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Microplastics (MP; ¡ 5 mm) have been identified as an emergent environmental threat, especially for filter-feeding organisms such as bivalves. Most laboratory studies however used unrealistic MP concentrations, experimental setups mimicking just the subtidal habitat, or neglected the potential synergistic risk of MP under climate warming. This study therefore focused on potential effects of environmentally realistic MP concentrations on the metabolism of intertidal living Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg 1793). Based on their natural habitat, the oysters experienced a simulated semidiurnal tidal cycle following a 9 h immersion : 3 h emersion rhythm. In order to analyse dose- and time-dependent effects of MP, oysters were exposed to different concentrations (0 µg/L, 0.025 µg/L, 25 µg/L) of a mixture of different-sized polystyrene MP beads (4 µm, 7 µm, and 10 µm), and tissue samples were taken along the exposure period (0d, 3d, 12d). At the end of the incubation, a sub-group of the remaining oysters experienced rising air temperature during the final low tide simulation, mimicking realistic warming during a midday low tide (3 °C/h). These oysters were used for investigating potential effects of MP on their susceptibility to warming. Gills and digestive glands were analysed using untargeted metabolic profiling based on 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. First results revealed that neither MP nor short-term warming has any effect on the metabolome of the digestive gland. On the contrary, the gill metabolome showed dose-dependent disorders compared to control, with oysters exposed to high MP concentrations sharing a very similar gill metabolome to those exposed to short-term warming during simulated midday low tide. These findings may suggest potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of combined MP exposure and warming. Further research is therefore needed to clarify the physiological impact of MP for oysters in coastal intertidal zones. Also see: https://micro2022.sciencesconf.org/427388/document, In MICRO 2022, Online Atlas Edition: Plastic Pollution from MACRO to nano

This article aims to analyse the paragraphs 1.119 to 1.128 of the 2017 OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and their relation to the comparability analysis, sham transactions and domestic anti-avoidance rules. For this purpose, the authors discuss the nature of the transfer pricing rules, the limits of the OECD transfer pricing guidelines to the application of transfer pricing rules and the main features of the comparability analysis, sham transactions and the anti-avoidance rules. It is concluded that part of these paragraphs contains recommendations that exceed the purpose of the transfer pricing rules when they are structured over the arm’s length principle. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, arm’s length principle, transfer pricing rules, comparability analysis, sham transactions, anti-avoidance rules.

Schizophrenia presents as a heterogenous disorder characterized by diverse expression of symptoms between individuals. Thus, clinicians and researchers rely on comprehensive symptom measures for diagnosis and treatment. This dissertation investigated two symptom measures, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Fiszbein, & Opler, 1987), a commonly used scale that assesses a broad range of symptoms of schizophrenia, as well as the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS; Kirkpatrick et al., 2011; Strauss et al., 2012), a novel scale that focuses on the assessment of five negative symptom domains (i.e., anhedonia, asociality, avolition, blunted affect, and alogia). The first study of this dissertation included PANSS data collected from individuals with schizophrenia who were evaluated for the National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness. Confirmatory factor analysis findings indicated that a five-factor structure (i.e., positive, negative, disorganized, excited, and depressed factors) was superior compared to other models for both females and males, and at two time points, indicating that the latent symptom structure is likely stable across sexes and over time, and providing support for the longitudinal application of the PANSS for both sexes. The second and third studies examined the BNSS and included individuals with schizophrenia who were evaluated at several outpatient facilities. The second study found unique patterns of correlations among the five negative symptom domains with neurocognition and community-based psychosocial functioning, supporting external validation of the five-factor negative symptom model. Findings of the third study revealed that, when submitting the five negative symptom domains to a cluster analysis, a four-cluster solution emerged including clusters with low negative symptoms, severe negative symptoms, as well as two clusters with medium-range symptoms, one with predominantly elevated blunted affect and one with elevated avolition, providing new insight into the now century-long pursuit to better explain symptom heterogeneity of schizophrenia. The second and third study imply revisions to the DSM-5 and development of new treatments targeting the five negative symptom domains. Taken together, the current results provide a number of new insights into symptoms of schizophrenia (and possibly other psychotic disorders). Symptom constructs appear comparable for females and males across time and there is substantial support for new conceptualization of negative symptoms, including validity evidence supporting the five negative symptom domains and their usefulness in identifying subgroups of schizophrenia that differ along important demographic, clinical, neurocognitive, and functional dimensions. These insights inform schizophrenia symptom conceptualizations and the use of symptom measures.

