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The "organic discipline" of restorative justice represents one of the most significant innovations introduced by the "Cartabia reform" (L. Nr. 134/2021; D.Lgs. Nr. 150/2022). Many norms will require an interpretative effort in the context of the case-law. Among the most debated points emerge, in particular, those concerning the confidentiality of the reparative programs, the complaint and its withdrawal, as well as respect for the presumption of innocence and the impartiality of the judge. La "disciplina organica" della giustizia riparativa rappresenta una tra le più significative novità introdotte dalla "riforma Cartabia" (L. n. 134/2021, D.lgs. n. 150/2022). Molti profili richiederanno uno sforzo interpretativo in ambito giurisprudenziale. Tra i punti più controversi emergono soprattutto quelli concernenti la riservatezza dei programmi riparativi, la querela e il suo ritiro, nonché il rispetto della presunzione di innocenza e dell'imparzialità del giudice.

The paper is aimed at examining main issues concerning different remedies against the decision of confiscation adopted within the anti-mafia legislation.

Il contributo si incentra sulla figura del “collaboratore di giustizia" in relazione all'accertamento dei fenomeni mafiosi. In un primo momento, l'analisi si basa sulle attività investigative svolte negli anni ’80, che costituiscono un riferimento essenziale per le successive scelte normative e giurisprudenziali. In seguito, nel considerare il panorama più recente, vengono esaminati in particolare tre profili inerenti rispettivamente al "verbale illustrativo" che raccoglie il racconto dei collaboratori, alla valutazione delle loro dichiarazioni e all'eccezionale ipotesi di revisione del giudicato prevista per il caso in cui esse risultino false. The paper focuses on the role of "collaborators of justice", related to investigations on mafia phenomena. Firstly, the analysis highlights the judicial activities carried out in the 80s, which represent an essential reference for subsequent normative choices and the case-law. Following that, in order to consider the current panorama, three profiles are examined: namely the "explanatory report", which collects collaborators' declarations, the evaluation of the declarations themselves and the review of the final judgment, which is exceptionally available if the mentioned declarations turn out to be false.

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are receiving the interest of the scientific and industrial communities due to their unparallel high performances in the infrared. However, even though the fabrication process permits the achievement of about 98% efficiency and less than 1 cps dark-count rate, the physical mechanism inducing the detection remains unclear. It is clear however that normal core vortices play a crucial role. In this work we investigate the role of vortices in two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum silicide SNSPDs of different widths covered with an Al layer through the analysis of the switching current distributions from the superconducting to resistive regime, in a wide interval of temperatures from 4.5 K down to 10 mK. This analysis provides the energy scales of different mechanisms that are responsible for fluctuations and dark counts in SNSPDs. We consider two models based on vortices, the unbinding of vortex-Antivortex pairs (VAPs) and vortices hopping over the edge barrier (VH) and we underline the differences among different devices made by different materials. We also estimate the energy scales of similar Nb-Ti-N and NbN devices and compare the results. The lower activation energies obtained for MoSi/Al devices, explain the peculiarity of this material to work at longer wavelengths with a higher quantum detection efficiency.

Il legislatore tedesco ha ampliato il novero dei casi di revisione in peius. Ha previsto la possibilità di impugnare una sentenza definitiva di assoluzione per omicidio o crimini internazionali, qualora – in base a nuovi fatti o mezzi di prova – emergano “ragioni stringenti” per una condanna. La riforma ha già sollecitato dubbi di legittimità costituzionale e, per la sua rilevanza, suscita varie riflessioni.

La Consulta si è pronunciata sul tema delle notificazioni al pubblico ministero tramite PEC. Ha dichiarato inammissibile la censura dell’art. 153 c.p.p. il quale non le consente, seppure ha riscontrato una disparità tra le parti processuali. La decisione suscita riflessioni inerenti all’evoluzione normativa, alla natura dell’atto in questione e al sovrapporsi di dubbi di ragionevolezza. The Constitutional Court ruled on the issue of notifications by certified email to the public prosecutor. The Court declared inadmissible the question related to Article 153 c.p.p. (in so far as it does not allow them), although it found a disparity between the parties. The decision raises reflections relating to the legislation evolution, the nature of concerned acts and the overlapping doubts of reasonableness.

Tra le numerose innovazioni introdotte nel rito penale dalla c.d. riforma Cartabia, è inclusa la previsione dell'arresto obbligatorio in caso di violazione di misure cautelari e precautelari a tutela della vittima. La modifica, salutata con entusiasmo dall'opinione pubblica, richiede di essere considerata nel contesto della normativa vigente per valutarne la effettiva portata. Il saggio mira a porre in evidenza alcune incongruenze, indicando possibili soluzioni in via interpretativa e de iure condendo.

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We propose a picture for the magnetic properties of superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) heterostructures based on Nb and permalloy (Py:Fe20Ni80). By measuring the magnetic moment as a function of the temperature in S/F/S trilayers for different thicknesses of the middle F layer, we give evidence of the presence of a magnetic stray field of the F layer. For values of F-layer thickness below a threshold, we establish a correlation between the magnetic measurements of the S/F/S trilayers and the anomalous magnetic dependence of the critical current in S/Insulator/thin superconducting film/F/S (SIsFS) Josephson junctions (JJs). These complementary investigations provide a self-consistent method to fully characterize S/F heterostructures and possibly demonstrate effects arising from the mutual interactions between ferromagnetism and superconductivity. A shift in the Fraunhofer critical current oscillations has been observed in the opposite direction to the one commonly observed in JJs with F barriers, as it has been recently predicted by inverse and electromagnetic proximity theories. This inverse memory effect is relevant for the design of these heterostructures as memory cells and spintronic devices.

