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Plants act as natural scrubbers of urban air particulate matter. However, chemical fractionation of leaf-deposited particulate matter is an unexplored research area demanding immediate attention to get an insight into the source and fate of elements in plants. Therefore, work was carried out to evaluate the spatial and species variability in capturing air particles with variable elemental chemical fractions in an urban area in India. The results favor a distinct spatial and species variability in trapping total and fractional elemental leaf-deposited particulate matter (p < 0.05). Spatially, sensitive (0.135–16.979 μg/cm2) and industrial zones (0.043–3.982 μg/cm2) had a significant impact on the elemental fractionation of particles with the highest inter-species variation. Similarly, Mangifera indica was the best performer in trapping elements of all chemical fractions and was in the order M. indica > Butea monosperma > Ficus benghalensis. Ca and Na were found to be in all chemical fractions. When evaluated for biochemical impact, the leaf-extract pH and relative water content did not show any significant role in regulating the chemical fractionation in leaf deposits. Scanning electron micrographs highlighted the role of the waxy layer and pubescens as efficient particle retention zones. Thus, it is concluded that the chemical fractionation of elements in leaf-deposited particulate matter depends on the category of area and type of plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dust pollution from Chinese open-pit coal mines (OPCMs) threatens the coexistence of resource development and environmental protection. This research introduces a new approach to designing OPCMs based on meteorological indicators for dust removal and diffusion. It analyzes the production, distribution, and dust emission features of large-scale OPCMs in China. The factors affecting dust dispersion and atmospheric pollution characteristics were also examined. The findings reveal a surge in the number and output of OPCMs, intensifying the conflict between resource development and environmental protection. Notably, over 80% of OPCMs are in arid and semi-arid regions, exacerbating the challenge. Microclimate effects, including circulation and inversion effects, further amplify dust pollution. Regional and seasonal dust pollution patterns were identified, with the southern region experiencing the highest pollution levels, followed by the northern and central regions. Seasonally, dust pollution exhibits the following pattern: winter > autumn > spring > summer. An alarming decline in atmospheric self-cleaning capacity over the past two decades underscores the pressing challenges ahead for dust control. The increase in air stagnation days/events highlights the urgency for effective dust prevention and control measures. This research suggests considering meteorological elements in OPCM design for dust control. Optimizing mining operations based on weather forecasts enables the utilization of natural conditions for effective dust prevention and control. The results provide insights for dust prevention and control in open-pit mines to foster green and climate-smart mining.

Dust pollution from Chinese open-pit coal mines (OPCMs) threatens the coexistence of resource development and environmental protection. This research introduces a new approach to designing OPCMs based on meteorological indicators for dust removal and diffusion. It analyzes the production, distribution, and dust emission features of large-scale OPCMs in China. The factors affecting dust dispersion and atmospheric pollution characteristics were also examined. The findings reveal a surge in the number and output of OPCMs, intensifying the conflict between resource development and environmental protection. Notably, over 80% of OPCMs are in arid and semi-arid regions, exacerbating the challenge. Microclimate effects, including circulation and inversion effects, further amplify dust pollution. Regional and seasonal dust pollution patterns were identified, with the southern region experiencing the highest pollution levels, followed by the northern and central regions. Seasonally, dust pollution exhibits the following pattern: winter > autumn > spring > summer. An alarming decline in atmospheric self-cleaning capacity over the past two decades underscores the pressing challenges ahead for dust control. The increase in air stagnation days/events highlights the urgency for effective dust prevention and control measures. This research suggests considering meteorological elements in OPCM design for dust control. Optimizing mining operations based on weather forecasts enables the utilization of natural conditions for effective dust prevention and control. The results provide insights for dust prevention and control in open-pit mines to foster green and climate-smart mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chandrapur City of Maharashtra state of India has undergone rapid industrialization, development, and infrastructure facilities along with prominent increase in population. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the air quality of the city. The mitigation measures of air pollution in the city were also discussed in the present study. Air quality monitoring was carried out at each monitoring station taken twice a week for 24 hours for particulate matter (PM10), particulate matter (PM2.5), sulphur dioxides (SO2), nitrogen dioxides NO2, and carbon monoxides (CO). The data revealed the high levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) to approximately 1.56-2.15 times and 1.47-2.21 times higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), respectively and were many times higher than WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines. The major sources of pollution were the emission from industries, mining activities and traffic. Observed concentrations of SO2 (24.88 to 45 μg/m³), NO2 (45.4 to 70.6 μg/m³ ) and (0.63 to 0.88 mg/m³) were below NAAQS. The obtained data was also processed for the calculation of air quality index (AQI). The AQI value at Chandrapur super thermal power station (CSTPS) was found higher (310) followed by MIDC with AQI of 302 (Very poor air quality) mainly due to higher particulate pollution, indicating respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. AQI for remaining three stations namely, Jatpura gate, Bimba gate and Babupeth ranged from 264 to 284 (Poor air quality) mainly due to vehicular pollution indicating breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure. All the pollutants were observed higher than the concentrations recorded in earlier studies and showed increasing trend as compared to records of previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM) significantly deteriorate the air quality; however, the contributions from regional versus remote anthropogenic sources have remained uncertain over the western Indian region. In this regard, we have performed high-resolution regional modeling (WRF-Chem v3.9.1) to quantify the contribution of regional versus trans-regional anthropogenic sources to PM2.5 (fine PM) and PM2.5-10 (coarse PM) concentrations in contrasting seasons. Seasonal variability in spatial mean Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) derived from the WRF-Chem model (0.21–0.42) agreed reasonably with MERRA-2 reanalysis (0.29–0.54) and MODIS satellite (0.23–0.51) over western India. Variability in surface PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were also reproduced as per the benchmarks (|Fractional Bias| ≤ 60% and |Fractional Error| ≤ 75%) at most of the stations in this region. Results from sensitivity simulations reveal the dominant contribution of both regional and trans-regional anthropogenic sources to PM2.5 concentrations over western India in winter and post-monsoon, when PM2.5 concentrations are generally high. On the other hand, contribution from background levels (due to domain-wide natural emissions, fire emissions and pollutant transport from beyond domain boundaries) is highest during pre-monsoon and monsoon with a significant contribution of mineral dust especially to PM2.5-10 (coarse PM). Analysis of PM spatial distribution at ∼900hpa pressure level reveals greater relative contributions of trans-regional emissions and background levels compared to that near the surface. Our study highlights key roles of trans-regional anthropogenic emissions and mineral dust, besides the local and regional emissions, in air pollution over western India. The quantitative analyses presented here would be useful for designing measures to minimize health and environmental impacts in line with the objectives of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in India.

