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Weaving together Anglo-American folklore, the Indian captivity narrative genre, and science fiction and fantasy with Midwest settings, Attebery explores the lasting influence of the pastoral chronotope of the "middle landscape" and its entanglement with colonialism and empire. Scholar Guest of Honor Address, Mythcon 53. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that Moll Flanders learns through experience to prefer entering into written, rather than verbal, marriage contracts, regardless of either type of contract's enforceability. It draws upon contract theories that emphasize relationship building as opposed to establishing the groundwork for future litigation to explain why Moll prefers written to verbal contracts. I also analyze several episodes in Moll Flanders in order to demonstrate that Moll learns through experience that written contracts are a pragmatic means of asserting herself, building relationships, and articulating the terms of her relationships. Writing slows down the contracting process and compels Moll's partners to listen to her, process her words, and respond to them thoughtfully and deliberately. The more prolonged the contractual process, the longer the contracting parties can occupy a shared imaginary space of equality, negotiation, and self-creation. This argument also illuminates Pamela's annotations of Mr. B's proposal to become his mistress in Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740). I conclude that in both novels, written contracts are a feminist strategy used by female protagonists to assert their wishes despite their legal disempowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an application of recent management theories concerning the effect of pre-entry experience and knowledge transfer within the context of creative industries. The setting of the empirical research is the television situation comedy (sitcom) industry in the United States between 1949 and 2011. Specifically, we explore the factors that explain the survival rate of sitcoms and their spin-offs. We develop two sets of indicators to explore the effect of pre-entry experience: team similarity and star power based on the character/actor. Our findings show that spin-offs, or sitcoms that inherit character/actors and theme elements from a successful parent sitcom, have a greater likelihood to survive than de novo sitcoms. Even further, the greater the number of team members that not only worked with each other on previous shows but worked together on the same parent show, the better the performance of the spin-off. By contrast, star power, or the fame of the character/actor(s) that passes from the parent to the spin-off, shows no significant correlation with performance. We suggest that these results provide initial evidence that, consistent with the literature on spinouts in manufacturing industries, knowledge endowments represent an important source of performance heterogeneity in project-based industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to use an ultrathin calorimeter for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. The problems of determining the primary energy with a thin calorimeter, due to large fluctuations in shower development, the low statistics of analyzed events and the large size required for the calorimeter, are considered in detail. A solution to these problems is proposed on the basis of a lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. For energy reconstruction, so-called correlation curves are used. The main analyzed quantities are the size of the cascade and the rate of its development. The method was tested using the calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. Based on simulations, it is shown that the primary energy can be determined on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This fact solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with an increase in primary energy and with the limitation of the analyzed events. The proposed technique is universal for different energies and different nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early eighteenth century witnessed the early development of the dominant literary form of modern times, the novel. The novel emerged as a form with structure and interplay between individuals and their relationships to society. As a new form, the novel tends to make some significant, critical, and social statements about the society. Hence, the novel is used to create a new environment that is related to life and people. Indeed, this is what makes the novel appeal to readers as a new genre. Novelists either try to deal with daily social problems that happen in the lives of people or pretend that they are telling real stories. It is not surprising to find that Daniel Defoe molds his Robinson Crusoe (1719)on a real story while Samuel Richardson in Pamela (1740) turns out to be didactic to meet the needs of the growing numbers of female readers. On his part, Henry Fielding tries to expose his society to the readers in his masterpiece The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749); from now on Tom Jones. Accordingly, the novel becomes popular at this time because it has something relevant to the mob; it deals with their social life, and they can identify themselves with its characters in the actual daily life. Through Tom Jones, Fielding presented “a true and realistic picture of human nature” (Kettle, 71). As long as its main concern is the existing society, novelists feel so involved that their criticism becomes direct, frank, and effective. My paper deals with these concerns as depicted in the novels mentioned above.

