seeds caused by unreasonable working parameters of rotary table-roller coating equipment, the single factor and central composite experiments were conducted. The effects of the main working parameters, including ratio of seeds weight to coating volume, dilution ratio of seed coating, speed of roller, on coating qualified rate and breakage rate of peanuts coating were analyzed by means of the rotary table-roller coating test rig. The study object was “Huayu 33”, which was 16.22-19.16 mm in length, 8.06-10.36 mm in width, and 7.16-8.36 mm in thickness and whose moisture was 11.6%, and thousand kernel weight was 812.1 g. The single factor experiments were firstly conducted, and the results showed the influence laws of the 3 main working parameters on coating qualified rate and breakage rate, which were necessary to determine zero level of each parameter in the quadratic regression revolution design. And then the composite experiment methods of quadratic orthogonal rotation were adopted, the data were analyzed based on the Design-Expert software, the mathematical regression models of peanuts coating rate and breakage rate were built, and their corresponding variance analysis were conducted too. A regression equation of the relationship between variation coefficient of the 3 main working parameters was obtained. Through the analysis of variance, the results showed that the most influential factor for the coating qualified rate was the ratio of seeds weight to coating volume, and the minimum impact factor was the dilution ratio of seed coating; regarding to the breakage rate, the most influential factor was the speed of roller, and the minimum impact factor was the ratio of seeds weight to coating volume. The response surface method was utilized to analyze the effects of factors’ interaction on the coating qualified rate and breakage rate, and the multi-objective optimizations were conducted for the regression models. The optimal combination working parameters of the drum coating test rig were the roller speed of 18.34 r/min, the ratio of seeds weight to coating volume of 31.73 g/mL, and the dilution ratio of seed coating of 4.76. All of those were obtained by the optimization solution of all factors with the quadratic regression model equation of performance evaluation indices in the range of experimental parameters constraints. Under the condition of the optimal combination working parameters, the coating qualified rate and the breakage rate were 97.35% and 0.37%, respectively. This coating quality met the need of peanut seeds processing industry. The results of verification test were consistent with those of optimization solution. Production verification test was conducted with the 5BY-500-J coating machine (the productivity was 5 t/h when it was used for corn seeds coating operation) in Nanjing Agricultural Machinery Factory. The coating machine worked the same as the rotary table-roller coating test rig, but the working parameters were not reasonable for peanut coating. In the experiment, the working parameters of 5BY-500-J coating machine were adjusted according the optimization results by variable frequency regulation of the drum and the control of feeding parts of seeds coating. With the optimal parameters applied by the coating machine, the coating quality was improved greatly, and the coating qualified rate and breakage rate were 97.05% and 0.40%, respectively, which were very close to those obtained from the previous model results. The results of verification showed that the coating machine could be used for peanut seeds processing after working parameters optimization. The study provides the scientific basis for the working parameter optimization of rotary table-roller coating machine for peanut seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are among the most powerful carcinogens in nature. The major aflatoxin-producing fungi areAspergillus flavusandA. parasiticus. Numerous crops, including peanut, are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination by these fungi. There has been an increased use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology to control phytopathogenic fungi in recent years. In order to develop molecular tools targeting specific genes of these fungi for the control of aflatoxins, it is necessary to obtain their genome sequences. Although high-throughput sequencing is readily available, it is still impractical to sequence the genome of every isolate. Thus, in this work, the authors proposed a workflow that allowed prescreening of 238AspergillussectionFlaviisolates from peanut seeds from Georgia, USA. The aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster (ABC) of the isolates was fingerprinted at 25 InDel (insertion/deletion) loci using capillary electrophoresis. All isolates were tested for aflatoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The neighbor-joining, three-dimension (3D) principal coordinate, and Structure analyses revealed that theAspergillusisolates sampled consisted of three main groups determined by their capability to produce aflatoxins. Group I comprised 10 non-aflatoxigenicA. flavus; Group II includedA. parasiticus; and