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Objective: Western diet is associated with chronic disease risk, and degree of dietary acculturation can impact susceptibility. This study sought to understand the factors associated with changes in food consumption habits among international students at a large public university in the southern US. Participants: A convenience sample of 173 international students representing 41 countries at The University of Georgia participated in the survey. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey assessed dietary habits, perception of healthy eating, and level of acculturation using previously validated measures. Results: Highest number of participants were from China (19.2%), 89.0% were graduate students with an average age of 27.5 ± 4.83 years. The majority (62.0%) of participants were dietary acculturated with affordability and accessibility determining types of food consumption, as fewer whole foods and more processed foods were consumed in the U.S. Conclusions: Findings suggest dietary acculturation may be driven by economic factors, making the transition to Westernized food items a convenient and cost-effective choice among international students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Universal Infant Free School Meal (UIFSM) policy was introduced in 2014/15 in England and Scotland for schoolchildren aged 4–7 years, leading to an increase in school meal uptake. UK school meals are known to be healthier and less industrially processed than food brought from home (packed lunches). However, the impact of the UIFSM policy on the quantity of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumed at school during lunchtime is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the UIFSM policy on lunchtime intakes of UPF in English and Scottish schoolchildren. Methods: Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2019) were used to conduct a difference-in-difference (DID) natural experiment. Outcomes included school meal uptake and the average intake of UPF (% of total lunch in grams (%g) and % total lunch in Kcal (%Kcal)) during school lunchtime. The change in the outcomes before and after the introduction of UIFSM (September 2014 in England, January 2015 in Scotland) in the intervention group (4–7 years, n = 835) was compared to the change in an unexposed control group (8–11 years, n = 783), using linear regression. Inverse probability weights were used to balance characteristics between intervention and control groups. Results: Before UIFSM, school meal uptake and consumption of UPFs were similar in the intervention and control groups. The DID model showed that after UIFSM, school meal uptake rose by 25%-points (pp) (95% CI 14.2, 35.9) and consumption of UPFs (%g) decreased by 6.8pp (95% CI -12.5,-1.0). Analyses indicated this was driven by increases in minimally processed dairy and eggs, and starchy foods, and decreases in ultra-processed salty snacks, bread and drinks. The differences were larger in the lowest-income children (-19.3 UPF(%g); 95% CI -30.4,-8.2) compared to middle- and high-income children. Analyses using UPF %Kcal had similar conclusions. Conclusions: This study builds on previous evidence suggesting that UIFSM had a positive impact on dietary patterns, showing that it reduced consumption of UPFs at school lunchtime, with the greatest impact for children from the lowest-income households. Universal free school meals could be an important policy for long term equitable improvements in children's diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) has been used as an ink developer in thermal paper products including price labels on food packaging which have been suggested as the sources of BPS found at high levels in packaged fish samples. BPS in the printed price labels glued onto the outside of plastic film could migrate indirectly from the printed surface through the paper, adhesive and film into the food. In order to investigate if price labels could also be the sources of BPS detected in the meat samples in our previous studies, meat and other food samples packaged under different conditions were collected, and BPS in these samples together with the price labels on the corresponding packaging were extracted with solvent followed by solid phase extraction and stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS analysis. BPS was detected at very high levels (161.7–222.4 µg/cm2) in all the five sticker type of price labels, indicating BPS being the dominant if not the sole ink developer. BPS was also detected in all the 26 continuous roll type of price labels but at very low levels (0.017–18 ng/cm2), indicating that the dominant ink developer is likely one of the other alternatives, rather than BPS. Despite BPS being detected in all price labels on packaging of fish, meat, and cheese samples, BPS was not detected or detected in only a few fish, meat, and cheese samples at levels considerably lower than the current EU specific migration limit (SML) of 50 ng/g food for BPS authorised under Regulation (EU) 10/2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on ultra-processed food addiction (FA) has utilized the self-report Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures to identify individuals who experience indicators of substance-use disorders with respect to their consumption of ultra-processed foods. Studies using the YFAS have provided insight into the clinical utility of FA as both a distinct construct and an indicator of more severe psychopathology among