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India's engagement with the African Union has been one of its important partnership agreements with Africa. The India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) kickstarted the engagement with African countries through the African Union overtaking bilateral relations and partnerships with regional organisations. India has since then remained a unique, request and need-based partner of the African Union. The various capacity-building initiatives taken up through IAFS have shown that India has shown serious commitment to India–Africa partnership. The first three IAFS shows that India committed substantial amounts of funds through IAFS. However, in reality, it could only deliver a very small portion due to the slow implementation of projects. Only 4% of Indian grants in 2017–18 were committed to Africa which improved slightly after 2019. Subsequently, over 40% of funds were committed but implementation had been very slow. There is never a third independent party evaluation of these projects for impact assessment or to suggest a solution for implementation issues. Presently, there is an urgent need to hold the next IAFS which has been delayed for a long time now. There is a need to organise review meetings with AU on a regular basis. India made extra-ordinary efforts to get the African Union admitted in G20 at the New Delhi meeting. However, the Indian expansion of Banjul Formula for IAFS, India's renewed focus on Global South, bureaucracy-driven implementation of partnership projects and insufficient political-level communications with AU leadership throw new challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers asset protection insights for clients with limited partnership (LP) or limited liability company (LLC) claims in Florida as of 2025. Topics covered include what an executory contract is, operating and partnership agreements that are and are not under it, and obligations that should be included in operating and partnership agreements. Also noted is the attorney's need to include provisions on future material obligations for the bankrupt debtor partner to the LP and LLC.

Data science consulting and collaboration units (DSUs) are core infrastructure for research at universities. Activities span data management, study design, data analysis, data visualization, predictive modelling, preparing reports, manuscript writing and advising on statistical methods and may include an experiential or teaching component. Partnerships are needed for a thriving DSU as an active part of the larger university network. Guidance for identifying, developing and managing successful partnerships for DSUs can be summarized in six rules: (1) align with institutional strategic plans, (2) cultivate partnerships that fit your mission, (3) ensure sustainability and prepare for growth, (4) define clear expectations in a partnership agreement, (5) communicate and (6) expect the unexpected. While these rules are not exhaustive, they are derived from experiences in a diverse set of DSUs, which vary by administrative home, mission, staffing and funding model. As examples in this paper illustrate, these rules can be adapted to different organizational models for DSUs. Clear expectations in partnership agreements are essential for high quality and consistent collaborations and address core activities, duration, staffing, cost and evaluation. A DSU is an organizational asset that should involve thoughtful investment if the institution is to gain real value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores China's public diplomacy in Brazil by focusing on the use of media partnership agreements that allow Beijing to gain greater agency in shaping the country's image in the region. We examine the partnership between China Central Television and Brazil's BandNews TV and the co-production of Mundo China, a short news segment solely focused on stories about China. By conducting quantitative content analyses, we assess the ways in which Chinese sources and voices are used on BandNews TV to communicate the authentic China to Brazilian audiences, and we seek to identify any possible correlation with the tone with which China is presented. The results show that Chinese sources and voices are a prominent feature on BandNews TV, and their use is accompanied by a more positive tone than in the way China is depicted on other channels. Additionally, the use of Chinese correspondents signals a partnership that exceeds the co-production of Mundo China. Finally, the data reveal that Chinese media engagement with other broadcasters is also bearing fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the challenges and weaknesses in partnership agreements between PT. Boswa Megalopolis and the community of Aceh Jaya Regency, focusing on aspects of power imbalance, unclear provisions, and minimal legal protection for plasma farmers. Through an analysis of contributing factors such as social and economic structures, availability of information, and the limited role of the government, the need for regulatory reform and practical guidelines is identified to improve justice in partnerships. Furthermore, strengthening mediation institutions and implementing community-based partnership models are proposed as strategies to create sustainable partnerships. These findings are expected to provide insights for policymakers and stakeholders in creating a more just and sustainable partnership system in the oil palm plantation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on international technology transfer and partnership agreements provides a comprehensive understanding of country‐level impacts of intellectual property (IP) rights on sustainability transitions. However, firm‐level studies on how firms use and share their IP to support sustainability practices remains limited. The paper disentangles the relationship between firm‐level IP models and sustainability practices drawing from a cross‐case analysis of 28 firms offering sustainable innovations across four sectors. Analysis of firms' year‐wise data collected from 