Group III included mostly aflatoxigenicA. flavusand the three non-aflatoxigenicA. caelatus. Whole genomes of 10 representative isolates from different groups were sequenced. Although InDels inAspergillushave been used by other research groups, this is the first time that the cluster analysis resulting from fingerprinting was followed by whole-genome sequencing of representative isolates. In our study, cluster analysis of ABC sequences validated the results obtained with fingerprinting. This shows that InDels used here can predict similarities at the genome level. Our results also revealed a relationship between groups and their capability to produce aflatoxins. The database generated ofAspergillusspp. can be used to select target genes and assess the effectiveness of RNAi technology to reduce aflatoxin contamination in peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, Peumus boldus Mol. (boldo) essential oil (EO) microcapsules were prepared using the complex coacervation technique with gelatin/gum arabic, in order to enhance the dwell period of this preservative in the storage system. Bloom gelatin 240 − formaldehyde 10 min were the optimal encapsulation conditions (94.38%). The microcapsules prepared under optimal conditions had an average diameter of 5.67 μm. Boldo EO release was very low at 12 days of incubation (1 × 10 −4 %) and was not affected by temperature. In grains, 99.9% of EO remained encapsulated at the end of the incubation period (10 days), including at the highest a W tested (0.95). Boldo EO formulation reduced between 31.5 and 42.5% the peanut mycoflora being Penicillium and Aspergillus the main species isolated from control and treated seeds. However, volatile compounds released by the formulation decreased the germination capacity of peanut seeds. To avoid this effect, the implementation of boldo EO formulation on stored shell peanut will be evaluated in future studies. In conclusion, boldo EO was encapsulated with high percentages of efficiency by complex coacervation keeping the antifungal ability. The application of boldo EO formulation could increase seed protection against fungal pathogens during a storage period of 114 days, if it possible to reduce the allelophatic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut is one of the annual crops grown in both arid and semi arid areas whose germination can be affected by high temperatures. The effect of heat stress on seed germination and seedling vigor was investigated. Seeds were kept in sealed laminated aluminium foil bags and exposed to heat stress for 48 h at four temperatures; 27±2°C, 70±5; RH (control: room temperature), 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C. Seed germination and seed vigor decreased significantly as the heat stress temperature increased. The seed moisture content and total abnormal seedlings did not vary among treatments whereas occurrence of deformed seedlings was significant at temperatures greater than 40±1°C. However, 40°C significantly induced dormancy by 31% compared to the control seeds, while heat stress beyond 50°C had detrimental effect on peanut seeds in the form of embryonic death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Total flavonoids and phenolics content were evaluated by NIR. • Preprocessing techniques had no effect on raw data. • Total flavonoids and phenolic prediction were improved with variable selection algorithms. • Si-CARS-PLS exhibited optimal results for flavonoids and phenolic content prediction. Peanuts are nutritionally valuable for both humans and animals due to their high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Herein, we explored the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with efficient variable selection algorithms for quantitative prediction of total flavonoids (TFC) and total phenolics content (TPC) in raw peanut seeds. Spectrophotometrically, the reference results of the extracts for TFC and TPC were analysed and recorded. The integrated application of the synergy interval coupled competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-partial least squares (Si-CARS-PLS) were used for prediction. The model performance appraisal was based on the correlation coefficients of prediction (Rp), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and residual predictive deviation (RPD). The Si-CARS-PLS performed optimally for TFC (Rp = 0.9137, RPD = 2.49) and TPC (Rp = 0.9042, RPD = 2.31), respectively. Moreover, the model (Si-CARS-PLS) was found to have an acceptable fit for the analytes under study since it achieved 0.88 for TFC and 0.86 for TPC based on the external validation. Therefore, these results showed that NIR coupled with Si-CARS-PLS could be used for the quantitative prediction of flavonoids and phenolic contents in raw peanut seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three isolates of bacteria NNK24, NDP61, and 0405-02, obtained from the surface and the inside of healthy peanut roots, were considered putative epiphytic and endophytic bacteria of peanut plants. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLAST search revealed that NNK24, NDP61 belong to Bacillus albus species and 0405-02 belong to Bacillus proteolyticus species. The culture broths of all 3 isolates obtained in the stationary phase showed good antifungal activity, approximately 70%–80% in the in-vitro antagonistic test. Meanwhile, in the in-vivo assay, after 72-hr-incubation of peanut seeds with Aspergillus flavus CDP2 conidia, isolates NNK24 and NDP61 reduced the mold growth from 6.9 log (cfu/g) to 4.5 and 3.9 log (cfu/g), respectively; whereas strain 0405-02 had only a slighter effect on the mold growth. Soaking peanut seeds in bacterial culture broth at 107 cfu/ml for 30 min promoted well seedling growth with the Vigour index (VI) increasing by about 3.6–5.3 times; reduced the Disease severity index (DSI) from 0.59 to 0.18–0.28. At 30 days after planting (DAP) seedlings into the soil, the plant weight and plant length grew approximately by 1.5–1.9 times and 1.4–1.6 times, respectively. Therefore, Bacillus albus NNK24, NDP61 and Bacillus proteolyticus 0405-02 are good candidates for microbial inoculants to promote peanut plant growth and protect them from aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus growth in order to develop sustainable agriculture. [Display omitted] • Bacillus albus NDP61, B. albus NNK24 and B. proteolyticus 0405-02 were isolated from peanut roots (surface and inside). • Culture broths of 3 isolates inhibited aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus CDP2 in the in-vitro and in-vivo antagonistic tests. • Their culture broths used for peanut seed treatment reduced the Disease severity index (DSI) and promoted seedling growth. • They were considered potential candidates for microbial inoculants for peanut plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO), which are known as important signaling molecules in plants, could be promising compounds for the reduction in stress sensitivity. The aim of the present work was to study the physiological changes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings grown in growth medium that contained 0.1 mM SA, 0.25 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor), or in full (SA+SNP) or half [1/2 (SA+SNP)] combined strengths under iron (Fe) deficiency. After 21 days of treatment, Fe deficiency significantly inhibited peanut plant growth, destroyed photosynthetic system, and caused oxidative damages. Addition of SA, SNP, and 1/2 (SA+SNP), especially SA+SNP, alleviated the stress, increased the contents of chlorophylls, and promoted plant growth. They improved Fe uptake, transport, and availability in peanut plants by increasing the activities of H+-ATPase and ferric chelate reductase (FCR), and promoting Fe translocation from cell wall to cell organelle and soluble fraction in leaves. Furthermore, they also effectively mitigated oxidative damages by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in peanut leaves and roots. The results from the present study indicate that application of SA, SNP, or 1/2 (SA+SNP) can overcome the adverse effect of Fe deficiency, but the combined application of SA+SNP is more effective in alleviating Fe deficiency stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigations were carried to evaluate the trapping efficiency of three different yellow sticky traps for monitoring of aphid population in groundnut with relation to weather factors. The aphid population was found comparatively higher during January to March every year. The number of aphid (alates) caught was significantly higher on inverted dust bin traps followed by round plate traps and rectangular tray trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnuts are an important crop for Ugandan smallholders because they are high in protein, resupply nutrients to the soil, and are a storable source of wealth once dried. Adoption of virus-resistant seeds that increase yield and reduce yield variance may improve household food security, but the complex relationship is an empirical question. This article considers the effect of improved groundnut seed on smallholder food security in eastern Uganda. Results indicate that adopters have significantly higher household food security after controlling for observed and unobserved household heterogeneity. The food consumption score index increases more than 15 points with improved seed adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pod-filling is an important stage of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) seed development. It is partially controlled by genetic factors, as cultivars considerably vary in pod-filling potential. Here, a study was done to detect changes in mRNA levels that accompany pod-filling processes. Four seed developmental stages were sampled from two peanut genotypes differing in their oil content and pod-filling potential. Transcriptome data were generated by RNA-Seq and explored with respect to genic and subgenomic patterns of expression. Very dynamic transcriptomic changes occurred during seed development in both genotypes. Yet, general higher expression rates of transcripts and an enrichment in processes involved “energy generation” and “primary metabolites” were observed in the genotype with the better pod-filling (“Hanoch”). A dataset