Chandrapur City of Maharashtra state of India has undergone rapid industrialization, development, and infrastructure facilities along with prominent increase in population. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the air quality of the city. The mitigation measures of air pollution in the city were also discussed in the present study. Air quality monitoring was carried out at each monitoring station taken twice a week for 24 hours for particulate matter (PM10), particulate matter (PM2.5), sulphur dioxides (SO2), nitrogen dioxides NO2, and carbon monoxides (CO). The data revealed the high levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) to approximately 1.56-2.15 times and 1.47-2.21 times higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), respectively and were many times higher than WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines. The major sources of pollution were the emission from industries, mining activities and traffic. Observed concentrations of SO2 (24.88 to 45 μg/m3), NO2 (45.4 to 70.6 μg/m3) and (0.63 to 0.88 mg/m3) were below NAAQS. The obtained data was also processed for the calculation of air quality index (AQI). The AQI value at Chandrapur super thermal power station (CSTPS) was found higher (310) followed by MIDC with AQI of 302 (Very poor air quality) mainly due to higher particulate pollution, indicating respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. AQI for remaining three stations namely, Jatpura gate, Bimba gate and Babupeth ranged from 264 to 284 (Poor air quality) mainly due to vehicular pollution indicating breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure. All the pollutants were observed higher than the concentrations recorded in earlier studies and showed increasing trend as compared to records of previous studies.

Objective: It is well established that exposure of human skin to airborne pollution, particularly in the form of particulate matter sized 2.5 μm (PM2.5), is associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation, leading to premature signs of skin aging. Because much of the damage results from oxidative stress, we examined the effects of a topical composition containing three antioxidants in an in vitro model system to assess the potential for amelioration of premature aging. The use of multiple antioxidants was of interest based on the typical composition of therapeutic skincare products. It is important to determine the efficacy of multiple antioxidants together and develop a short‐term assay for larger scale efficacy testing. Methods: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed to a rural‐derived source of PM2.5 in the presence and absence of an antioxidant mixture of resveratrol, niacinamide and GHK peptide. Endpoints related to inflammation, premature aging and carcinogenicity were monitored after 5 h of exposure and included IL‐6, CXCL10, MMP‐1 and NRF2. Differentially expressed genes were monitored by RNA‐seq. Results: Pre‐treatment of keratinocytes with the antioxidant preparation in the absence of PM2.5 reduced baseline levels of MMP‐1, IL‐6 and CYP1A1 and reduced PM2.5‐induced increases in all four endpoints, MMP‐1, IL‐6, CXCL10 and CYP1A1. Antioxidants significantly increased NRF2 protein in the presence of PM2.5, indicating a protective response. RNA‐seq interrogation of antioxidant‐treated cells further showed increased expression of NRF2 inducible genes. The expression of CYP1A1 and genes related to aryl hydrocarbon activation were induced by PM2.5 and suppressed by antioxidants. Conclusions: Specific signalling pathways known to be correlated with skin inflammation and aging were examined based on their suitability for use in efficacy testing for the prevention of skin damage due to ambient hydrocarbon pollution. Endpoints examined after only 5 h of exposure provide a useful method amenable to high through‐put screening. The results obtained reinforce the concept that a multiple antioxidant preparation, topically applied, may reduce pro‐inflammatory signalling and cellular damage and thereby reduce premature skin aging due to exposure to rural‐derived airborne pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Air pollution, especially indoor air pollution, is increasingly recognized as a worldwide hazard that reduces life expectancy. Pollution caused by equipment such as surgical cautery is not just a nuisance but a workplace hazard that exposes the staff to respirable particulate matter and toxic chemical agents. It has not yet received much recognition in India, nor have mitigating measures like smoke evacuators and dedicated scavenging systems become prevalent. Methods: We aimed to do a prospective observational study of the extent of this hazard in the operation rooms in our tertiary care, Government-run hospital using a consumer-grade pollution measuring equipment (CAIR +™, Prana Air, New Delhi). We measured and compared the particulate pollutant matter (PM) levels, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide at multiple areas of interest at different time points. Results: The particulate pollution level in PM 1.0, PM 2.5, and PM 10 and TVOCs rose many times the baseline near the surgical team during cautery use. It remained high near the anesthesia workstation. The median PM 2.5 level in µg/m³ (micrograms/cubic meter) was 181 near the surgical team during cautery use, and it was 25 at the anesthesia workstation. This peak level was 30 times the basal level of 6 µg/m³ at the start of the day and was above the annual population-weighted mean PM 2·5 breakpoint of 40 µg/m³ recommended by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in India. Conclusions: The pollution levels increase dramatically when surgical cautery is used, potentially exposing the team to large peak elevations in particulate matter and TVOCs. We recommend the mandatory use of smoke evacuators and optimization of the air conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron deposits of Ouenza and Boukhadra represent one of the main sources of iron ore supply for the Algerian steel industry. Being a fundamental wealth available to Algeria, the exploitation of iron ores and its use causes strong negative consequences on the environment, mainly by the expansion of dust, which will be a source of environmental degradation. The metallurgical industry is an integral part of the Algerian economy. Environmental problems that negatively affect the health of people and the environment is air pollution. These issues are relevant to the site and the town of Annaba, where the metallurgical industry is developed. Environmental awareness is characterized by strong environmental sensitization; especially in urban areas with metallurgical pollution sources. The object of this study is taking samples from sites that generate more dust within the steel complex plant. This study aims to characterize steelmaking dust from different sites of the plant in order to identify the mineral phases and their chemical compositions. The various analytical methods