854 documents (typically 1996–2021) and 58 in‐depth interviews exploring linkage between IP models and sustainability practices of firms engaged in sustainable innovation provide six key findings: (a) emphasis on safeguarding registered and unregistered IP assets among firms with sustainable innovations; (b) widespread adoption of selectively open inbound IP models coupled with diverse IP sharing mechanisms; (c) a preference for collaborative (joint) IP ownership among internally driven firms, contrasting with a tendency for exclusive in‐licensing among those reacting to external pressures; (d) a divergence in outbound IP models, with internally motivated firms favouring selectively open approaches and externally driven firms favouring closed IP models; (e) the adoption of fully open outbound IP models democratize sustainable innovation diffusion; and (f) leveraging broadly open outbound IP models alongside closed or selectively open models balances widespread use with access control and achieves significant social sustainability. A framework is hence developed to guide technology‐sharing policies and procedures. Therefore, the paper creates a platform for prescribing sustainable IP incentives for encouraging firms to share IP for wider diffusion of sustainable innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a robust debate about innovative ways to improve educational outcomes and governance in public schools located in the poorest townships in South Africa. This article looks at one recent innovation, a new model for providing basic education called 'collaboration schools', based on the British academy schools. We seek to understand what these partnerships between philanthropists, government, and parents entail, the specific problems the partners seek to address, the key actors involved, and the power relations that have emerged. Based on interviews with key local actors and a close reading of partnership agreements, the authors argue that although well-intentioned, the experts taking over schools have faced considerable resistance as well as deep structural challenges related to the social and economic decline in black townships. We also point to policy weaknesses linked to unsettled issues of class inequalities and apartheid spatial legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the impact of the EU′s policy to prohibit the import of illegally harvested timber on the trade of tropical timber and sawnwood. The analysis uses a difference-in-differences approach based on gravity models, with panel data from over 193 countries that trade tropical timber and sawnwood. The result of the analysis shows that the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) reduces the trade of illegally harvested timber. It further suggests that the EUTR caused a relatively larger reduction in tropical sawnwood (−0.21%) than that of tropical timber (0.07%). In addition, the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) appeared to cause a significant reduction in tropical sawnwood (−0.07~−0.05%), whereas tropical timber did not appear to have been significantly impacted. In particular, the reduction in timber exports in countries that have signed the VPA, which aims to encourage exports of legally produced timber, has significant implications for both the EU and timber exporters preparing for the VPA, as both parties strive to expand the VPA. The results of this study suggest that the EU needs to make additional efforts to address the decline in exports from countries that signed the VPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework for public-private partnership relations in Ukraine. The author considers the main conceptual approaches to understanding the concept of "public-private partnership", which allows clarifying its legal nature as a form of cooperation between public authorities and private entities to solve socially important tasks. Particular attention is paid to the historical and legal grounds for the emergence of public-private partnership, which is the result of a long process of evolution of relations between the State and private entities in the context of jointly addressing key socio-economic issues. The author identifies a number of problematic aspects which complicate the effective implementation of public-private partnership mechanisms in economic relations in Ukraine. In particular, these include imperfections in the legal framework, insufficient transparency of the procedures for concluding public-private partnership agreements, limited financial resources and low level of trust between public authorities and private partners. The article proposes ways to improve domestic legislation, in particular, to clarify the procedural support for the implementation of public-private partnership projects, increase transparency, and introduce clear mechanisms for monitoring the fulfillment of the terms of such agreements. The author analyzes in detail the peculiarities of legal regulation of public-private partnership in the field of cybersecurity in Ukraine. It is shown that domestic practice is still at the stage of formation, which requires the introduction of a systematic approach to the development and implementation of relevant projects. The relevance of this area in the context of ensuring Ukraine's cybersecurity and integration into the European and international cyber defense system is determined. Specific recommendations for improving current legislation are proposed, in particular, to strengthen legal guarantees for partnership participants, develop mechanisms to encourage the private sector to participate in public-private partnership projects in the field of cybersecurity, and implement best practices in cyber risk management. Thus, the article not only summarizes the current state of development of public-private partnerships in Ukraine, but also identifies priorities for its improvement, especially in the field of cybersecurity, which is a key component of national security in the face of current challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a high‐quality economic era, China