individuals with eating disorders. However, the absence of clinician-administered assessment tools for FA has been identified as a barrier to the evaluation of FA as a novel clinical syndrome. Thus, the present study reflects the development of the Food Addiction Symptom Inventory (FASI), a clinician-administered assessment of FA, adapted from the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth editon modules for diagnosing substance-use disorders. The psychometric properties of the FASI and its concordance with the YFAS 2.0 were evaluated in a cross-sectional study of adults (n = 53) with binge-type eating disorders. The FASI performed appropriately on indices of reliability and validity. Concordance between the FASI and YFAS 2.0 was established for the symptom scores (r =.53, p <.001), and >70% agreement was achieved for FA categorization. Using the FASI, 80% of individuals with bulimia nervosa and 91.7% of those with binge eating disorder were identified as exhibiting FA. While the YFAS 2.0 and FASI both lead to similar assessments of FA symptoms, the FASI provides an essential approach for clinician-guided identification of this phenotype, which may be particularly important when participants have high levels of dietary restraint or limited insight into the impact of their eating behavior. Public Significance Statement: The Food Addiction Symptom Inventory is the first clinician-guided interview for assessing addictive-like responses to ultra-processed foods. The Food Addiction Symptom Inventory parallels the most widely validated approach for diagnosing substance-use disorders and is critical for advancing research on whether ultra-processed food addiction is a distinct and meaningful clinical syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The impact of unhealthy foods and beverages, namely those high in sugar, salt, and saturated or trans fats, has been studied extensively in relation to weight, body composition, and noncommunicable diseases, but less so in relation to the risk of dental caries. Few previous reviews have examined the evidence from all countries globally. Objective A systematic review was conducted to assess the impact of unhealthy food and beverage consumption on the risk of dental caries in children aged ≤10 years, commissioned by the World Health Organization to inform updated complementary feeding recommendations. Data Sources Systematic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for articles meeting the inclusion criteria dating from January 1971 to March 2022; supplementary searches were undertaken for articles from that period to June 2022. Data Extraction Unhealthy foods and beverages were identified using nutrient- and food-based approaches. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Data Analysis A total of 30 023 unique citations were screened, yielding 37 studies for inclusion. Studies were conducted in high-income (n = 23 [62.2%]) or middle-income countries (n = 14 [37.8%]). Evidence synthesis was performed narratively, stratified by age (0 years to <2 years, 2 years to <5 years, and 5 years to ≤10 years) and exposure (unhealthy foods and unhealthy beverages). The heterogeneity of the exposures and comparators across studies was high. Almost all studies (n = 34) reported positive associations between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or foods high in free sugars and dental caries. However, 67.6% of studies were assessed as having serious risk of bias. Conclusion The evidence indicates that the consumption of unhealthy food and beverages in children ≤10 years appears to increase the risk of dental caries. Further longitudinal studies with high-quality dietary assessments, including studies in low-income countries and children aged >5 years at baseline, are recommended in order to build a more robust evidence base for use in the development of policy recommendations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020218109. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Retail workers comprise millions of people, but little is known about their eating behaviors and food consumption patterns. OBJECTIVE: To examine the healthy eating behaviors and food consumption frequencies of retail workers in shopping malls. METHODS: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 385 retail employees working in ready-made garment stores of shopping malls in Istanbul (42% of those eligible). A descriptive information form, the nutrition subscale of the Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP), and the Food Consumption Frequency Survey were used as data collection tools. RESULTS: It was determined that more than half of the participants skipped breakfast and other meals and consumed fast food and packaged and acidic drinks five to six days a week. The mean score of the participants on the HPLP-nutrition subscale was determined to be 11.79±3.29. CONCLUSIONS: The retail workers in shopping malls were found to have insufficient healthy eating behaviors, a low frequency of healthy food consumption, and a high level of fast-food consumption. Maintaining healthy eating habits is crucial for the health of employees. It is necessary for workplaces to take steps to help their employees become aware of and practice healthy eating. Workplaces should also be encouraged to provide healthy food options for their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food marketing restrictions often apply nutrient profile models (NPM) to distinguish unhealthy products that should not be advertised, however