of 584 oil-related genes was assembled and analyzed, resulting in several lipid metabolic processes highly expressed in Hanoch, including oil storage and FA synthesis/elongation. Homoeolog-specific gene expression analysis revealed that both subgenomes contribute to the oil genes expression. Yet, biases were observed in particular parts of the pathway with possible biological meaning, presumably explaining the genotypic variation in oil biosynthesis and pod-filling. This study provides baseline information and a resource that may be used to understand development and oil biosynthesis in the peanut seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments conducted from 2007 to 2012 evaluated the genotype × environment effects on breeder seed of eight peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars grown under similar production practices. Seed germination and vigor by plot replication were evaluated in Petri-dishes incubated over a thermal gradient ranging from 12 to 36°C at approximately 1.0°C increments. Growing degree day (GDD) accumulation for each temperature increment was calculated based on daily mean temperature measured by thermocouples. Lorentzian distribution models were used to establish the temperature and time (hours) to maximum germination. With respect to maximum germination and temperature; Georgia-07W (23.9°C) < Florida-07 (25.0°C) < Georgia Greener (25.2°C) < Georgia-06G (25.3°C) = Tifguard < Georgia Green (26.4°C) < Georgia-09B (27.1°C) = Georgia-02C. Nonlinear regression indices from logistic growth curves with three parameters were used to elucidate seed germination by cultivar. These data included maximum indices of germination for each cultivar by year establishing parameter estimates using nonlinear regression, GDD value at 80% germination (Germ80), and temperature required by each cultivar for optimum germination. Peanut cultivar vigor varied by year with respect to overall GDDs to reach Germ80 and maximum germination (b0). Ranking of cultivars by GDD to reach Germ80 were: Georgia Green < Georgia-02C < Georgia-06G = Georgia Greener < Georgia-09B < Georgia-07W < Tifguard < Florida-07. This indicates that Georgia Green had much greater vigor than Florida-07 over the course of the experiments. Georgia-06G peanut seed were consistent with respect to germination, Germ80, and b0. All cultivars exhibited phenotypic variation by year, with genotype consistency across years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility to apply gamma radiation treatment for decontaminating and assuring the quality of peanut seeds. Material and methods. The radiation processing was carried out at dose levels of 3, 6 and 9 kGy. The irradiated and non-irradiated (control) samples were stored at room temperature for 12 months, and analyzed for microbial load, proximate composition, sensorial acceptance and chemical properties. Results. The results indicated that gamma irradiation treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced microbial load and enhanced the safety of the irradiated samples. The irradiated samples were also acceptable sensorically. The total acidity and total volatile nitrogen (TVBN) contents increased with the increase of radiation dose. Furthermore, in general, no substantial change in proximate constituents was observed amongst the samples. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in the taste, flavor, color and texture score were observed among treatments (0, 3, 6 and 9 kGy). Conclusion. Irradiation protected again bacterial and fungal growth and retained the nutritional components of samples during long-term storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research is the property of Arabian Gulf University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fungal biodiversity in 30 samples, 10 of each of peanut seeds, corn and wheat grains were estimated on two isolation media (AFPA and DRBC). The aflatoxigenic ability of isolates related to Aspergillus section Flavi using CAM agar plates was also assessed. The results indicated that the mean moisture content was relatively low in peanut (8.05%) while it was relatively high in corn samples (10.45%). A limited number of peanut seeds but a large number of corn grains were fungi-free on both media. On AFPA, the aflatoxigenic species contaminated 9, 5 and 7 of peanut, corn and wheat samples respectively. On AFPA and DRBC, the total number of genera and species recorded on wheat were higher than those on corn and peanut and only three genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium were isolated from the three substrates. Aspergillus possessed more propagules on peanut than on corn and wheat, whereas Fusarium and Penicillium had more propagules on corn than on peanut and wheat. The aflatoxigenic species A. flavus, and A. niger were isolated from the three substrates. These two species showed higher propagules on peanut and corn than on wheat. P. chrysogenum, P. duclauxii and F. verticillioides were recorded from corn and wheat grains, P. aurantiogriseum and F. chalamydosporum from corn and P. brevicompactum, P. funiculosum from wheat and P. pinophilum and F. oxysporum from