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Appearing across Europe in the late nineteenth century, macro‐nationalist movements or pan‐movements – pan‐Latinism among them – participated in the 'first globalisation'. During that period, European powers' new domination of a considerable part of the world gradually homogenised the planet politically and economically. In this context, the pan‐movements placed nationalism on a larger scale than ever before. Mining various cultural, linguistic and 'racial' criteria, each macro‐nationalist movement promoted projects of supra‐national integration among all German‐speaking, Slavic‐speaking or Romance‐speaking peoples. Proposing a conceptual framework for analysing this phenomenon, this article situates macro‐nationalism within nationalism's broader history, underscoring similarities and differences in relation to the dominant model of nation‐state nationalism. I show how the pan‐movements drew constitutive elements from different phases in nineteenth‐century nationalism and became crystallised in a context marked by intensified armed conflicts and imperial rivalries. Focusing on the case of pan‐Latinism, I highlight the major role played by intellectual and political elites in this ideology's development and discuss the extent of its relevance to other social classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Pan‐Latinism, like pan‐Germanism and pan‐Slavism, was a macro‐nationalist movement which emerged in the nineteenth century. Supporters of pan‐Latinism deplored the decline of the ‘Latin’ civilization vis‐à‐vis Anglo‐Saxon or Germanic powers, and dreamed of creating a new Roman Empire. This movement took root in countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Romania and the Latin American republics, but most of all in France, the biggest ‘Latin’ power at the time. After the Second World War, a French initiative led to the foundation of a ‘Latin Union’ – an international organization which became the main organ of pan‐Latinism. French partisans of pan‐Latinism conveyed this ideology as a form of resistance to the increasing Anglo‐Saxon linguistic and cultural hegemony. But rather than reflecting a pluralistic vision, French initiatives to promote pan‐Latinism generally strove to increase their country's influence in Europe and beyond. This was particularly evident from 1983 to 1997, when the Latin Union was led by the Frenchman Philippe Rossillon, an enthusiastic defender of Francophonie, which replaced the idea of a ‘Latin’ civilization with a community of French‐speaking regions. This coincided with the goals of pan‐Latinism, which generally strove to augment France's international importance and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pan-Latinism, one of the nineteenth century's pan-nationalist movements, appeared in different Romance-language countries. In France, it developed strongly at the turn of the nineteenth century and became a major paradigm in the vision of nationalist writers who reflected the Germanophobia following the defeat of 1870. Nationalism, Germanophobia and pan-Latinism all grew in French intellectual circles during World War I, even among the internationalized avant-garde Parisians. e case of Guillaume Apollinaire is particularly revealing in this respect: in uenced by French cultural nationalism, both as a foreigner and as an avant-garde creator, he himself adopted panLatinism in order to obtain cultural legitimacy. Pan-Latinism was also used by French intellectuals anxious to promote their country's in uence in Italy and Hispanic America, namely in other 'Latin' countries. Although it never reached the stage of concrete political realization, new avatars of pan-Latinism, conveyed by the Latin Union founded in 1954, are still present in the world today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, numerous Hispano-American writers, who were often also diplomats, arrived in Paris. They established contact with French intellectuals, mainly academics, and participated actively in French intellectual life. The exchanges between these Hispano-American and French intellectuals were based on a common identification with Latinism, a pan-nationalistic ideology developed in Europe and Latin America since the nineteenth century and calling for unification of all 'Latin' peoples. Hispano-American elites and intellectuals, looking for a way to federate all Latin-American countries against the power of the United States, and seeking a rapprochement with France for political and cultural reasons, largely supported pan-Latinism. As for their French intellectual partners, eager to reinforce their country's global influence, they conveyed the pan-Latin ideology in the framework of their efforts to promote French cultural presence in Latin America. During the Great War, these cultural and intellectual initiatives concerning pan-Latinism drew the attention of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, leading to their integration in the newly created French international propaganda mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Intersecoes: Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinares is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the vision of Latin America built by the Italians during the fascist era, especially the literature of travel in which personal reports and articles are published both in dedicated travel periodicals or ordinary media. According to the author, it is a vision permeated with preconceptions in the description, comparative analysis, and other aspects of these lands across the ocean. Topics on the positive contribution of the Italian citizens in the shaping of these landscapes are included.