brand-only marketing remains largely unaddressed. We sought to test a threshold method for classifying packaged food, beverage, or fast-food brands as (non)permitted for marketing, based on the nutrient profile of their product-lines. Methods: We retrieved nutrient information from the Nutritrack databases for all products sold by the top 51 packaged food, beverage and fast-food brands in New Zealand, selected by market share. All products under each brand were classified as permitted (or not) to be marketed to children, using the NPM for WHO Western Pacific. The 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% threshold of brands' products permitted to market were compared. The 50% and 75% thresholds were compared to the WHO CLICK method, which is based on assessment of the brand's leading product. Results: The 90% threshold permitted 13% of the brands to be marketed to children. The 25% threshold permitted the marketing of 62% of brands. The 50% and 75% thresholds remained highly sensitive in identifying brands that should not be marketed to children. Comparison to the WHO CLICK method identified that a threshold method is more comprehensive and less arbitrary. Conclusions: A threshold model based on product-line nutrient profiling provides a robust and option for brand classification. The 50% and 75% thresholds may be the most politically preferred options for use in regulation, while remaining highly effective. Practitioner points: Brand marketing (e.g. sponsorship) remains largely unaddressed in existing restrictions on unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children. An established Nutrient Profile Model can be applied to a brand's entire product line, allowing calculation of the proportion of products that would not be permitted to be advertised to children. Restricting brand marketing for food and beverage brands with less than 50% or 75% of their products classified as 'permitted to be marketed to children' is a robust and evidence-based method that can be applied in regulation, with potential to mitigate industry challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthy diets reduce the risk of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs) from diabetes to heart disease and hypertension to cancer. Given their busy lifestyles, it is difficult for individuals to routinely prepare healthy food. Therefore, healthy and ready meal products have been developed and commercially launched in Thailand. Objectives: Considering ready and healthy meals as an innovative product line in the Thai market, the aim of this study was to identify the factors that influence NCD patients to adopt this product innovation. Methods: This study used a mixed-methods approach based on Roger's model of innovation adoption. Two hundred and twenty NCD patients completed a questionnaire regarding their expectations towards healthy meal products. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 respondents to explore the underlying reasons behind their scoring decisions in the questionnaires. Results: The findings revealed that the highest rated items were the expectation that healthy meals reduce the severity of disease, help avoid high-cholesterol food, and comprise a variety of meal choices. Instead of celebrity marketing and corporate branding, the patients preferred healthy meals that are recommended by health professionals and produced by university research teams. The qualitative findings also demonstrated that most patients welcomed healthy menus as a preventive treatment, but still have concerns regarding the availability and quality of the products. Conclusion: This study reveals the expectations of prospective consumers, specifically NCD patients, towards healthy and ready meal products. It adds key information for food producers, health professionals, and policymakers to foster healthy food innovation, especially in the context of emerging economies like Thailand where healthy food choices are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-village indigenous people may face urban lifestyle influences, impacting their nutritional profile. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the temporal trends in the nutritional status (2008–2023) and food consumption (2015–2023) of non-village indigenous people in Brazil, using data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN). Methods: In this time series study, secondary data available on the SISVAN online platform were used. All records of non-village indigenous people from all regions of Brazil were evaluated. Nutritional status was assessed using height-for-age (H/A) and Body Mass Index-for-age (BMI/A) for children and adolescents, and BMI for adults and the elderly. Food consumption trends were analyzed using food consumption screeners, based on specific food groups consumed the day before the assessment. An annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using Prais-Winsten regression models. Results: There was a reduction in severe stunting among children aged 2 to 4 years old (APC = -0.80%; p = 0.025) and 5 to 9 years old (APC = -4.02%; p < 0.001). Adolescents showed an increase in thinness (APC = 0.91%; p = 0.016) and obesity (APC = 4.38%; p < 0.001). In adults and the elderly, there was a decrease in underweight (APC = -5.59%; p = 0.002 and APC = -3.12%; p < 0.001, respectively) and an increase in obesity grade 1 and overweight (APC = 3.81%; p < 0.001 and APC = 1.82%; p < 0.001, respectively). There was an increase in vegetable consumption among children, adolescents and the elderly, and a rise in the consumption of hamburgers and sausages across all age groups. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the nutritional status of children and adolescents, with reduced stunting, but a rise in obesity among adolescents, adults and the elderly. Food consumption trends showed increased consumption of vegetables and ultra-processed foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No study has investigated the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) and pre-diabetes development. Furthermore, prior investigations on the association between UPF and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) were primarily conducted in Europe and America, and studies in other regions are lacking. We investigated the association between ultra-processed foods and the risk of pre-diabetes and T2D in a cohort of Iranians. Methods: This prospective study, with a sample size of 1954 for pre-diabetes and 2457 for T2D, was conducted among adults' participants (aged ≥ 18 years) from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). We defined UPF intake using NOVA calcification as a proportion of total energy, and calculated its average intake during the follow-ups. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for pre-diabetes/T2D across tertiles of total UPF and per 10% of its increment were examined using Cox proportional hazards models. We also investigated the possibility of non-linear association using a restricted cubic spline regression. Results: We identified 766 and 256 cases of pre-diabetes and T2D, respectively, during a median follow-up of 7 years for pre-diabetes and 8.6 years for T2D. In the multivariable adjusted model, a 10% increase in total UPF intake was associated with a 12% higher risk of pre-diabetes (HR = 1.12; 95% 1.02, 1.23). The incidence of pre-diabetes was also higher in those in tertile 3 than those in tertile 1 (HR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.52). Following additional adjustment for diet quality, the results remained unchanged. Spline regression demonstrated a J-shaped association between UPF and the risk of pre-diabetes; the risk of pre-diabetes did not increase until UPF consumption exceeded about 24% of total energy intake. Of the individual UPF, hydrogenated fat/mayonnaise/ margarine group was related to an increased risk of pre-diabetes. The total UPF and its individual items were not associated with T2D. Conclusions: This study found a positive, non-linear relationship between total UPF and the risk of pre-diabetes in Iranian adults. Our data could not show any significant association between UPF and T2D risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutrient content and degree of processing are complementary but distinct concepts, and a growing body of evidence shows that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) can have detrimental health effects independently from nutrient content. 10 + countries currently mandate front-of-package labels (FOPL) to inform consumers when products are high in added sugars, saturated fat, and/or sodium. Public health advocates have been calling for the addition of ultra-processed warning labels to these FOPLs, but the extent to which consumers would understand and be influenced by such labels remains unknown. We examined whether the addition of ultra-processed warning labels to existing nutrient warning labels could influence consumers' product perceptions and purchase intentions. Methods: In 2023, a sample of adults in Brazil (n = 1,004) answered an open-ended question about the meaning of the term "ultra-processed," followed by an online experiment where they saw four ultra-processed products carrying warning labels. Participants were randomly assigned to view either only nutrient warning labels or nutrient plus ultra-processed warning labels. Participants then answered questions about their intentions to purchase the products, product perceptions, and perceived label effectiveness. Results: Most participants (69%) exhibited a moderate understanding of the term "ultra-processed" prior to the experiment. The addition of an ultra-processed warning label led to a higher share of participants who correctly identified the products as UPFs compared to nutrient warning labels alone (Cohen's d = 0.16, p = 0.02). However, the addition of the ultra-processed warning label did not significantly influence purchase intentions, product healthfulness perceptions, or perceived label effectiveness compared to nutrient warning labels alone (all p > 0.05). In exploratory analyses, demographic characteristics and prior understanding of the concept of UPF did not moderate the effect of ultra-processed warning labels. Conclusions: Ultra-processed warning labels may help consumers better identify UPFs, although they do not seem to influence behavioral intentions and product perceptions beyond the influence already exerted by nutrient warning labels. Future research should examine how ultra-processed warning labels would work for products that do and do not require nutrient warnings, as well as examine the benefits of labeling approaches that signal the health effects of UPFs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05842460. Prospectively registered March 15th, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to assess consumers' knowledge, perception, and practical understanding of food labels. A validated, structured questionnaire was employed for data collection. Data were collected from 1238 respondents covering