used include physico-chemical analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), crystal phases, crystal size, lattice parameters, microdeformations, laser granulometry analysis, X-ray diffraction, microscopy Electronic Scanning and Analysis (EDS) Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy. It was found that the average monthly quantity of dust released by the dust collectors of the Agglomerated Material Preparation (AMP) unit is 108.45 tons. The results obtained from the dust samples analysis of dust samples from the different points of the site differ in their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of iron oxides, silicon, many different mineral phases. The results of dimensional analysis prove that the two samples are different in their sizes ESP1et and ESP2 is coarser than ESP3 and FF3A, these results can lead to long-term occupational illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring air contaminants has become essential to exposure science, toxicology, and public health research. However, missing values are common while monitoring air contaminants, especially in resource-constrained settings such as power cuts, calibration, and sensor failure. In contaminants monitoring, evaluating existing imputation techniques for dealing with recurrent periods of missing and unobserved data are limited. The proposed study aims to perform a statistical evaluation of six univariate and four multivariate time series imputation methods. The univariate methods are based on inter-time correlation characteristics, and the multivariate approach considers muti-site to impute missing data. The present study retrieved data from 38 ground-based monitoring stations for particulate pollutants in Delhi for 4 years. For univariate methods, missing values were simulated under 0–20% (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), and high 40%, 60%, and 80% missing levels having long gaps. Before evaluating multivariate methods, input data underwent pre-processing steps: selecting the target station to be imputed, choosing covariates based on the spatial correlation between multiple sites, and framing a combination of target and neighbouring stations (covariates) under 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Next, the particulate pollutants data of 1480 days is provided as input to four multivariate techniques. Finally, the performance of each algorithm was evaluated using error metrics. The results show that the long interval time series data and spatial correlation of multiple stations significantly improved outcomes for univariate and multivariate time series methods. The univariate Kalman_arima performs well for long-missing gaps and all missing levels (except for 60–80%), yielding low error and high R2 and d values. In contrast, multivariate MIPCA performed better than Kalman-arima for all target stations with the highest missing percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the non-linear relationship between air pollution, socio-economic factors, labor insurance, and labor productivity in the industrial sector in Taiwan. Using machine learning, specifically multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), provides an alternative approach to examining the impact of air pollution on labor productivity, apart from the traditional linear relationships and parametric methods employed in previous studies. Examining this topic is imperative for advancing the knowledge on the effects of air pollution on labor productivity and its association with labor insurance, employing a machine learning framework. The results reveal that air pollution, particularly PM10, has a negative impact on labor productivity. Lowering the PM10 level below 36.2 μg/m3 leads to an increase in marginal labor productivity. Additionally, the study identifies labor insurance as a significant factor in improving productivity, with a 9% increase in the total number of labor insurance holders resulting in a substantial 42.9% increase in productivity. Notably, a link between air pollution and insurance is observed, indicating that lower air pollution levels tend to be associated with higher labor insurance coverage. This research holds valuable implications for policymakers, businesses, and industries as it offers insights into improving labor productivity and promoting sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions in urban environment were investigated using a multidisciplinary model combination, with focus on traffic, emissions and atmospheric particles. An agent-based model was applied to simulate the evolution of unsustainable human behavior (usage of combustion-based personal vehicles) as a function of pro-environmental affordances (opportunities for sustainable choices). Scenarios regarding changes in multi-pollutant emissions were derived, and the non-linear implications to atmospheric particles were simulated with a box model. Based on the results for a Nordic city, increasing pro-environmental affordances by 10%, 50% or 100% leads to emission reductions of 15%, 30% and 40% within 2 years. To reduce ambient particle mass, emissions from traffic should decrease by > 15%, while the lung deposited surface area decreases in all scenarios ( - 23 % , - 32 % and - 36 % , correspondingly). The presented case is representative of one season, but the approach is generic and applicable to simulating a full year, given meteorological and pollution data that reflects seasonal variation. This work emphasizes the necessity to consider feedback mechanisms and non-linearities in both human behavior and atmospheric processes, when predicting the outcomes of changes in an urban system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the diesel particulate matter pollution problem at the 12,306 continuous mining face of Shangwan coal mine, the spatial and temporal evolution law of diesel particulate matter generated at the three locations of the shuttle car head tunnel, contact alley, and support tunnel under the pressure-in ventilation condition of the double lane of the continuous mining face was studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the highest diesel particulate matter concentration at the shuttle car discharge is about 144.17 mg/m3, which seriously affects the health of miners. The highest diesel particulate matter concentration at the shuttle car tunnel is 52.58 mg/m3, and at the contact alley, the diesel particulate matter diffusion space is limited by the compression of the space inside the contact alley by the shuttle car machine body and the alley wall, which makes the diesel particulate matter accumulate here, forming a high diesel particulate matter concentration distribution area with a concentration value of 112.75 mg/m3. When supporting the roadway at the shuttle, diesel particulate matter accumulates in the range of X = 55 m ~ 60 m, Y = 0 m ~ 4 m, and Z = 23.4 m ~ 29.4 m. According to the degree of DPM pollution in different areas, different individual protective equipment is used to obtain different