Lidar measurement are widely used today for remote sensing and atmosphere monitoring. Indeed, depending on the specific wavelength adopted, it is possible to determine the presence of specific molecules and pollutants in the atmosphere. Several studies claim that the use of Lidar systems with wavelength larger than 1 µm would provide a special tool for aerosols and carbon dioxide observations. Aerosols measurements are typically performed up to the wavelength ? = 1064 nm, while for longer wavelengths they are limited by the detector noise. In this work the results of a preliminary Lidar measurement at ? = 1064 nm by using a Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector (SNSPD) are presented. SNSPDs are characterized by high efficiency in the infrared wavelength domain (IR), low noise and dead time, which can in turn enhance the signal quality in Lidar atmospheric measurements at ? > 1 µm, an interesting range for environmental applications. Preliminary measurements have been performed at the University of Naples Federico II by using a NbTiN SNSPD cooled at a temperature of 4.2 K and the Lidar system MALIA. The experimental results at 1064 nm demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for aerosol measurements in the IR, opening the way to further investigations on the use of these detectors for Lidar atmospheric measurements in the IR. The backscattering coefficient, ?, has been also estimated and its value is around 10-6 m-1sr-1.

Tra le numerose innovazioni introdotte dalla. riforma Cartabia, alcune tendono a proseguire un percorso già da tempo avviato dal legislatore e volto a rafforzare la tutela della vittima del reato. In particolare, dei ritocchi apportati al codice di procedura penale mirano a irrobustire tale tutela quando gravi delitti siano stati contestati, anche in forma tentata. Le modifiche riguardano soprattutto le informazioni da fornire alla persona offesa e la tempestività delle indagini: nel corso della loro disamina si riconosce una significativa matrice comune, rappresentata da un filone oramai consolidato nella giurisprudenza della Corte EDU.

L’ormai diffuso utilizzo di tecnologie digitali apre la via a moderne modalità investigative, che trovano un necessario limite nel rispetto delle libertà delle persone coinvolte. Sono libertà che se, da un lato, possono essere ricondotte ai principi costituzionali tradizionalmente in gioco nel procedimento penale, dall’altro lato, chiamano in causa garanzie inedite, a presidio di una “nuova” sfera di intimità da proteggere. The widespread use of digital technologies opens the way to new investigative methods that find a limit in the respect of concerned persons freedoms. These freedoms, on one side, are related to constitutionals principles traditionally under play in criminal proceedings. On the other side, they call into question new guarantees, aimed at protecting a “new” sphere of intimacy.

Il commento riguarda una decisione del Tribunale di Palermo, che ha accolto l’impugnazione proposta dalla difesa di un soggetto sottoposto alla custodia in carcere durante la pandemia da covid-19. Il provvedimento annotato, in particolare, escludeva la possibilità di sospendere i termini custodiali “finali” ex art. 304, comma 6, c.p.p., in coincidenza con il necessario rinvio del procedimento, L'Autore, dopo essersi soffermato sul quadro normativo e sulle alternative ermeneutiche, ha mostrato di condividere la soluzione adottata, offrendo ulteriori argomenti a supporto della stessa. .

Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional art. 41-bis, paragraph 2-quater, lett. f), ord. pen., where requires the adoption of all the necessary measures to prevent detainees, under differential rule system, from cooking food. Based on the principles set out in articles 3 and 27 of the Constitution, the decision is increasingly important as it goes beyond the relevance of the specifically addressed issue: especially as it recognizes that even those who are restricted, according to art. 41-bis ord. pen., shall keep access to “small acts of daily life”, considered particularly precious as they represent the “last residues within which individual freedom can expand”.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the main issues concerning conflicts of jurisdiction within the EU, also from an italian perspective . The reason of conflicts of jurisdiction’s increase lies in the non-full application of the territoriality criterion, but especially in the transformation of criminality: the opening of borders and free movement of people, as well as the using of IT tools, can cause a fragmentation, among different countries, in the commission of crimes. The discussion on the overlap of proceedings for the same facts involving the same person revolves around various sources of law. Because of interpretative difficulties, many questions regarding conflicts of jurisdiction are still under debate, also in the national and supranational case-law.

Nel contesto di un articolato intervento normativo, il legislatore tedesco ha introdotto all’interno del codice di rito la disciplina della Online-Durchsuchung, istituto paragonabile alle perquisizioni online. La fattispecie – di difficile inquadramento, soprattutto per la sua possibile sovrapposizione con le intercettazioni di comunicazioni, tramite trojan – era già stata oggetto di interessanti scelte sistematiche sia legislative, sia giurisprudenziali. Sulla scia di alcune pronunce della Corte costituzionale federale, le “nuove” norme aprono interrogativi rilevanti anche sul piano comparatistico. In the context of a broad reform, the German Legislator has regulated, whithin the Criminal Procedure Code, the “Online-Durchsuchung” (comparable to “online searches”). The “Online-Durchsuchung” – which is very difficult to define, especially in view of a possible overlap with the “interception of communication” through trojan – was already linked to interesting systematic legal, as well as case law based, choices. In the light of some Federal Constitutional Court’s decisions, “new” norms are arising relevant questions even from a comparative stand point.