needs innovative development. Intellectual property (IP) innovation and development are the first driving forces in China. At the same time, China has signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement (RCEP), which has had a significant impact on the development of China's IP law. Under the combination of these two factors, China's IP innovation and development environment are worth studying. This paper uses the "factor analysis method" from five dimensions, including initiatives for civic awareness, regional IP development foundation, legislative support, law enforcement measures, and judicial protection, to study the development environment of IP innovation in 31 provincial regions in China, in the past 3 years. It is found that IP development in various regions of China is insufficient in some way, and the scores of different provinces vary greatly, so it will inevitably affect the development of China's IP integrally and then affect the construction process of strong provinces and cities with intellectual property rights (IPR). The novelty of this research is its in‐depth investigation into how the RCEP and global partnerships are influencing the transformation of China's intellectual property landscape. This transformation requires legal adjustments and underscores the importance of specialized IP judge training, alignment with international norms, and regional IP progress to realize China's ambition of becoming a dominant force in intellectual property. Combined with the fact that RCEP has come into effect in China and has had a significant impact, it is necessary to develop China's IP undertaking from legislative, judicial, law enforcement, and international cooperation aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Internationales Handelsrecht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article advocates for a more inclusive and adaptable interface mechanism at the World Trade Organization (WTO), specifically tailored to address the nuanced dynamics of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). It revisits the foundational 'Interface Theory' by John H. Jackson, a cornerstone in shaping initial WTO rules for non-market economies. Drawing upon the critiques of David Kennedy, this article identifies three key limitations inherent in the existing interface theory. It then delves into a critical examination of the regulations pertaining to SOEs within the frameworks of the Trans-Pacific Partnership / the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, arguing that these models inadequately address the complexity of state participation in the economy, with a particular focus on non-market economies like China. This article suggests leveraging the WTO as a global policy laboratory, a forum for the exploration and discussion of varied national strategies concerning SOE management. It posits China's mixed-ownership reform as an exemplary starting point for such experimental endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Mock assessment is a part of the Framework Partnership Agreement between ANSES and EFSA with the help of RIVM to investigate the feasibility of a tiered approach proposed by EFSA for prospective acute cumulative risk assessment (CRA). Three tiers address successively a need for prospective CRA (Tier 0), the safety of the MRL (Tier I) and the safety of the intended GAP (Tier II). ANSES tested this approach with an application for change of MRL for the active substance tefluthrin (with acute effects on functional alterations of the motor division) on carrot based on a new intended use. For each tier, the Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated for 9 populations with MCRA software using input data provided by EFSA. At P99.9 of exposure, all the adjusted MOET at Tier I and Tier II of all populations were below the threshold of 100. Different settings were tested (IESTI equation, consumption data, adjustment for uncertainties, cycle of monitoring data...). With respect to Tier I, the trigger value of 1000 for the MOETier 0 is pragmatic. In the vast majority of cases, when the MOETier 0 is above 1000, the MOETTier I would be above 100. With respect to Tier II, a MOETier 0 higher than 1000 ensures a MOETTier II above 100. Tier I could be considered a good first estimate for a prospective CRA with conservative parameters for the foreground. Two routes were tested to account for uncertainties. One was not possible. The second resulted in a new median multiplicative factor (MF)exposure*toxicology of 2.82 that differs significantly from the value of 5.13 found in the retrospective assessment. Despite the simplifications envisaged, the uncertainty analysis seems difficult to be implemented on a routine basis and it might be useful to define criteria to identify cases where an uncertainty analysis is really needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Mock assessment is a part of the Framework Partnership Agreement between ANSES and EFSA with the help of RIVM to investigate the feasibility of a tiered approach proposed by EFSA for prospective chronic cumulative risk assessment (CRA). Three tiers address successively (i) a need for prospective CRA (Tier 0) using a deterministic approach to estimate the foreground exposure based on IEDI equation, (ii) a first estimation of prospective CRA (Tier I) using a probabilistic approach to estimate the background exposure at P99.9 and a deterministic approach to estimate the foreground exposure at mean or P97.5 consumption and (iii) a second estimation of prospective CRA (Tier II) using a probabilistic approach to estimate the background and foreground exposure at P99.9. ANSES tested this approach with an MRL application for the active substance fenamidone (with chronic effects on the thyroid) on lettuce, based on a new intended use currently under assessment at national level. For each Tier, the Margin of Exposure (MOE) was calculated for 9 populations with MCRA software using input data provided by EFSA and settings according to EFSA protocol. Different combinations of settings were tested as part of sensitivity