levels of pollution protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of air pollution from particulate matter (PM) is getting worse as more and more people move into urban areas around the globe. Due to the complexity and diversity of pollution sources, it has long been hard to rely on source control techniques to manage this issue. Due to the fact that urban trees may provide a variety of ecosystem services, there is an urgent need to investigate alternative strategies for dramatically improving air quality. PM has always been a significant concern due to its adverse effects on humans and the entire ecosystem. The severity of this issue has risen in the current global environmental context. Numerous studies on respiratory and other human disorders have revealed a statistical relationship between human exposure to outdoor levels of particles or dust and harmful health effects. These risks are undeniably close to industrial areas where these airborne, inhalable particles are produced. The combined and individual effects of the particle and gaseous contaminants on plants' general physiology can be detrimental. According to research, plant leaves, the primary receptors of PM pollution, can function as biological filters to remove significant amounts of particles from the atmosphere of urban areas. This study showed that vegetation could provide a promising green infrastructure (GI) for better air quality through the canopy and leaf-level processes, going beyond its traditional role as a passive target and sink for air pollutants. Opportunities exist for urban GI as a natural remedy for urban pollution caused by PMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK is set to impose a stricter ambient annual mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) standard than was first adopted fourteen years ago. This necessitates strengthened knowledge of the magnitude and sources that influence urban PM2.5 in UK cities to ensure compliance and improve public health. Here, we use a regional-scale chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), validated with national ground-based observations, to quantify the influence of specific sources within and transported to the mid-sized UK city Leicester. Of the sources targeted, we find that agricultural emissions of ammonia (NH3) make the largest contribution (3.7 μg m−3 or 38 % of PM2.5) to annual mean PM2.5 in Leicester. Another important contributor is long-range transport of pollution from continental Europe accounting for 1.8 μg m−3 or 19 % of total annual mean PM2.5. City sources are a much smaller portion (0.2 μg m−3; 2 %). We also apply GEOS-Chem to the much larger cities Birmingham and London to find that agricultural emissions of NH3 have a greater influence than city sources for Birmingham (32 % agriculture, 19 % city) and London (25 % agriculture, 13 % city). The portion from continental Europe is 16 % for Birmingham and 28 % for London. Action plans aimed at national agricultural sources of NH3 and strengthened supranational agreements would be most effective at alleviating PM2.5 in most UK cities.

Diwali has become an occasion of air and noise pollution, and the release of particulate matter and toxic gases has chronic and acute effects on people and their environment. Thus, an air quality assessment study was done by CSIR-CSMCRI covering the pre-to-post Diwali 2021 period (5 days) in the three locations (traffic, residential, and control) of Bhavnagar. The average 24-h concentration of PM10 (380 µg/m3), PM2.5 (182.2 µg/m3), and SPM (403 µg/m3) was significantly higher during Diwali, exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were 121.8 µg/m3 and 102.1 µg/m3. Metals like Zn, Al, Pb, and Mn were found in higher concentrations during the study. The air quality index (AQI) was maximum on Diwali, resembling very poor air quality. More elements and oxides were detected in PM2.5 (S, Al, Mg, Ba, and Zn and their oxides) than in PM10 (Fe and S) through WDXRF. Water-soluble anions like SO42−, Cl−, and NO3− were observed during the study, with a higher SO42− (64%) on Diwali. The PM10 morphology and mapping of elements were done using SEM–EDX. Emerging contaminants, specifically phthalate groups, were detected through GCMS. The enrichment factor (EF) showed Zn and Pb originating from anthropogenic activities. The air quality data was validated using a variance test, least significance difference (LSD), correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). This paper is the first to highlight the air quality assessment during Diwali for a western coastal place in India. It is time to implement regulations on burning firecrackers for pollution reduction, aiming to achieve a sustainable atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Urban air pollution is a growing menace leading to human discomfort, increased hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality. This study deals with deteriorated air quality due to firecracker bursting during Diwali in Lucknow. Inhalable particulates and gaseous pollutants were monitored during Diwali 2020 using air samplers. Elements, ions, and surface morphology of particles were analyzed using ICP-MS, ion chromatograph, and SEM-EDX, respectively. PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 were 558, 352, 44, and 86 μg/m3 during Diwali night and 233, 101, 17, and 40 μg/m3 on pre-Diwali night while 241, 122, 24, and 43 μg/m3 on Diwali day. Concentrations surged for PM10: 139% and 132%, PM2.5: 249% and 189%, SO2: 159% and 83%, and NO2: 115% and 100% on Diwali night compared to pre-Diwali night and corresponding Diwali day, respectively. Al, K, Ba, and B showed dominance in PM10 whereas Zn, Al, Ba, and K in PM2.5 on Diwali night. The order of metal abundance in PM2.5 was Cd < Co < Ag < As < Cr < Ni < Cu < Bi < Pb < Mn < Sr < Fe < B < Zn < Al < Ba < K. Cations NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and anions F−, Cl−, NO3−, Br−, NO2−, SO4−2, PO43− showed a 2–8 fold increase on Diwali night relative to pre-Diwali night. Average metal concentrations varied by 2.2, 1.6, and 0.09 times on Diwali than pre-Diwali in residential, commercial, and industrial areas, respectively. PM10 concentration increased by 458% and 1140% while PM2.5, 487%, and 2247% than respective NAAQS and WHO standards. Tiny firecracker particles vary in toxicity as compared to vehicular emissions and have enhanced bioavailability leading to severe threat in terms of LRI, COPD, and atherosclerosis for city dwellers. It is imperative to recognize the present status of ambient air quality and implement regulatory strategies for emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Savanna fire management is a topic of global debate, with early dry season burning promoted as a large-scale emissions reduction opportunity. To date, discussions have centred on carbon abatement efficacy, biodiversity and cultural benefits and/or risks. Here we use a case study of Darwin, Australia to highlight smoke pollution as another critical consideration. Smoke pollution