Este artículo analiza la manera en la cual la novela inglesa Fanny Hill (1748) de John Cleland sintetiza el idealismo cervantino, propio de la novela sentimental, y el realismo, heredero de la picaresca femenina. Al situar esta obra en la gesta de la novela dieciochesca inglesa, especialmente frente a las obras de Samuel Richardson y en constante diálogo con el legado picaresco y cervantino, Fanny Hill emerge como una novela compleja, metaficticia y reflexiva. En su reflexividad, Cleland se enfoca en analizar los mecanismos de la novela en general y de la novela pornográfica en particular. Los mecanismos que se destacan son la reflexión sobre el ejercicio literario, el registro lingüístico y la recepción. Sobre todo, Fanny —como “narradora”— se detiene a analizar con detalle el savoir faire de la novela pornográfica en la cual el tema central del sexo, en cuanto mecánico y repetitivo, exige una narrativa mecánica y repetitiva. Finalmente, el artículo destaca la complicada agencia simbólica, literaria, económica y de género, que despliega la “narradora” Fanny ante otras protagonistas de la novela inglesa, como Pamela o Clarissa. Al enfatizar la síntesis que la novela hace del idealismo y del realismo, así como su constante reflexividad, arguyo que Fanny Hill debe ser considerada más que una obra exclusivamente pornográfica y entrar en el canon de la novela inglesa del dieciocho.

In this article, I offer a reading of an episode in part II, chapter 44, of Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote. The tearing of the protagonist's stocking during his sojourn in the palace of the duke and duchess, I argue, produces an instance of realism as an affirmation of the outside world that signals the defeat of the chivalric hero and compromises the satirical enterprise in the palace. I end by comparing Cervantes's use of the torn stocking to produce realism with two similar scenes, one in Samuel Richardson's Pamela and the other in Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy. Despite their different aesthetic propositions, these three novels share the use of seemingly irrelevant circumstances, such as the tearing of a stocking, to ground the objectives of certain fantastic projects in the realm of the normative. This comparison illustrates the importance of looking not only at how texts are classified but also at how specific literary worlds are constructed when accounting for the relationship among early realist novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental data obtained with Pamela, Fermi, AMS‐02, and other spectrometers cannot be explained using the diffusive models of propagation of cosmic‐rays accelerated at the supernova shocks and require the existence of nearby sources of cosmic rays at the distances less than 1 kpc. These sources could explain the growth of the ratio of galactic positrons to electrons with an increase of their energy, the complex dependence of the exponent of the proton and alpha spectra from the energy of these particles, the appearance of anomaly component in cosmic rays. We consider active dwarf stars as possible sources of galactic cosmic rays in the energy range up to ∼1014 eV. These stars produce powerful stellar flares sometimes with energy release more than 1036 erg. The generation of high‐energy cosmic rays should be accompanied by high‐energy gamma‐ray emission, which may be detected. Here we present the SHALON long‐term observation data aimed to search for gamma‐ray emission above 800 GeV from the active red dwarf stars: V388 Cas, V547 Cas, V780 Tau, V962 Tau, V1589 Cyg, GJ 3684, GJ 1078, and GL 851.1. The TeV gamma‐ray emission mostly of flaring type from these sources was detected. This result confirms that active dwarf stars are also the sources of high‐energy galactic cosmic rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawn from the author’s experience teaching Samuel Richardson’s novel Pamela during the #Metoo movement, this essay argues that bringing current discourses of consent and gender-based violence into conversation with the novel deepens students’ engagement with and interest in the eighteenth century. While students identify specters of Pamela and Mr. B’s relationship in their own worlds, the novel is also a helpful tool in revealing the many ways in which consent can be coerced.

The subject of this paper is not the influence of Pierre de Marivaux's La Vie de Marianne upon Samuel Richardson's Pamela (a question that has been widely discussed since the 18th century). In spite of some obvious similarities, La Vie de Marianne and Pamela are two profoundly dissimilar novels. Pamela is a tale with a happy ending and a clear moral message. La vie de Marianne is an unfinished tale and, as such, morally ambiguous by its very nature. However, at crucial moments of their stories, confronted with the first attempts upon their virtue, both heroines react in accordance with their sense of propriety in clothing as well as with an acute fashion sense. In both novels, the seducer tries to lure his victim with clothes. Upon receiving the gift, both girls display a naive and joyful gratitude. Their dilemma begins when the gift of clothing turns out to be a gift of lingerie. The self-indulgent French heroine, after a short reflection, decides to keep the clothes. Pamela turns out to be a much more modern young woman. She returns the gift and – in a seemingly paradoxical way – puts herself in need of a new set of clothes.