peanut only. Flourescence at 365 nm of 43 A. flavus and other 4 fungal strains recovered from the analyzed substrates and grown on CAM agar plates revealed that all A. flavus strains showed blue color with different intensities indicating aflatoxin B production, while the other 4 non-A. flavus strains showed negative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnut being an important oilseed crop in the Pothwar region of Pakistan has the productivity level of 609 kg ha-1, much lower from the potential yield of 3000 kg ha-1. Present study was designed to explore factors affecting productivity of groundnut along with its profitability analysis. The sample farms were classified into small, medium and large farms. Farm-level crop data were gathered during two cropping seasons i.e., rabi 2008-09 and kharif 2009. One hundred and forty groundnut producers were selected for collecting data using the well-structured questionnaire from two important districts recognised for area and production of groundnut. Results showed that large farmers allocated significantly higher area (34%) to groundnut cultivation compared to other categories of farmers. The gross margins were also significantly higher at large farms. Ploughing frequency, seed rate and labor mandays have positive relationship with groundnut productivity. Therefore, the provision of improved groundnut production technologies package and improved seed to groundnut growers may enhance the productivity and area under this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve field trials were completed in North Carolina from 2005 to 2007 to determine the impact of planting pattern on peanut yield, market grade characteristics, and pest reaction for the Virginia market type cultivars Perry and VA 98R. The first set of experiments was designed to evaluate incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum) using a factorial treatment arrangement of two cultivars, two levels of fumigation (none or metam sodium at 112 L/ha), and two levels of planting pattern (single rows spaced 91-cm apart or twin rows spaced 18 cm apart on 91-cm centers). Visible symptoms associated with Cylindrocladium black rot were not affected by planting pattern. However, in 1 of 3 trials pod scarring as a result of feeding by southern corn rootworm ( Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) was greater in twin rows compared with single rows. Damage from tobacco thrips ( Frankliniella fusca) was also higher in the cultivar VA 98R planted in twin rows than in single rows or for the cultivar Perry. In the second set of experiments designed to evaluate incidence of Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor), a factorial treatment arrangement consisting of two cultivars, two levels of boscalid (none or boscalid at 0.44 kg ai/ha), and two levels of planting pattern was implemented. Boscalid decreased Sclerotinia blight incidence at one of 4 locations, and increased pod yield. Yield of Perry was lower when grown in twin rows versus single rows, but yield of VA 98R was higher in twin rows. Peanut planted in twin rows yielded more than peanut planted in single rows regardless of cultivar, fumigation, or disease history in most trials. Results from these experiments suggest that planting pattern can have a minor impact on response to pests and that yield and market grades are often improved when peanut is planted in twin-row planting patterns compared with single rows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A consistent, pure supply of high-oleic (HO) peanuts is important to certain segments of the food industry as it allows for the production of confections and other products with improved shelf-life characteristics. Peanut shellers have struggled with food industry demands for lots which contain greater than 95% high-oleic peanuts. Normal-oleic (NO) and HO cultivars of virginia and runner market type peanuts were grown during the 2012 and 2013 growing season respectively to investigate differences in fatty acid development between HO and NO peanuts. Fatty acid profiles of individual seeds from individual plants taken across the growing season were determined in relation to seed fresh weight. Fatty acid profiles of HO virginia-type seeds from the early sampling date of 78 days after planting (DAP) revealed oleic acid to linoleic acid ratios (O/L) of only 4.0 in the seeds of the greatest fresh weight. As the oleic acid concentration in many of the HO virginia-type peanuts reached 60 to 80% and the linoleic acid concentrations ranged from less than 1.0 to 10 % by the middle sampling date (106 DAP), the O/L ratios of most HO seeds were well above the industry accepted cut-off ratio of 9.0. A similar change in the fatty acids was seen in the HO runner cultivar. Increases in oleic acid and decreases in linoleic acid contents occurred in conjunction with the increased seed fresh weights. The data indicate that HO seed attain high-oleic status as physiological development progresses as seen in the changing seed fresh weight. However at the final sampling dates which corresponded to the harvest dates, O/L ratios of less than 9.0 were still present for the