from savanna fires is a major public health issue, yet absent so far from discussions of program design. Here, we assess the likely impacts of increased early dry season burning on smoke pollution in Darwin between 2004 and 2019, spanning the introduction and expansion of carbon abatement programs. We found increased smoke pollution in the early dry season but little change in the late dry season, contributing to a net annual increase in air quality standard exceedances. Geospatial analysis suggests this relates to increased burning in the path of early dry season trade winds. This study highlights the complex health trade-offs involved with any large-scale prescribed burning, including for carbon abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the air quality data of Harbin in winter from 2015 to 2017, the national winter straw combustion data from 2016 to 2017 and the mixed single particle Lagrange comprehensive track model, Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), dynamic analysis of Harbin’s winter air quality status and influencing factors. The air quality data were analyzed; it was found that the main pollutants in winter in Harbin were SO2, NO2, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm), and PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm); the annual air pollution situation deteriorated sharply from November and continued until March of the following year. Through the research on straw fire prevention points in Harbin, the spatial pattern characteristics and causes of persistent haze in Harbin from 2015 to 2017 were dynamically analyzed. Combining the backward trajectory model to trace the source and trend of air mass in pollution, it is found that the air mass trend is consistent with the distribution of straw-burning points. The research results show that (1) during the winter from 2015 to 2017, the overall air quality situation in Harbin improved, the number of serious pollution days decreased year by year, and the main atmospheric pollutants were PM10 and PM2.5. In October and November, the pollution concentration peaked, and after December, the pollution concentration showed a downward trend until the next spring reached the valley and (2) the most obvious time of haze in Harbin is from November to December, and it is concluded that haze events are closely related to the large number of pollutants caused by the burning of straw around Harbin, and because the northwest monsoon climate affects the air quality, the transportation of fine particles caused by the burning of straw in winter in the surrounding areas of Harbin is the main cause of serious pollution in Harbin.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of a mobile aerial drone particle monitoring system (DPMS) to measure and detect changes in harvest dust levels based on moderate adjustments to harvester settings. When compared to an earlier harvester, a new harvester operated at standard settings produced 35% fewer PM2.5s, 32% fewer PM10s, and 42% fewer TSPs. Increasing the ground speed had an adverse effect on dust mitigation, while reducing it by half only offered a slightly more favorable margin. The mutual effects of some meteorological factors were found to be slightly correlated with PM10 and TSP readings and caused significant variability in PM2.5 readings. The current findings show similar trends to PM reduction estimates of previous studies, with only a nominal difference of 10 to 15% points. Overall, the DPMS was found to perform well within an acceptable statistical confidence level. The use of DPMSs could reduce the logistical needs, complexity issues, and feedback times often experienced using the Federal Reference Method (FRM). Further investigation is needed to verify its robustness and to develop potential correlations with the FRM under different orchard location and management practices. At this stage, the current aerial DPMS should be considered a rapid screening tool not to replace the FRM, but rather to complement it in evaluating the feasibility of dust abatement strategies for the almond industry.

We analyzed the multi-year relationship between particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations and possible precursors including NO2, SO2, and NH3 based on local observations over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) from 2015 to 2017. Surface NH3 concentrations were obtained from Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) retrievals, while other pollutants were observed at 142 ground sites. We found that NH3 had the highest correlation with PM2.5 (R = 0.51) compared to other precursors such as NO2 and SO2 (R of 0.16 and 0.14, respectively). The correlations indicate that NH3 emissions are likely a limiting factor in controlling PM2.5 over the SMA in a high-NOx environment. This implies that the current Korean policy urgently requires tools for controlling local NH3 emissions from the livestock industry (for example, from hog manure). These findings provide the first satellite-based trace gas evidence that implementing an NH3 control strategy could play a key role in improving air quality in the SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate emission from a high density of vehicles has become a subject of interest and great concern for the assessment of local air quality within the Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. This study aims to determine possible heavy metal pollution from vehicular emission along the major transport pool within the Ilorin metropolis. Deposition gauges were placed on a pole above human breathing height at 1.5 m at selected major roundabouts within the Ilorin metropolis. Gauges were planted for one month (April 27th to May 30th, 2020) during the Covid-19 lockdown and one month (January 15th to February 14th, 2021) after the Covid-19 lockdown. The collected samples were rinsed with deionized water, filtered, and dried in a desiccator. The dried samples were characterized using Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Twenty-one heavy metals were detected from all sampling locations. The total sum concentrations of the heavy metals recorded during and after the Covid-19 lockdown were 1018.58785 and 1359.15479 mg.m-3, respectively. The averaged measured concentration of most of the heavy metals sampled along selected major roundabouts within the Ilorin metropolis during and after Covid-19 lockdown exceeded the permissible emission limit. The Deposition Flux (DF) of the measured heavy metals ranged from 4.53 to 8.91 g.m-2.month-1 during the lockdown and from 6.23 to 29.55 g.m-2.month-1 after the lockdown. The enrichment factor and concentration ratio were also determined. The results of both indicated that heavy metal pollutions originated from multiple similar anthropogenic sources, and photochemical degradation was active in all the sampling locations. This study suggested the need to shift from a fossil fuel economy to a hydrogen economy to mitigate heavy metal pollutions from vehicular emissions to the barest minimum.