Master i jordmorfag Hensikt: Å undersøke hvordan skåringsverktøyet ONEWS anvendes postpartum i klinisk praksis. Forskningsspørsmål: Hvordan anvendes ONEWS postpartum i det kliniske arbeidet på føde- og barselavdelingen? Metode: Kvalitetssikringsstudie utført som en deskriptiv tverrsnittsstudie. Datagrunnlaget er samlet inn i løpet av to måneder ved et sykehus og består av 487 ONEWS-skjemaer. Analyser inkluderer informasjon om skåringer av vitale mål foretatt innen åtte timer postpartum. Resultater: Hovedresultatene viser at ONEWS anvendes delvis i samsvar med prosedyren da majoriteten av kvinnene ble skåret innen seks timer postpartum. Gjennomsnittstidspunkt for første skåring var 2 timer og 30 minutter postpartum. Prosedyren ble ikke overholdt når det gjaldt gjennomføring av ONEWS og dokumentasjon i skjema, samt oppfølging av avvikende verdier etter ONEWS-responsskjema. Oppfølging av avvikende verdier manglet i opptil 70% av skåringstilfellene. Sekundære funn har avdekket at parameteret som oftest ble utelatt ved skåringene var saturasjon, mens parameteret som oftest hadde avvikende verdier var temperatur. Konklusjon: Vi konkluderer med at ONEWS anvendes usystematisk og inkonsekvent. Det er usikkerhet rundt nytteverdien av anvendelse av ONEWS etter dagens prosedyre. Ytterligere undersøkelser og forskning må til for å kvalitetssikre anvendelsen av ONEWS og eventuelt vurdere nytteverdien av verktøyet

Cruise M103 NAMUFIL (Namibian Upwelling Filament Study) onboard RV METEOR was dedicated to the GENUS (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) project (Phase II) and represented the sixth field campaign within this program since 2008. The scientific work focused on the Namibia Benguela region between the Orange River (28.6��S) in the south and the Kunene River (17.25��S) in the north during low to moderate upwelling conditions in the austral summer season and aimed to clarify relationships between climate change, biogeochemical cycles of nutrients, and ecosystem structure in one of the largest upwelling ecosystems. The cruise was divided into two legs: Leg 1 was the synoptic part and designed to study the entire Northern Benguela upwelling area with pre-defined transects and comprised empirical studies of processes and rates of ocean circulation, biogeochemical cycling of nutrients between the water column, biota and the sediments, trophic interactions and energy flows. Leg 2 focused on the ecosystem succession of a filament in order to investigate processes within and across a dynamic water mass. Overall, the cruise was highly successful as we were able to conduct sampling at 86 stations during leg 1 stations and 76 stations during leg 2. In addition to routine shipboard operations such as CTD casts and the deployment of several plankton nets and a multicorer we also recovered and redeployed various short-term and long-term moorings on the 23��S, 20��S and 18��S transects. The filament observations consisted of high resolution transects with towed CTD, multidisciplinary work at stations and a drifter experiment. The M103 filament experiment was the follow-up study of the METEOR expedition M100 in September 2013., METEOR-Berichte