analyses (consumption data, adjustment for additional uncertainties, cycle of monitoring data, etc.) and were used as the basis for discussion of different open points (trigger value in Tier 0, use frequency for the focal combination in tier II, ad hoc uncertainty analysis to account for additional uncertainties, etc.) to be addressed before prospective CRA could be implemented as a routine exercise. Finally, based on these discussions, recommendations were made to consolidate the approach for chronic prospective CRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade and sustainable development (TSD) chapters in international trade agreements include labour provisions with a view to prevent a "race to the bottom" and reaffirm the existing international labour commitments. When properly formulated and implemented, these provisions could have positive normative impacts on the international and domestic rule of law. This article provides a critical analysis of the evolution of labour standards in international trade agreements, particularly focusing on the European Union's (EU) approach, in comparison with the approach in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). More specifically, it considers ways in which trade agreements contribute to the improvement of labour standards in domestic legal systems. While EU trade agreements embrace minimum standards under international labour law rather than higher standards that apply in the EU legal order, the article argues that there is at least a normative shift towards a more efficient implementation of labour rights through EU agreements, which could make a limited contribution to the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India and the Republic of Korea signed the India–Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2009 and have been actively engaged in upgrading this agreement since 2015. This article analyses the India–Korea CEPA from a services trade perspective. It compares the services commitments undertaken by the two countries under the India–Korea CEPA and the WTO. It further assesses the gains for India from the CEPA by comparing services exports and imports before and after the CEPA came into operation. The study finds that India's services exports to Korea have increased more than its imports from Korea, resulting in an increase in India's services trade surplus with Korea after the CEPA. The study recommends exploring bilateral labour agreements with Korea to facilitate the movement of natural persons in specific sectors and further liberalisation commitments from Korea in services of India's interests during the CEPA upgradation. JEL Classification: F13, F14, F15 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical risk assessment typically focusses on individual substances. However, people are exposed daily to multiple chemicals from diverse sources. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) platform, developed by Wageningen University & Research (WUR, Biometris) for the Dutch Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), addresses this issue by enabling cumulative risk assessment (CRA). Recognising the need for mixture risk assessment (MRA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and RIVM collaborated under a Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) to enhance the MCRA software for user‐friendly and transparent MRA. These enhancements include the development of a new standard regulatory action (SRA) and the refinement of existing retrospective SRAs. The new prospective SRA enables the evaluation of scenarios for new (proposed) maximum residue levels (MRL) for substances within existing cumulative assessment groups (CAG), with the potential for future application to new substances. Regarding the updates of existing retrospective SRAs, more recent occurrence data, food consumption data from more countries compared to the previous version of the SRA, and additional health effects/CAGs were included. Future actions may include further development and periodic updates of the current retrospective SRAs in MCRA, incorporating new considerations and data. These improvements facilitate compliance with regulatory methods and support efficient risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Japan's strong economic and security relations with the Global South and ASEAN through trade, investment, and development assistance. Japan has signed multiple trade and economic cooperation agreements with ASEAN nations, focusing on market opening measures and investment rules. Additionally, Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) programs have supported infrastructure development and technology transfer in the Global South. The article also highlights the potential for enhancing social and cultural partnerships between Japan and ASEAN countries through language programs, technical cooperation, and cultural exchanges. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examines fiscal consolidation and growth effects of the EU funding for the program period 2021-2027 in Bulgaria and other EU Member States from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It illustrates that gradual fiscal consolidation is implemented, but might be a challenge for some CEE countries, while the growth effects of the EU funding for 2012-2027 will depend on the level of substitution between EU and domestic funding of the EU-related projects. As a result, under the partnership agreements for 2021-2027 and the national recovery and resilience plans the CEE countries are expected to reduce gradually fiscal deficit and debt towards Maastricht criteria, and to increase their annual GDP growth above the baseline scenario between 1% and 4% of GDP, reaching cumulative growth from 9 to 24% of GDP by 2027. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to explore how a partnership culture facilitates stakeholder engagement in the implementation of collective agreements towards the completion of two power plants in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach: The study followed a qualitative, inductive research approach, where the participant’s experiences of the type of culture in stakeholder engagements were explored to generate key themes. Findings: It was established that the labour relations legislative framework must be adhered to in order to create a partnership culture facilitating stakeholder engagement. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the partnership in the project under study, the culture is characterised by both independence and interdependence. In terms of independence, divergent interests, lack of transparency, and cooperation in stakeholder engagement negatively affect the achievement of the project deliverables. Whereas interdependencies based on shared values can enable the company to effectively implement the partnership agreements through engagement structures, company policies and dispute resolution mechanisms. Recommendations: A framework was developed to assess how a partnership culture facilitates stakeholder engagement in maintaining the regulatory framework that aims to improve collaboration. The framework presents opportunities for creating a culture where all stakeholders in the partnership agreement maximise their interdependencies in order to derive mutual gains from the project while being mindful of the tendency towards individualism. Managerial implications: A partnership culture contributes towards labour peace, which requires maintaining a stable work environment that is conducive to the completion of power plants. This culture is beneficial to all stakeholders who are tasked with executing the project deliverables, such as timeous delivery, socio-economic development, fair bidding and work allocation, ethical contract management, decent conditions of employment, improved productivity, and effective financial management, as well as the prevention of delays, disruptions, and work stoppages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negotiation for the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union (EU) and six African, Caribbean and Pacific (APC) regions has been ongoing for over a decade. These negotiations are at different phases in the seven APC regions and have faced significant challenges, hindering ratification in most of them. However, the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) is the first regional group to have completed the process. It is currently implementing the EPA. Most significantly, CARIFORUM is the only region to have negotiated and ratified a comprehensive EPA that goes beyond trade in goods to include other elements such as services and intellectual property. This paper seeks to understand why CARIFORUM opted for a comprehensive EPA with the EU. Keeping in mind the downsides of intellectual property (IP) globalization, it fleshes out lessons, particularly on IP rights, that West African countries, and other non‐Caribbean ACP regions, can draw from the CARIFORUM's experience to adequately equip themselves in anticipation of negotiations with the EU for their EPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates South Korea's evolving state practice of international law and explores the growing strategic partnership between South Korea and India. It highlights Korea's constitutional approach to international law, direct application of treaties, and active engagement in global issues, including human rights, environment, and security. The analysis emphasizes the impact of Korea's "New Southern Policy" and India's "Act East Policy," which have facilitated greater diplomatic, economic, and defense collaboration between the two nations. With strategic agreements like the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and Special Strategic Partnership, the bilateral relationship now encompasses defense, economic development, and regional stability within the Indo-Pacific framework. This convergence not only enhances bilateral ties but also aligns with broader regional dynamics, potentially strengthening the Quad's security framework in the Indo-Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thailand has expressed interest in joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), a twelve-country plurilateral trade agreement whose original incarnation included the United States of America (USA). When the USA withdrew from this agreement, key intellectual property clauses relevant to pharmaceuticals were suspended. These could be reinstated should the CPTPP Parties decide to do so. Methods: This study uses two scenarios to cost the impact the CPTPP would have had on Thailand's 2020 hepatitis C treatment regime if Thailand joined the CPTPP and suspended clauses were reinstated. Results: Joining the CPTPP could have increased the cost more than tenfold if suspended CPTPP clauses were reinstated and Thailand was not willing or able to issue compulsory licenses. Based on the 2020 budget, the price for this possible scenario could have reduced hepatitis C treatment coverage by 90%. Conclusions: Acceding to trade agreements such as the CPTPP that require increasing intellectual property protection, could compromise Thailand's hepatitis C program and other national treatment programs reliant on affordable generic medicines. The CPTPP could also prevent Thailand from relying on its own pharmaceutical capabilities to manufacture medicines needed to sustain its treatment programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a framework for designing external financial intervention mechanisms in the form of partnership agreements between financial institutions and different economic participants involved in the farm machinery supply chain. The scope of these partnership agreements is to facilitate small farmers’ access to loans when purchasing agricultural equipment. The research methodology and research results are drawn from desk and field research conducted on the emerging agricultural market. Several inclusive conceptual models of financing mechanisms based on business relationships between financial institutions, small farmers and either the suppliers of agricultural equipment or buyers of agricultural outputs are presented.