all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh using a nonrandomized convenience sampling method. Linear regression analyses were conducted to establish the relationship between demographic attributes and respondents' practical understanding of food labels. The majority of participants (52.5%) actively read food labels when purchasing a product for the first time. Food labels are regarded as "very important" by 56.2% of respondents and "important" by 35.7% of respondents. Label information is prioritized to highlight the importance of clear production and expiration dates (70%), followed by nutritional composition (56.7%) and source of raw material (52.5%). Despite this, over half of the participants demonstrated a limited practical understanding of the nutritional components on labels. The results of our linear regression analysis suggest that individuals within the age range of 18–28, belonging to Muslim communities, residing in the Dhaka and Khulna divisions, being higher educated, possessing a good understanding of nutrition, and being acquainted with the food safety agency of Bangladesh tend to exhibit a greater degree of practical knowledge regarding food labeling when compared to their counterparts. The study emphasizes the importance of clearer label information, particularly for nutritional value, and calls for targeted educational programs to improve consumer understanding of food labels, with a focus on older age groups and expanded educational efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repellent activity of two odourless vegetable oils (sweet almond—SAO and soybean—SO) applied on filter paper and four types of food packaging materials (polyethylene film, plastic gunnysacks, cardboard, and wood) was tested against three species of stored product pests (Sitophilus granarius, Tribolium castaneum, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis). The repellence of three doses was evaluated after 24 h, and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Both oils exhibited a repellent effect when applied to filter paper, but this effect decreased with time and concentration. The most susceptible species was T. castaneum. The maximum repellence was 84% and 76% for SO and SAO, respectively. On packaging materials, the repellent effect diminished after a certain period of time, ranging from 7 to 28 days. Subsequently, the oils even became attractive. Generally, the repellent effects of both SO and SAO were higher on cardboard and wood slab than on polyethylene film and plastic gunnysacks. As such, in the case of SO, the repellence against T. castaneum was 88% 24 h after application on cardboard, whilst 68% on plastic bag. This work demonstrated the repellent potential of vegetable oils in the short term for the protection of packaged food against stored product pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We quantified levels of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and investigated consumption patterns in a representative sample of UK adolescents. Methods: We used data from 4-day food diaries from adolescents in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2008/09–2018/19). UPF were identified using the NOVA classification. We estimated the percentage of Total Energy Intake (%TEI) and the absolute weight (grams). Linear regression models quantified differences in UPF consumption across survey years and its association with participant's individual characteristics. This was an analysis of the repeated cross-sectional data from the UK NDNS Rolling Programme waves 1–11 (2008/09–2018/19). A total of 2991 adolescents (11–18y) with complete information on dietary intake were included. Results: Mean UPF consumption was 861 (SD 442) g/d and this accounted for 65.9% (SD 13.4%) of TEI. Between 2008 and 2019, mean UPF consumption decreased from 996 to 776 g/d [ – 211 (95%CI – 302; – 120)] and from 67.7% to 62.8% of TEI [ – 4.8% (95%CI – 8.1; – 1.5)]. Higher %TEI was consumed by adolescents with lower socioeconomic status; white ethnicity and living in England North. A higher weight of UPF consumption (g/d) was associated with being male, white, age 18y, having parents with routine or manual occupation, living in England North, and living with obesity. Conclusion: Average energy intake from UPF has decreased over a decade in UK adolescents. We observed a social and regional patterning of UPF consumption, with higher consumption among adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, from a white ethnicity and living in England North. Our findings suggest inequalities associated with UPF intake and factors that might lie beyond individual choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Muscle mass is vital for physical activity and fundamental physiological processes supporting long-term health. While aging is inevitable, certain modifiable factors positively influence muscle preservation and overall well-being. However, the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and muscle mass is not yet clear. Methods: This study included 7,173 men and nonpregnant women aged 20–59 years with valid 24-hour dietary recalls and accessible whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from NHANES 2011–2018. UPFs were identified through the NOVA classification system, and the percentage of energy derived from UPF consumption was evaluated in quintiles. Muscle mass measures were derived from DXA scans and quantified by the total and regional muscle mass index (MMI, kg/m²) and appendicular muscle mass index (AMMI, kg/m²). Multivariable-adjusted