Obwohl die Literatur der Sozialpsychologie diskutiert, dass rassistische Stereotype und Vorurteile in Verbindung stehen mit verminderter Empathie, gibt es wenige Studien im Bereich der Neuropsychologie, die diesen Zusammenhang untersuchen. 37 weiß-häutigen Verspersonen wurden Videos präsentiert, die weiß-häutige oder schwarz-häutige Hände zeigten, welche entweder von einer Nadel gestochen (Schmerz-Bedingung) oder von einem Q-tip berührt wurden (Kein-Schmerz-Bedingung), während die Desynchronisationen im Alpha Bereich (7-14 Hz) gemessen wurde. 32 Versuchspersonen sahen die gleichen Stimuli wie die anderen 37 Versuchspersonen, jedoch waren in dieser EEG-Session die Hände digital violett eingefärbt, um den Faktor der visuellen Familiarität mit den Stimuli zu kontrollieren. In Übereinstimmung mit dem Paradigma ‘Empathie für Schmerz’ löste die Schmerz-Bedingung eine größere Alpha Desynchronisation aus als die Kein-Schmerz-Bedingung in frontalen, zentralen, parietalen und okzipitalen Regionen. Diese ‘Empathie für Schmerz’-Antwort war signifikant niedriger für original gefärbte schwarze Stimuli als für original gefärbte weiße Stimuli in zentralen, parietalen und okzipitalen Regionen. Da die ‘Empathie für Schmerz’-Antwort in zentralen Regionen ähnlich war für original gefärbte weiße Stimuli, violett gefärbte weiße Stimuli und violett gefärbte schwarze Stimuli, aber niedriger für original gefärbte schwarze Stimuli, hatte der Faktor der visuellen Familiarität keinen Einfluss darauf, dass ‘Empathie für Schmerz’ von ethnischer Gruppenzugehörigkeit moduliert wird. Wir argumentieren, dass die von uns gemessene Alpha Desynchronisation als somatosensorische Alpha Desynchronisation interpretiert werden kann, da die Schmerzstimuli von sich aus somatosensorischer Natur sind, da die somatosensorische Desynchronisation vor allem in einem Zeitintervall gefunden wurde, in dem keine Bewegung in den Videos zu sehen war, und da andere Studien aus unserem Forschungsgebiet ebenfalls die Interpretation von somatosensorischen Oszillationen und somatosensorischer Desynchronisation verteidigen. Die ‘Empathie für Schmerz’-Antwort korrelierte mit Einschätzungen der Schmerzintensität und der Unannehmlichkeit bezüglich der EEG Stimuli, als auch mit einem explizit gemessenen Maß des persönlichen Disstresses. Der elektrophsyiologische Rassistische Bias für ‘Empathie für Schmerz’ korrelierte nicht mit impliziten oder expliziten Maßen des Rassistischen Bias. Jedoch korrelierte der auf Grund der Einschätzungen der Schmerzintensität und der Unannehmlichkeit bezüglich der EEG Stimuli berechnete Rassistische Bias mit dem Bevorzugen von weiß-häutigen Menschen und mit der Einstellung gegenüber schwarz-häutigen Menschen., Although social psychology argues that racial stereotypes and prejudice are related to less empathy, studies examining this relationship in the field of neuropsychology are rare. 37 White participants were presented videos showing White or Black hands being either penetrated by a needle (pain condition) or touched by a Q-tip (no pain condition) while we measured desynchronization of the alpha range (7-14 Hz) employing EEG. 32 participants were presented the same stimuli as the other 37 participants, with the difference that in this EEG session the hands were digitally colored violet in order to control for the factor of visual familiarity with the stimuli. In line with the paradigm ‘empathy for pain’, pain conditions elicited greater alpha desynchronization than did no pain conditions in the frontal, central, parietal and occipital area. This empathy for pain response was significantly lower for original colored Black stimuli than original colored White stimuli in the central, parietal and occipital area. Since in the central area this empathy for pain response was similar for original colored White, unfamiliar violet colored White and unfamiliar violet colored Black stimuli, but lower for original colored Black stimuli, the visual familiarity with the stimuli did not influence that empathy for pain was modulated by racial group membership. We argue that the alpha desynchronization we assess can be interpreted as somatosensory alpha desynchronization, because pain stimuli are somatosensory in their nature, because somatosensory desynchronization was mainly found in a time interval in which no motion is present in the videos and because other studies from our research field also defend interpretations of suppressed somatosensory oscillations and somatosensory desynchronization. The empathy for pain response correlated with painfulness and unpleasantness ratings of the EEG stimuli as well as with an explicit measurement of personal distress. The electrophysiological racial bias for empathy for pain did not correlate with implicit or explicit measurements of racial bias. However, a racial bias calculated based on painfulness and unpleasantness ratings of the EEG stimuli correlated with White preference and feelings towards Blacks.