HO cultivars of both market types despite the fresh weight of some seeds being of potential marketable size. It was concluded that some of the perceived contamination of HO seed lots with NO seed could be the result of normal peanut development, especially in the virginia-type cultivar with the larger sized seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the effectiveness of salt extracted peanut seeds after oil extraction as a novel coagulant for turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in palm oil mill effluent (POME) pretreatment process. The coagulation activity was investigated for the peanuts seeds after its oil extraction. The active coagulation component was extracted using three different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), namely 0, 1 and 2 mol/l. The initial turbidity, TSS and COD of POME were found to be 11,684 NTU, 22,784 and 63,955 mg/l, respectively. The results show that extraction of coagulation active component from peanut seeds using NaCl improved the removal efficiency of the tested constituents. Accordingly, the higher NaCl concentration resulted in a low optimum dosage of peanut seeds and higher removal of turbidity, TSS and COD. Peanut seeds extracted with 2 mol/l reduced TSS to 1,218 mg/l (94.7% removal). On the other hand, peanut seeds extracted with distilled water (0 mol/l) reduced TSS to 2,175 mg/l (90% removal). Analysis of the present results and their comparison with the literature indicate that the coagulation activity of the peanut cake could be due to its protein component. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Peanut, an important oil producing crop contains bioactive compounds like phenolics and flavonoids which determine its antioxidative activity. We report here the genetic variability for total phenolics, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity of testaless seeds of a peanut recombinant inbred line population. On an average, the population contained 1.65 mg GAE/g and 240 µg CE/g of phenolics and flavonoids, respectively in its seed. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of this population ranged from 1.27 to 4.40 mM of TEAC/g of seed with an average of 2.87 mM of TEAC/g and had significant positive correlation with both phenolics and flavonoids content. Genetic mapping and QTL analysis revealed five QTLs for total flavonoid content, four QTLs for DPPH radical scavenging activity and a single QTL for total phenolic content in six linkage groups. Of these 10 QTLs, six were positioned in linkage group A02 and A03 wherein rust and late leaf spot resistance genes were located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the influence of various integrated nutrient management practices on the seed yield, yield components and quality characteristics of groundnut variety TAG 24, an experiment was carried out during the kharif season of 2013-14. The soil of the experimental plot was acidic, loamy sand texture, with low in available N, P and S and medium in boron. The trial was conducted in split-plot design with three replications, where the four main plot treatments included the soil application of FYM @ 7.5 t/ha, RDNPK @ 20 : 40 : 40 kg/ha and borax @ 15 kg/ha applied singly or in combination. The sub-plot treatments comprised absolute control, urea 2% spray at 30 days after sowing, urea 2% spray at 30 and 60 days after sowing and application of gypsum @ 300 kg/ha as topdressing at 20 days after sowing. Plant height, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity were not influenced by the various treatments of nutrient management through both soil and foliar applications. The combined soil application of FYM+RDNPK+borax showed the highest mature pods/plant, pod weight, seeds/pod and test weight resulting in maximum pod yield/plant and yield/ha with 24.5 and 13.8% increase over RDNPK, respectively. Both the shelling percentage and percentage of bold seeds were significantly higher in this treatment as compared to FYM and RDNPK. Among foliar treatments, top-dressing of gypsum also exhibited similar trend for the above characters. These two treatments also showed better seed quality parameters like germination percentage, field emergence, index of speed of germination, vigour index as well as storability as revealed by accelerated ageing test of seeds. Hence, integrated soil application of FYM 7.5 t/ha+RDNPK @ 20 : 40 : 40 kg/ha+borax @ 15 kg/ha and also foliar application of gypsum @ 300 kg/ha may be useful for maximization of seed yield, quality and storability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnut varieties grown in non-infested soil (T), pathogen ( Aspergillus niger)-infested soil (T), and seed treatment with Trichoderma viride JAU60 followed by challenge with fungal pathogen (T), showed significant differences in percent disease incidence of collar rot in pot culture. Percent disease incidence was higher in GG-13, GG-20 (susceptible) followed by GAUG-10 (moderate), and minimum in J-11, GG-2 (tolerant varieties) in A. niger-infested pot culture at 15 days after sowing (DAS). Seed treatment (T) of T. viride reduced approximately 51% to 58% disease incidence