generalized linear regression models were applied to investigate the association between consumption of UPFs and muscle mass measures overall and by sociodemographic subgroups. Results: The multivariable-adjusted differences of total MMI from the lowest to highest quintile of UPF consumption were 0 (reference), -0.03 (95% CI, -0.13, 0.07), -0.13 (95%CI, -0.24, -0.04), -0.12 (95% CI, -0.23, -0.01), and − 0.17 (95% CI, -0.27, -0.08) (P for trend < 0.001). Subtotal MMI followed a similar magnitude of associational pattern as total MMI. For trunk MMI, corresponding values from the lowest to highest quintiles of UPF consumption were 0 (reference), -0.02 (95% CI, -0.07, 0.02), -0.05 (95%CI, -0.11, 0.00), -0.07 (95% CI, -0.13, -0.01), and − 0.07 (95% CI, -0.12, -0.01). For AMMI, corresponding values from the lowest to highest quintiles of UPF consumption were 0 (reference), -0.004 (95% CI, -0.07, 0.06), -0.08 (95%CI, -0.14, -0.02), -0.05 (95% CI, -0.11, 0.02), and − 0.10 (95% CI, -0.16, -0.04) (All P for trend < 0.001). While most subgroups maintained similar overall patterns, heterogeneous findings were also observed. For example, the multivariable-adjusted differences in total MMI between the lowest and highest quantile of UPF consumption were − 0.19 (95% CI, -0.32, -0.06) for non-Hispanic Whites, 0.18 (95% CI, 0.01, 0.36) for non-Hispanic Blacks, -0.25 (95%CI, -0.45, -0.04) for Hispanics, -0.25 (95% CI, -0.51, 0.05) for non-Hispanic Asians and − 0.32 (95% CI, -0.75, 0.12) for others (P for interaction < 0.001). Conclusion: Higher consumption of UPFs was significantly associated with lower values of total and regional muscle mass. Specifically, comparing the highest quantile of UPF consumption to the lowest, total MMI decreased by 0.93%, trunk MMI decreased by 0.76%, and AMMI decreased by 1.25%. The differences in associational patterns between UPF consumption and muscle mass across sociodemographic subgroups require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coarser oat flours reduced postprandial glycemia when consumed in a porridge. • Finer oat flour porridge reduced appetite but did not impact food intake. • Adding coarse oat flour to common foods can increase health benefits. • Processing impacts the nutritional properties of oat flours. Consumption of oats is associated with lowered risks of type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, many oat-based products (e.g., breakfast cereals) use finely milled flours but are associated with health claims based on oats of larger particle sizes. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that increasing oat flour particle size will result in lower postprandial glycemia and appetite. Using a randomized-controlled, crossover design, 20 participants (10 males, 10 females; age: 25.3 ± 1.0 years; body mass index: 23.2 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed a serving of porridge made using 40 g of coarse (675.7 ± 19.6 µm), whole (443.3 ± 36.2 µm), fine (96.0 ± 2.1 µm), or a commercial (375.9 ± 14.8 µm) oat flour unmatched in available carbohydrate, protein, and dietary fiber content. After a 12-hour overnight fast, blood glucose, insulin, and appetite were measured at 15 to 30-minute intervals over 120 minutes posttreatment consumption. Coarse and whole flours led to lower blood glucose between 30 and 60 minutes (P <.02). Blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) was lower after coarse than fine and commercial oat flours (P < 0.03), and after whole than fine oat flour (P <.002). Both coarse and whole oat flours resulted in lower insulin AUC than finer flours (P <.05). Appetite AUC was lower after the commercial than coarse flour (P <.007). Controlling milling to produce coarser oat flour to add to common foods may have health benefits. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05291351). Healthy adults consumed porridge made using coarse, whole, fine, or commercial oat flour after a 12-hour overnight fast. Postprandial glycemia and appetite were assessed every 15 to 30 minutes over 120 minutes. Food intake was assessed at an ad libitum pizza meal at 120 minutes. Coarse and whole oat flours led to lower blood glucose and insulin, but appetite was lower after the finer flours. No differences in food intake were found. Producing coarser oat flour to add to common foods may have health benefits. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Americans exceed the recommended limit for sodium in their diet, a risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Efforts have been made by the food industry and government agencies to reduce the sodium content in foods and encourage the consumption of lower sodium diets. Such efforts, however, are not successful in improving public health when consumers do not accept and consume lower sodium foods. This review article provides an overview of the strategies that have been used by the US food industry to reduce and replace sodium in consumer packaged goods, as well as future sodium reduction strategies and approaches for replacing sodium with potassium salts. Challenges in consumer acceptance regarding the reduction of sodium in foods are also discussed. Because of the widespread consumption of numerous sodium‐containing consumer packaged goods, implementing future strategies in various aspects of salt reduction and potassium replacement in foods should have a profound impact on the health of Americans. Practical Application: New information is provided herein as it discusses the most current and collective perspectives of major food industry successes and challenges, as well as government strategies to decrease sodium intake. The information provided also addresses future strategies for reducing sodium content in foods, increasing potassium intake, and consumer acceptance of lower sodium foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors calls for countries to implement policies that require mandatory front-of-package nutrition labels to prevent further increases in obesity, type 2 diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases. Cited are the effectiveness of mandatory front-of-package nutrition label policies compared to voluntary labelling policies, the design of voluntary labelling that makes it less effective, and the evidence-based and stricter nutrient profile models employed by mandatory labelling.