The issue of air pollution from particulate matter (PM) is getting worse as more and more people move into urban areas around the globe. Due to the complexity and diversity of pollution sources, it has long been hard to rely on source control techniques to manage this issue. Due to the fact that urban trees may provide a variety of ecosystem services, there is an urgent need to investigate alternative strategies for dramatically improving air quality. PM has always been a significant concern due to its adverse effects on humans and the entire ecosystem. The severity of this issue has risen in the current global environmental context. Numerous studies on respiratory and other human disorders have revealed a statistical relationship between human exposure to outdoor levels of particles or dust and harmful health effects. These risks are undeniably close to industrial areas where these airborne, inhalable particles are produced. The combined and individual effects of the particle and gaseous contaminants on plants’ general physiology can be detrimental. According to research, plant leaves, the primary receptors of PM pollution, can function as biological filters to remove significant amounts of particles from the atmosphere of urban areas. This study showed that vegetation could provide a promising green infrastructure (GI) for better air quality through the canopy and leaf-level processes, going beyond its traditional role as a passive target and sink for air pollutants. Opportunities exist for urban GI as a natural remedy for urban pollution caused by PMs.

The emissions from fossil fuel use not only affect climate but also affects air pollution both directly (emitting primary particles) and indirectly (emitting precursors for formation of ozone [O3] and particulates). Effects on ozone and particulates (especially PM2.5) are of major concern because of their adverse health effects on human and other life on Earth. Although alternative energy use is increasing, the impacts are not yet large enough to reduce the poor air quality resulting from extensive use of fossil fuels and resulting emissions in much of the world. A more definite energy transformation is needed to reduce these health impacts. Here, we examine the possibility of a midcentury future, where, because of its influence on climate, fossil fuel use has been extensively reduced in much of the world, and replaced by nonpolluting forms of energy. Analyses of the clean energy future globally and in five regions across the world, including 29 megacities, show that air quality with respect to ozone and particulate pollution improves significantly. When compared to the high‐emission future under the clean energy scenario, population weighted ozone, and particulate matter exposure are reduced by >40% and 50%, respectively. The number air quality noncompliance events, defined by exceedance days and air quality index (AQI), improved considerably under the clean energy scenario. Annually, exceedance days are reduced to 0.7% ± 1.7% for ozone pollution and 7.4% ± 17.8% for particulate pollution under the clean energy scenario. AQI always stayed above the "very unhealthy category" and are improved significantly for the "unhealthy category" in all regions. Overall major hotspots experienced significantly cleaner air under the clean energy scenario, emphasizing the significance of transforming energy production, and moving away from conventional use of fossil fuels, on air quality and human health. Plain Language Summary: Fossil fuel emission increases the burden of air pollutants like ozone and particulate matter which have adverse effect on human health. Unchecked use of fossil fuels will expose more people to poor air quality. In this study, we explore a clean energy future, where, by midcentury, fossil fuel usage has been completely eliminated except for biomass burning. The study shows how a fossil fuel free clean energy future, reduces air quality issues significantly. Future planning on adapting to newer energy should take these results into consideration. Key Points: The transformation to fossil fuel free energy and transportation systems would greatly improve air quality throughout the worldLocations known for air quality noncompliance and associated health issues would be almost completely compliant by midcentury under a clean energy transformationThe significant reduction in exposure to poor air quality is a major incentive toward moving to a cleaner energy world [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study reports a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous species in PM 2.5 and TSP over Kathmandu Valley. • The PM 2.5 level was 3–10 times higher than WHO daily standard. • NH 4 +-N is the dominating nitrogen species contributing >75% in both PM 2.5 and TSP. • Biomass and fossil fuel combustions contribute significantly to anthropogenic particulate pollution. This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM 2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March–May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM 2.5 (129.8 µg/m3) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m3) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m3 (14%) in PM 2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m3 (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM 2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM 2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD), to explore the hypothesis that if changes in economic activity are seen in emissions of NO _2 , an aerosol precursor, then AOD should change commensurably. We developed a technique to filter AOD data to isolate changes associated with anthropogenic emissions. Overall, in 37 of the 43 cities that were identified as top oxides of nitrogen (NO _x ) emitters from their transportation sectors, AODs decreased by 21.2% ± 7.8%, 18.9% ± 11.7%, 27% ± 12.4%, 22.9% ± 7.6% in the United States, India, western Europe, and China, respectively—an average of 22.4% ± 7.4%. In contrast, AODs increased on average by 11.7% ± 8.4% in Taiwan, where economic stimulus was used as a strategy during the pandemic. This analysis implies NO _x and volatile organic compounds emissions reductions from the transportation sector can be targeted, and by transitioning 6 million light duty vehicles from gasoline to electricity, the US can achieve 21% improvement in AOD.

