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Abstract Background and Aims The incidence of infectious diseases among athletes during international competitions is a concern for public health. In this study, we aim to report six cases of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis among athletes in Lima 2019 Pan American Games, a multisport event held in Peru. Results During the Lima 2019 event, there were no reported outbreaks or cases of most frequent diseases, however, six cases (0.09%) of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis were reported. The clinical stage of the cases was self‐limited to 2 days, and the main treatment was fluid replacement. Of the six affected athletes, five came from the United States and one from Chile. Only one karate athlete from the United States, could not continue with the competition due to the illness. Conclusions The incidence of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis among athletes in Lima 2019 was low, and the clinical course of the illness was self‐limited. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of athletes who presented with gastroenteritis using the Panam Sport In previous sporting events, such as the 2017 World Athletics Championships in London, Injury and Illness Surveillance System. These findings can inform the development of public health strategies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases among athletes during international competitions.

Background and Aims: The incidence of infectious diseases among athletes during international competitions is a concern for public health. In this study, we aim to report six cases of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis among athletes in Lima 2019 Pan American Games, a multisport event held in Peru. Results: During the Lima 2019 event, there were no reported outbreaks or cases of most frequent diseases, however, six cases (0.09%) of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis were reported. The clinical stage of the cases was self‐limited to 2 days, and the main treatment was fluid replacement. Of the six affected athletes, five came from the United States and one from Chile. Only one karate athlete from the United States, could not continue with the competition due to the illness. Conclusions: The incidence of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis among athletes in Lima 2019 was low, and the clinical course of the illness was self‐limited. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of athletes who presented with gastroenteritis using the Panam Sport In previous sporting events, such as the 2017 World Athletics Championships in London, Injury and Illness Surveillance System. These findings can inform the development of public health strategies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases among athletes during international competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies Latin American sport from an International Relations perspective. Considering that systemic imperatives are overlooked in most sports studies and that power is not conceived as a comprehensive element that drives state action, the focus here is to study the relationship between the international power structure and sports performance, analysing the correlation between the World Power Index (WPI) and the medal table of the Pan-American Games from the edition of Mexico City 1975 to Lima 2019. The results show that there is a positive and strong correlation in the different periods of time evaluated, but even with that, we do not defend that there is an automatic conversion of national power into the medal tables at the Pan-American Games. In conclusion, this article argues that from International Relations, the International Structure configures the medal plans of countries, namely, where they want to be positioned in the final rankings, which in the end, shapes the medal table of sports competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of the study was to describe the key factors involved in the preparation process of the Brazilian bronze medal kata team for the 2019 Pan American Games, focusing on the athletes' perceptions. Methods: Three male athletes from the Brazilian team performed a semistructured interview to identify the following topics: specific time for preparation, training organization, supplementary support, and perception and suggestion about the efficiency of the preparation process. Results: Data from interviews were gathered and coded, and the major themes were summarized as follows after performing content analysis of the data: (a) technical and tactical training took the major part of the preparation; (b) the high level of the coaches helped the team to reach the technical quality of the kata; (c) better psychological support during the preparation could improve the athletes' performance during the training and competition; and (d) the lack of financial support compromised the commitment of the athletes during the training routine. Conclusion: We concluded, based on the athletes' perception, that the most positive factor during preparation for a major competition was the high amount of time focused on technical-tactical training. Even with limitations to performing the physical training, the athletes recognized the importance of the physical component, to increase performance. Financial and psychological support could have helped the team to reach a better result (gold medal) attenuating the training distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeThe main aim of the study was to describe the key factors involved in the preparation process of the Brazilian bronze medal kata team for the 2019 Pan American Games, focusing on the athletes’ perceptions.MethodsThree male athletes from the Brazilian team performed a semistructured interview to identify the following topics: specific time for preparation, training organization, supplementary support, and perception and suggestion about the efficiency of the preparation process.ResultsData from interviews were gathered and coded, and the major themes were summarized as follows after performing content analysis of the data: (a) technical and tactical training took the major part of the preparation; (b) the high level of the coaches helped the team to reach the technical quality of the kata; (c) better psychological support during the preparation could improve the athletes’ performance during the training and competition; and (d) the lack of financial support compromised the commitment of the athletes during the training routine.ConclusionWe concluded, based on the athletes’ perception, that the most positive factor during preparation for a major competition was the high amount of time focused on technical-tactical training. Even with limitations to performing the physical training, the athletes recognized the importance of the physical component, to increase performance. Financial and psychological support could have helped the team to reach a better result (gold medal) attenuating the training distress.

This paper sought to examine the stakeholder network governance structures of two international and two domestic multisports events focusing on (a) exploring the structural connectedness of these networks and (b) illuminating powerful stakeholders vis-à-vis centrality and the ability to control the network's flow. An exploratory, comparative case study design was built by means of 58 interviews and 550 archival materials. Findings highlight international sports events are sparsely connected networks with power concentrated in the organizing committee, government, and venue stakeholders, who broker coordination with other stakeholders. In contrast, domestic sport event organizing committees appear more decentralized as coordinating actors: Sport organizations, sponsors, and community-based stakeholders emerged as highly connected, powerful stakeholders. Domestic event governance decentralization highlights a potential imbalance in stakeholder interests through network flow control by multiple actors, while the governments' centrality in international events demonstrates not only mode-dependent salience but also visibility/reputational risks and jurisdictional responsibilities-based salience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the authors experience of being as a member of the Jamaica Hand Gun Target Team to the Pan American Games held in Winnipeg, 1967 including no anxiety or anticipatory anxiety conscious.

The article talks about several sports mega-events and their legacies for life in cities and democracy. It mentions about experiencing moments of optimism, euphoria and disappointment, related to panoramas economic and political aspects between the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2016 Olympic Games; and International Olympic Committee (IOC) has enjoyed long-term sporting and social benefits of hosting Olympics.

The purpose of this article was to examine how the decision-making process changes as a major sport event's organizing committee moves from the planning to the implementation to the wrap-up modes. A case study of the 1999 Pan American Games, its organizing committee, and its stakeholders was built by means of interviews and archival material. Velocity impacted decision making in different ways. First, the importance of the time, context, and resources parameters changed, as did the model of decision making (from administrative to garbage can to rational). As well, four drivers of decision making (structural dimensions, stakeholder interactions, information management, and personal characteristics) were found. A key strategy for decision makers faced with an increasing velocity environment was planning for the need to react (come Games time) through risk assessments and contingency plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to develop a framework of how organizing committees operationally evolve and the types of issues with which they and their stakeholders must deal. Based on a combination of stakeholder theory and issues management, a case study of the 1999 Pan American Games held in Winnipeg, Canada, was built using archival material and interviews. Three major organizing-committee operational modes emerged: planning, implementation, and wrap-up. Issue categories faced by the organizing committee and its stakeholders included politics, visibility, financial, organizing, relationships, operations, sport, infrastructure, human resources, media, interdependence, participation, and legacy. Issue-category prominence depended on the operational mode and organizing-committee member hierarchical level, such that issues became less strategic and broad as one moved through operational modes or down the hierarchy. Issue categories also differed within stakeholder groups, whereas stakeholder interests (material, political, affiliative, informational, and symbolic) differed between stakeholder groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]