in different groundnut varieties. The lipid peroxidation product - malondialdehyde (MDA) - content was found to be higher in susceptible varieties grown in pathogen-infested soil (T) and it was significantly reduced to 56% under T. viride treatment (T) at 12 DAS. However, tolerant varieties reduced the MDA content by 60% in T as compared with the T at an earlier stage (9 DAS). The lipoxygenase (LOX) activity rose approximately 3.5-fold in tolerant varieties upon infection (T) and groundnut seed treated with T. viride (T) at 12 DAS. Trichoderma treatment (T) maintained a high level of LOX compared with T, particularly in tolerant varieties. The pathogen infection ability was positively correlated with LOX activity in tolerant and moderately tolerant varieties of T seedlings. MDA content was positively correlated with disease incidence in susceptible varieties followed by induction of LOX activity under T. viride JAU60 treatment (T). T. viride JAU60 signifies induction of a LOX-related defense response to combat the collar rot disease incidence in groundnut seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genes encoding seed storage proteins ( SSPs) are specifically and highly expressed during seed maturation. In Arabidopsis, chromatin-based mechanisms involved in the repression of SSPs during germination have been proposed. However, epigenetic regulation involved in repressing SSPs in vegetative tissues of peanut is not well understood. Histone deacetylase ( HDAC) is a chromatin-remodelling factor that contributes to transcriptional repression in eukaryotes. To address whether histone deacetylation modification is involved in the repression of SSP genes during germination in peanut, we generated an Ara h 2.02 pro: β -glucuronidase ( GUS) construct by fusing the 1972 bp Ara h 2.02 promoter of peanut (from −1972 to −1) to the GUS reporter gene and transformed it into wild-type Arabidopsis plants and HDAC mutants. GUS staining revealed that the mutation in HISTONE DEACETYLASE19 ( HDA19) resulted in the ectopic expression of peanut SSP gene Ara h 2.02 in seedlings. In addition, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (Ch IP) assays showed that the ectopic expression of Ara h 2.02 was accompanied by histone hyperacetylation during germination. These results suggest that histone deacetylation modification may play a vital role in repressing embryonic properties during the peanut vegetative growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss factor of peanut seeds during seeding is high due to the serious friction between the seed and the protection panel. Aiming at solving this problem, a new type of lateral cylindrical-shaped hole structure on the vertical cylinder was put forward for the peanut seeding device. To analyze the device, the kinematics and the force bearing models have been constructed for the peanut inside the seed protection area. The explicit formulas of the maximum and the minimum seed protection angles are derived and the range of the actual protection angle is identified to optimize the design. Both the theoretical analyses and the experimental evaluations have shown that the friction damage on the peanut seed by the protection panel has been reduced in a large proportion by the introduced structure. It shows that not only the seeding performance has been improved but also the used material of the protection panel has been saved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Leaf spots are devastating diseases of peanut worldwide. The University of Florida peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding program has developed cultivars with superior resistance to leaf spot diseases, but their production was limited by poor field emergence. One factor that is believed to be related to emergence of resistant cultivars is reduced accumulation of seed Ca. The goal of this study was to compare the seed Ca concentrations of resistant genotypes to susceptible genotypes and to assess the genetic variability for seed Ca accumulation in commercial peanut germplasm. Seed Ca concentrations were measured for 51 genotypes that were diverse for market class, maturity, resistance to leaf spot, and genetic background. Genotypes were placed into categories based on seed size and maturity: Large seeded genotypes ("Virginias"), small seeded with medium maturity ("Medium"), and small seeded, late maturing ("Late") which contained the resistant genotypes. For each of these groups, the seed Ca concentration was calculated and heritability of Ca concentration was determined for each group. Late maturing runners (those with the highest resistance to leaf spot) had the lowest seed Ca concentration followed by the medium maturing runners, and then the large seeded Virginias. The broad-sense heritability estimate for seed Ca concentration was 0.33 and estimates were 0.26, 0.19, 0.41 for the Late, Medium, and Virginia groups, respectively. These results suggest that seed Ca concentration can be improved through breeding, which may allow for the development of cultivars with leaf spot resistance and commercially acceptable seed vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]