Drawn from the author's experience teaching Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela during the #Metoo movement, this essay argues that bringing current discourses of consent and gender-based violence into conversation with the novel deepens students' engagement with and interest in the eighteenth century. While students identify specters of Pamela and Mr. B's relationship in their own worlds, the novel is also a helpful tool in revealing the many ways in which consent can be coerced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to use an ultrathin calorimeter for direct measurements of cosmic rays with energies of TeV and higher. The problems of determining the primary energy with a thin calorimeter, due to large fluctuations in shower development, the low statistics of analyzed events and the large size required for the calorimeter, are considered in detail. A solution to these problems is proposed on the basis of a lessening fluctuation method. This method is based on the assumption of the universality of the development of cascades initiated by particles of the same energy and mass. For energy reconstruction, so-called correlation curves are used. The main analyzed quantities are the size of the cascade and the rate of its development. The method was tested using the calorimeter of the PAMELA collaboration. Based on simulations, it is shown that the primary energy can be determined on the ascending branch of the cascade curve. This fact solves the problems associated with the need to increase the calorimeter thickness with an increase in primary energy and with the limitation of the analyzed events. The proposed technique is universal for different energies and different nuclei.

The influence of atmospheric environment is fundamental for Free-Space Optical link (FSO). The atmosphere can significantly degrade the communication quality of FSO up to so low received power/RSSI level that it can lead to the loss of communication. For this reason, authors used a professional weather station built on site of FSO link for measurement of real atmospheric conditions such as wind speed, temperature, relative air humidity, air pressure and solar radiation. Random changing of these atmosphere parameters creates atmospheric turbulences, absorption and dispersion centers. It is necessary to specify the value of refractive index structure parameter Cn^2 because it determines the influence of atmosphere on the FSO. The first part of this article includes the theoretical calculation of Cn^2, there are used two models PAMELA and Macroscale Meteorological model. The evaluation of the atmospheric influences and the RSSI value of received power level and also simulation of different types of modulation formats OOK-RZ, OOK-NRZ and BPSK in Optiwave is integral part of this article.