Latino health and well-being are crucial to the growth and vibrancy of rural areas across the United States, particularly at a time when the demographics of many rural communities are transitioning from minority Latino to majority Latino populations. This manuscript details the findings of a study that explored the health and healthcare benefit status of 524 Latino households in rural Indiana during the COVID-19 pandemic. Via 20-minute, door-to-door interviews conducted by bilingual researchers, survey participants answered questions about access to healthcare services and benefits, dietary and safety habits, medical issues, and vaccination status. The study found that slightly more than half of those surveyed were enrolled in healthcare benefit plans; approximately a third were unsatisfied with their health/health status; almost two-thirds had not received a flu shot and were eating fast food/processed food on a daily basis. Top health concerns reported included: stress (52%), vision problems (34%), neck and back pain (30%), headaches/migraines (28%), anxiety and depression (28%) and weight problems (26%). The study also discovered that half of the respondents could not identify a primary healthcare provider (PCP) by name and that pregnant women faced a lack of resources for maternal health in the county where the study was conducted. The results indicate that Latinos in rural communities continue to endure significant health issues and barriers to healthcare. The study provides an excellent model of how a rural community can monitor the health of its residents, which can inform health interventions for underserved populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asians are among the fastest growing immigrant population groups in the United States. Their traditional diets are rich in minimally processed fruits, vegetables, grains, herbs, and spices. However, the proliferation of ultra-processed foods (highly processed, industrially manufactured formulations) around the globe may compromise the nutrition profile of South Asians, threatening to increase their risk of noncommunicable diseases. This commentary discusses the rise in ultra-processed food consumption among South Asians in the United States and hypothesizes that South Asians may be especially vulnerable to the effects of ultra-processed foods due to their unique cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Using these emerging data, we propose several strategies for preventing the overconsumption of ultra-processed foods among South Asian Americans. These include the implementation of policies to encourage the consumption of whole foods over ultra-processed foods and the development of culturally tailored interventions, which include promoting consumption of traditional diets, improving affordability of healthful, culturally appropriate foods, and cultivating healthier food environments for South Asians living in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Front-of-pack labeling schemes are an effective but contested regulatory approach to nudge consumers toward healthy food choices. The Nutri-Score, being implemented by eight European countries, is one of the most elaborated and evidence-based examples. Therefore, the Nutri-Score has been deemed as the front-runner within the European Commission's attempt to harmonize front-of-pack labeling among European Union (EU) member states under its Farm-to-Fork strategy by the end of 2022. However, the endeavor is on the brink of failure because of massive resistance by Mediterranean member states and parts of the food industry capitalizing on patriotic narratives (e.g., "Made in Italy"). This article investigates the Nutri-Score saga from a political and commercial determinants of health lens. It argues that an EU-wide rollout of the label hinges on the specific interplay between political structures and stakeholder agency. As shown, the EU's weak decision-making power has been exploited by the No-Nutri-Score alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food and food safety have been among the most important issues for people throughout history. Societies have always tried to be self‐sufficient in food and have avoided becoming dependent on foreign sources. However, the fact that most foods are seasonal and the increasing population's food consumption have revealed the need to preserve foodstuffs for a long time. The old and well‐known method used today for extending shelf life is the drying process. The drying process is preferred over other preservation methods for reasons such as being more economical, easier to transport, having a longer shelf life, more concentrated nutritional value, and containing fewer additives. This