The article by Chengang Wang discusses the current state of the world economy in the face of global shocks and geopolitical tensions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and trade conflicts. Various terms like de-globalization, re-globalization, slowbalization, and fragmentation are used to describe the evolving economic dynamics. The paper by Juuso Kaaresvirta, Eeva Kerola, and Riikka Nuutilainen from the Bank of Finland analyzes the impact of the U.S.-China trade war on global trade and FDI, highlighting shifts in trade patterns and the need for policymakers and businesses to adapt to changing circumstances. The study suggests that historical precedents, like the U.S.-Japan trade tensions, offer valuable lessons for managing the current trade war and maintaining economic stability. [Extracted from the article]

The article is about the legal assessment of a digital marketplace infrastructure for pharmacies. The Higher Regional Court of Karlsruhe has ruled that providing such an infrastructure for a monthly basic fee does not generally violate the prohibition of prescription brokerage. However, it depends on the specific individual case whether a violation exists. The court has determined that the monthly basic fee is not required as a benefit for the actions in question. However, it remains unclear whether the elements of collecting, mediating, or forwarding prescriptions are fulfilled. The court states that the forwarding of prescriptions can be determined by the customer themselves and therefore, there is no targeted influence by the marketplace operator. However, it is noted that certain clauses of the partnership agreement violate the Pharmacy Act. In particular, a violation of the prohibition of participatory legal relationships is established, as the marketplace operator demands a flat fee of ten percent of the net selling price for over-the-counter drugs. The court emphasizes that the professional responsibility and freedom of decision-making of the pharmacist should not be impaired by inappropriate contractual obligations. The decision has implications for the advancing digitization in healthcare and highlights the legislative contradictions regarding online trading in the pharmacy sector. The Higher Regional Court of Karlsruhe deliberately contradicts a previous ruling of the Higher Regional Court of Naumburg and has allowed the appeal to the Federal Court of Justice to ensure consistent case law. [Extracted from the article]

The article deals with a legal dispute between partners of a professional practice community (BAG). One partner was confronted by another partner with a recovery notice. The court ruled that the partner's lawsuit is inadmissible as he is not burdened by the recovery notice. The decision highlights fundamental problems of a BAG in social court proceedings and shows that the formalities involved in filing a lawsuit can pose difficulties. In another case, the issue is the admissibility of a digital marketplace infrastructure for pharmacies. A company from the Netherlands operates an online platform through which German pharmacies can offer and sell OTC drugs and other approved products. A pharmacist from North Rhine-Westphalia entered into a partnership agreement with the platform operator, which was criticized by the competent Chamber of Pharmacists. The Karlsruhe Regional Court saw a violation of the Pharmacy Act and competition law, while the appellate court ruled that providing a digital infrastructure for a monthly basic fee does not generally violate the prohibition of prescription marketing. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Dirasat: Educational Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social enterprises (SEs) are organizations that pursue a purpose of general interest through the carrying out of economic activities on a steady and permanent basis. Despite the legal, economic and social differences among the Member States (MSs) of the European Union, SEs display at least two similar characteristics. Firstly, SEs are capable of combining entrepreneurial activities together with the pursuit of a social mission. Secondly, SEs largely deliver health care services both independently and in close partnership with public authorities, either through public procurement or by means of direct co-operation agreements. In this perspective, modern welfare systems rely heavily on a significant proportion of health care services and benefits provided by SEs. In addition, in some MSs, such as Italy, SEs are supported by enabling legal frameworks, which also include some important tax benefits. Against this background, the article aims to shed light on the legal aspects and the role of SEs in the delivery of health care services as well as their contribution to ensuring citizens/patients their fundamental right to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the multi-faceted relationship between New Zealand and Latin America, encompassing diplomatic ties, trade exchanges, and cultural initiatives. It explores historical roots, the growing Latin American population in New Zealand, and efforts to strengthen collaboration through educational programs and bilateral agreements.

Reducing high public debt is key for countries seeking to restore fiscal capacity and resilience in the wake of recent crises. But large debt reductions are rare. Jamaica stands out for reducing its debt from 144 percent of GDP to 72 percent over the last decade, a record achieved by running large, persistent primary budget surpluses. Well-designed fiscal rules combined with social partnership agreements making for fiscal ownership are at the root of its achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to quantify the trade effects of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which is considered to be a comprehensive trade agreement. To this end, we estimate the gravity equation for worldwide trade and introduce applied tariffs into this equation to differentiate between the trade effects of tariff reduction and non-tariff measure (NTM) changes. Our gravity equation results indicate that the trade effect of NTM changes under the CPTPP is insignificant on average and negative for most products. We also estimate the gravity equation for foreign direct investment (FDI) and find some evidence that the CPTPP increased FDI by a statistically significant amount. Thus, the NTM changes in the CPTPP may increase FDI, rather than trade, among member countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]