On the basis of the temporal behavior of the galactic cosmic rays and the heliospheric factors observed in 2007-2008 and 2014-2015, their average heliolongitude distributions are formed and compared. In addition to the neutron monitor data, the provisional database of daily average galactic cosmic ray proton intensities measured by the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment in 2006-2015 is used. It is shown that the properties of the heliolongitude distributions in the above periods are substantially different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Energetic Proton, Electron, and Alpha Detector (EPEAD) and High Energy Proton and Alpha Detector (HEPAD) instruments on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) spacecraft have served over many years as monitors of the solar particle intensities, surveying the Sun and measuring in situ its effect on the near-Earth solar-terrestrial environment. However, the reconstruction of the differential energy spectra is affected by large uncertainties related to the poor energy resolution, the small geometrical factor, and the high contamination by out-of-acceptance particles. In this work, the high-quality data set from the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) space mission is used to calibrate the high-energy (>80 MeV) proton channels of the EPEAD and the HEPAD sensors on board the GOES 13 and 15, bringing the measured spectral intensities inline with those registered by PAMELA. Suggested corrections significantly reduce the uncertainties on the response of GOES detectors, thus improving the reliability of the spectroscopic observations of solar energetic particle events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energetic particles (SEP) are a key target of heliophysics research, not only as exemplars of particle acceleration and transport processes that are ubiquitous in astrophysical plasmas, but also as the most intense transient radiation hazard for human and robotic space explorers. SEPs are very well-observed by spacecraft covering particle energies below several hundred MeV/nucleon. Multiple missions, stretching back over decades, have yielded a fairly complete description of SEP intensity, energy spectra, and composition up to a few hundred MeV/nucleon. SEP characteristics at higher energies are, by comparison, only poorly understood due to the relative dearth of high-energy measurements. This lack of high energy measurements has contributed to a disagreement within the heliophysics community regarding the source regions and mechanisms that accelerate particles up to GeV energies. In solar cycle 24, the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) have been taking measurements of the highest energy SEPs from ∼ 100 MeV to the GeV. Since the literature has discussed SEP acceleration to GeV energies in terms of Ground Level Enhancements (GLE), we will review the findings for GLEs in solar cycle 23. We will discuss the models and theories that address acceleration up to the GeV and how AMS and PAMELA measurements have the potential to advance the current understanding of SEP acceleration physics. Lastly, only 1–2 GLEs have occurred during solar cycle 24, so we will explore a set of SEP events that were observed in the ⩾100 MeV GOES channels, most of which were also observed by PAMELA and AMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates questions of readership, pricing and visual literacy by relating eighteenth-century illustrated chapbook abridgements of Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) to the author's 1742 edition, featuring illustrations by Hubert-François Gravelot and Francis Hayman. It focuses on the affordability of chapbook abridgements and the straightforward readability of their illustrations, which would have been accessible to many readers. While few readers would have had access, financially, to the Gravelot-Hayman de luxe edition, Pamela chapbooks reached larger groups of readers and shaped the text's popular reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of atmospheric environment is fundamental for Free-Space Optical link (FSO). The atmosphere can significantly degrade the communication quality of FSO up to so low received power/RSSI level that it can lead to the loss of communication. For this reason, authors used a professional weather station built on site of FSO link for measurement of real atmospheric conditions such as wind speed, temperature, relative air humidity, air pressure and solar radiation. Random changing of these atmosphere parameters creates atmospheric turbulences, absorption and dispersion centers. It is necessary to specify the value of refractive index structure parameter cn2 because it determines the influence of atmosphere on the FSO. The first part of this article includes the theoretical calculation of cn2, there are used two models PAMELA and Macroscale-Meteorological model. The evaluation of the atmospheric influences and the RSSI value of received power level and also simulation of different types of modulation formats OOK-RZ, OOK-NRZ and BPSK in Optiwave is integral part of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reliable radiation risk assessment in space is a mandatory step for the development of countermeasures and long duration mission planning in human spaceflight.Research in radiobiology provides information about possible risks linked to radiation. In addition, for a meaningful risk evaluation, the radiation exposure has to be assessed to a sufficient level of accuracy. Consequently, both the radiation models predicting the risks and the measurements used to validate such models must have an equivalent precision. Corresponding measurements can be performed both with passive and active devices. The former are easier to handle, cheaper, lighter and smaller but they measure neither the time dependence of the radiation environment nor some of the details useful for a comprehensive radiation risk assessment. Active detectors provide most of these details and have been extensively used in the International Space Station (ISS).To easily access such an amount of data, a single point access is becoming essential. This review presents an ongoing work on the development of a tool which allows obtaining information about all relevant measurements performed with active detectors providing reliable inputs for radiation model validation.

The essay explores a pedagogy of adaptation that focuses on examining intertextuality and engaging students in textual production through the creation of an adaptation. The paper discusses the success of assigning an adaptation project in an upper-level, third-year literature course taught at a small university. It examines student adaptations of writings by William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Mary Shelley, and Ben H. Winters and of existing film adaptations of Sense and Sensibility and Frankenstein. I link student projects to critical concepts such as re-vision and multimodality, and disciplines such as literary studies and the digital humanities. I also analyze how the projects reflect students' interests in popular culture and fandom.

The eighteenth-century British literature described middle-class life and debated what would later be called bourgeois morality. Its role was somewhat connected to the greater education of the ordinary woman. As soon as Richardson wrote Pamela the novel became major intellectual nourishment. In this period, females were able to express their cultural power by means of theatre and novel. Issues of gender were widely debated in the eighteenth-century English society. The period witnessed an upsurge of argument about women’s roles. The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast two of the most important works written in this period: Fielding’s “An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews” and Richardson’s epistolary novel “Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded”, focusing mainly on the views of the two feminine protagonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pamela is Samuel Richardson's great masterpiece. Since the initial publication of Pamela in 1740, it has received extensive attentions. It's generally accepted that Samuel Richardson's Pamela is a prime example of the epistolary novel. However, the first rise of the psychological novel as a genre is said to have started with the sentimental novel of Samuel Richardson's Pamela. Many factors contribute to the success of Pamela, the most important one is the vivid description of heroine's psychological activities. It has profound impact on the later writers and played a significant role in the world literature. Pamela's inner world is incompatible, she suffered a lot from the upper class and she was longing for an independent life and social position. Also she could not cast off the shackle of the patriarchy society. Recently, most researches are focused on the novel's moral value, the epistolary form, feminism, history and religious perspective. However, this paper will mainly focus on the heroine's inner world and intend to conduct a psychological analysis of Pamela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns Samuel Richardson