Background: Climatological shifts and human activities have decimated lakes worldwide. Water in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA is at near record lows which has increased risks for exposure to windblown dust from dried lakebed sediments. Formal studies evaluating the health effects of inhaled Great Salt Lake dust (GSLD) have not been performed despite the belief that the dust is harmful. The objectives of this study were to illustrate windblown dust events, assess the impact of inhaled dust on the lungs, and to identify mechanisms that could contribute to the effects of GSLD in the lungs., Results: An animation, hourly particle and meteorological data, and images illustrate the impact of dust events on the Salt Lake Valley/Wasatch front airshed. Great Salt Lake sediment and PM 2.5 contained metals, lipopolysaccharides, natural and anthropogenic chemicals, and bacteria. Inhalation and oropharyngeal delivery of PM 2.5 triggered neutrophilia and the expression of mRNA for Il6, Cxcl1, Cxcl2 , and Muc5ac in mouse lungs, was more potent than coal fly ash (CFA) PM 2.5 , and more cytotoxic to human airway epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) in vitro . Induction of IL6 and IL8 was replicated in vitro using HBEC3-KT and THP-1 cells. For HBEC3-KT cells, IL6 induction was variably attenuated by EGTA/ruthenium red, the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242, and deferoxamine, while IL8 was attenuated by EGTA/ruthenium red. Inhibition of mRNA induction by EGTA/ruthenium red suggested roles for transition metals, calcium, and calcium channels as mediators of the responses. Like CFA, GSLD and a similar dust from the Salton Sea in California, activated human TRPA1, M8, and V1. However, only inhibition of TRPV1, TRPV3, and a combination of both channels impacted cytokine mRNA induction in HBEC3-KT cells. Responses of THP1 cells were partially mediated by TLR4 as opposed to TRP channels and mice expressing a "humanized" form of TRPV1 exhibited greater neutrophilia when exposed to GSLD via inhalation., Conclusions: This study suggests that windblown dust from Great Salt Lake and similar lake sediments could pose a risk to humans via mechanisms including the activation of TRPV1/V3, TLR4, and possibly oxidative stress., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

We analyzed the multi-year relationship between particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations and possible precursors including NO2, SO2, and NH3 based on local observations over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) from 2015 to 2017. Surface NH3 concentrations were obtained from Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) retrievals, while other pollutants were observed at 142 ground sites. We found that NH3 had the highest correlation with PM2.5 (R = 0.51) compared to other precursors such as NO2 and SO2 (R of 0.16 and 0.14, respectively). The correlations indicate that NH3 emissions are likely a limiting factor in controlling PM2.5 over the SMA in a high-NOx environment. This implies that the current Korean policy urgently requires tools for controlling local NH3 emissions from the livestock industry (for example, from hog manure). These findings provide the first satellite-based trace gas evidence that implementing an NH3 control strategy could play a key role in improving air quality in the SMA.

Green infrastructure (GI) is effective in reducing PM concentrations in near-road environments, but how such reductions in concentration compared with relative respiratory deposition doses (RDDs) is rarely discussed. We quantified variations in RDD in the presence of three GI types (trees, hedges and tree-hedge combinations), and compared them with PM reduced by the GI under different wind directions and seasons through the assessment of data collected during multiple field campaigns. We also studied three scenarios (sitting, walking, running) to investigate RDD in adults and children during different possible activities in the presence of GI at public parks or gardens or in front of houses. Finally, we illustrated particle mass distribution before and after different GI configurations to explore the reasons for variations in RDD. Changes in RDD displayed a trend of %ΔRDDPM10 > %ΔRDDPM2.5 = %ΔRDDPM1, compared to the changes in PM concentrations of %ΔPM1 > %ΔPM10 > %ΔPM2.5. A maximum reduction (25%) in RDD was observed for PM10 in the presence of the tree-hedge combination, and this combination emerged as the most effective GI type in lowering the RDD. The changes in ratios of mass median diameter and deposition fraction of roughly ±0.2 before and after the GI led to differences between %∆PM and %∆RDD. Cross-winds (perpendicular to road direction) led to greater variations between %∆PM and %∆RDD, whereas parallel winds (along the road) led to similar variations in %∆RDD and %∆PM. Particle mass distributions revealed the absence of a peak around particle diameter 2.5 μm in the presence of GI. The highest difference in RDD behind GI was observed in the presence of a hedge-tree combination during different physical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even when atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution declines in urban settings, the residual effects of PM can still be felt by the community. Specifically, PM containing elevated levels of lead (Pb) can accumulate in soils and pose an ingestion/inhalation risk well after deposition because of the relatively immobile chemical nature of Pb. This short communication utilizes a case study of Memphis, TN, where particulate pollution has been reported at high levels. Through conducting time series analysis of atmospheric Pb concentrations, a Pb pollution hot spot in Southwest Memphis is identified as a location where urban soil Pb testing should be focused because of high particulate Pb concentrations in the past. Furthermore, residents in this area are predominantly low income and of ethnic minority (African-American), reiterating previous literature regarding uneven distribution of demographics exposed to pollution in Memphis. Although Pb PM pollution has decreased in recent decades throughout the United States, the use of past Pb air monitoring data in cities can help target specific areas where additional Pb testing may be needed by governments and researchers, particularly where blood Pb level or historical land use data may be limited.

Atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) has been a cause of serious environmental pollution in China. Historically, China used too little Nr in its agriculture to feed its population. However, with the rapid increase in N fertilizer use for food production and fossil fuel consumption for energy supply over the last four decades, increasing gaseous Nr species (e.g. NH3 and NOx) have been emitted to the atmosphere and then deposited as wet and dry deposition, with adverse impacts on air, water and soil quality as well as plant biodiversity and human health. This paper reviews the issues associated with this in a holistic way. The emissions, deposition, impacts, actions and regulations for the mitigation of atmospheric Nr are discussed systematically. Both NH3 and NOx make major contributions to environmental pollution but especially to the formation of secondary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which impacts human health and light scattering (haze). In addition, atmospheric deposition of NH3 and NOx causes adverse impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to acidification and eutrophication. Regulations and practices introduced by China that meet the urgent need to reduce Nr emissions are explained and resulting effects on emissions are discussed. Recommendations for improving future N management for achieving 'win-win' outcomes for Chinese agricultural production and food supply, and human and environmental health, are described. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation mechanisms of particulate pollution in Lanzhou, which used to be one of the most polluted cities across the world, remain unclear even though air pollution in Lanzhou has been improved in recent decades. Multiple online data during 2019–2020 winter was used to analyze the characteristics and reveal the formation mechanisms of particulate pollution in Lanzhou. Organic matter, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium accounted for 35.8%, 16.6%, 12.7%, and 10.8%, respectively, of PM2.5 mass. The contribution of secondary inorganic aerosols decreased from low to high particulate levels. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations consistently increased with increasing PM2.5 while sulfate concentrations firstly increased but remained stagnant under high particulate conditions. The sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios exhibited relatively low values of 0.18 ± 0.12 and 0.11 ± 0.05, respectively. Nitrogen oxidation ratio showed little dependence on relative humidity because of limited aqueous phase generation of nitrate. The increasing nitrate to sulfate ratio and decreasing organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio under high particulate concentrations indicate relative decreasing contribution of coal burning and increasing contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions on particulate pollution. The rapid decreasing trend of secondary organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio under high particulate concentrations was attributed to a combination of the relatively decreasing photochemical generations and increasing accumulation of primary emissions by the weakened atmospheric diffusion ability. Our results suggest that controlling primary carbonaceous species and vehicle exhaust emissions is the most effective measure in order to sustainably mitigate particulate pollution in Lanzhou in the future. Key Points: The secondary inorganic aerosols were mainly originated from photochemical generations during winter in LanzhouThe contributions of both inorganic and organic secondary species decreased with increasing particulate pollutionThe influence of vehicle exhaust emissions on particulate pollution increased with increasing particulate pollution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, correlations between air pollutants and PM10 concentration in Iğdır were examined on a seasonal basis and their effect levels were determined. The data set including SO2, NOx, NO, O3, NO2 and PM10 concentrations was obtained from the National Air Quality Monitoring Network of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization for the years 2016-2017, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. A total of 6630 data sets were used in the study, which was carried out by taking daily measurements into consideration. In order to determine the effect levels of pollutants on PM10, the data were subjected to Spearman's correlation tests and the relationships between pollutants and PM10 on a seasonal basis were examined. According to the results of the research, the highest PM10 concentration was obtained in autumn and winter periods in all years. In addition, there is a higher linear correlation between particulate pollution and NOx, NO and NO2 pollutants compared to other pollutants in the province. In all seasons, an inversely proportional change was observed between the concentration of O3 and PM10 in the atmosphere. In addition, while PM10 and NOx concentrations among pollutants were determined to be above the upper limit in all years and seasons, O3 concentration remained above the upper limit only in the winter period of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol-radiation interaction (ARI) plays a significant role in the accumulation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by stabilizing the planetary boundary layer and thus deteriorating air quality during haze events. However, modification of photolysis by aerosol scattering or absorbing solar radiation (aerosol-photolysis interaction or API) alters the atmospheric oxidizing capacity, decreases the rate of secondary aerosol formation, and ultimately alleviates the ARI effect on PM2.5 pollution. Therefore, the synergetic effect of both ARI and API can either aggravate or even mitigate PM2.5 pollution. To test the effect, a fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Chem model has been used to simulate a heavy haze episode in North China Plain. Our results show that ARI contributes to a 7.8% increase in near-surface PM2.5. However, API suppresses secondary aerosol formation, and the combination of ARI and API results in only 4.8% net increase of PM2.5. Additionally, API increases the solar radiation reaching the surface and perturbs aerosol nucleation and activation to form cloud condensation nuclei, influencing aerosol-cloud interaction. The results suggest that API reduces PM2.5 pollution during haze events, but adds uncertainties in climate prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the literature, the state of air pollution research in Lublin is presented in historical terms - from the mid-20th century. Due to the lack of developed research methods, there were not many publications of that type in the 20th century. Progress in the study of air pollution in Lublin did not appear until the beginning of the 21st century. In the paper, three main groups of works have been distinguished: 1) on inorganic particulate pollution; 2) on gaseous pollution; 3) on bioaerosols. Among the factors affecting air quality in Lublin and spatial differentiation of pollution concentrations are not only local and incoming emissions from municipal and domestic sources (occurring during the heating season) or all-year emissions from communication routes (local and transit road transport) and industrial sources, but also unfavorable meteorological conditions (e.g. occasional low wind speed and low temperature in winter), hypsometric diversity and building density of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease being vulnerable to air pollution and cardiovascular risk. Topics include mortality associations being observed in cohorts of patients receiving a cardiac transplant and survivors of myocardial infarction (MI); and allowing for model adjustments for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, body mass index, and baseline comorbidities.

The particulate pollution in the open-pit coal mines of China is particularly severe in winter. The aim of this study is to understand the pollution characteristics of particulate matter (PM) in winter and provide a basis for the prevention and control of particulate pollution. We took the problem of PM concentration at the bottom of the Haerwusu Open-pit Coal Mine (HOCM) as the research object. Dust monitoring equipment at two measurement points at different heights were positioned for continuous monitoring of the PM concentration. The data for three months were gathered. Statistical analyses were performed to analyze the variation characteristics of the PM and its relationship with meteorological factors. The results show that the average PM concentration in the study area is below the average daily limit of the China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012). However, the average concentration of PM10 exceeded the national limit in December. The order of PM concentration is observed as December > January > February. The correlation of PM is found to be positive with humidity and negative with wind speed. Temperature is found to be positively correlated with PM in December, while it is negative in January. At the same time, the temperature difference in December is negatively correlated with PM concentration. Under the combined action of multiple meteorological factors, the magnitude of the impact on the PM concentration at the bottom of the pit in winter is humidity > temperature > wind speed > temperature difference (inverse temperature intensity). In conclusion, PM2.5 is found to be more sensitive to environmental factors. The results of this study are particularly useful to progress in green mining.