ensures that dried foods are of higher quality in terms of physical, chemical, microbial properties, and nutritional values compared to other packaged foods. While the drying process was traditionally done over a long period, technological advancements have led to the production of higher quality and more valuable commercial products in a shorter time. In this study, traditional and technological methods used in drying apricots were compared according to the parameters determined by experts in the field. Since multiple parameters are effective in the comparison, Multi‐Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques were used. The optimum apricot drying method was determined by combining the results obtained from different MCDM techniques with the Borda rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recently, there has been a growing interest in alternative protein sources. This study aimed to determine the textural and sensory properties of vegan burger patties produced with plant-based (soy and pea) protein sources instead of meat protein. For this purpose, 14 different vegan burger patties produced with soy and pea-based protein alternatives were obtained from different brands in the İstanbul market. Burger patties were analysed in terms of moisture content, cooking properties, instrumental colour, texture profile, and sensory properties. According to the results, peabased burger patties have a higher moisture content and cooking loss and a lower cooking yield than soy-based patties. The L* and a* values of the pea-based patties tended to be higher than those of the soy-based patties, while the b* values were generally higher. In addition, the texture profile analysis of soy and pea-based burger patties shows differences in texture attributes that may affect consumer preference and overall eating experience. In the sensory evaluation, a significant difference between soy and pea-based burger patties was observed only for juiciness and spicy taste characteristics. The research findings shed light on alternative proteins' textural and sensorial properties and their role in the food industry, particularly in developing vegan burger patties. These differences in sensory attributes and colour and texture analysis between soy and pea-based burger patties highlight the importance of ingredient selection and formulation in developing plant-based protein products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers to food presents a multifaceted challenge with implications for food safety and public health. This review explores the interaction between packaging materials and food products, focusing on permeation, migration, and sorption processes. The different migration mechanisms of contact migration, gas phase migration, penetration migration, set-off migration, and condensation/distillation migration have been discussed comprehensively. The major migrating compounds are plasticizers, nanoparticles, antioxidants, light stabilizers, thermal stabilizers, monomers, oligomers, printing inks, and adhesives, posing potential health risks due to their association with endocrine disruption and carcinogenic effects. Advanced analytical methods help in the monitoring of migrated compounds, facilitating compliance with regulatory standards. Regulatory agencies enforce guidelines to limit migration, prompting the development of barrier coatings and safer packaging alternatives. Furthermore, there is a need to decipher the migration mechanism for mitigating it along with advancements in analytical techniques for monitoring the migration of compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the advancements in biodegradable food packaging materials derived from wheat. Wheat, a predominant global cereal crop, offers a sustainable alternative to conventional single-use plastics through its starch, gluten, and fiber components. This study highlights the fabrication processes of wheat-based materials, including solvent casting and extrusion, and their applications in enhancing the shelf life and quality of packaged foods. Recent innovations demonstrate effectiveness in maintaining food quality, controlling moisture content, and providing microbiological protection. Despite the promising potential, challenges such as moisture content and interfacial adhesion in composites remain. This review concludes with an emphasis on the environmental benefits and future trends in wheat-based packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary risk factors are the leading cause of death globally and in New Zealand (NZ). Processed packaged foods are prevalent in the food supply and contribute excess amounts of sodium, saturated fat, and sugar in diets. Improving the nutritional quality of these foods has the potential to reduce population chronic disease risk. We aimed to evaluate the healthiness using the Australasian Health Star Rating (HSR, from 0.5 to 5 stars, with 5 being the healthiest) and nutrient composition (sodium, saturated fat, and total sugar) of packaged products manufactured by the largest NZ-based food and beverage companies in NZ 2015–2019. This analysis relates to a larger study evaluating structured engagement with food companies to improve nutrition-related policies and actions. Methods: Data was sourced from Nutritrack, a NZ-branded supermarket-sourced food composition database. The largest NZ-based companies from annual retail sales revenue (n = 35) were identified using 2019 Euromonitor data. All relevant products of the selected companies were extracted for analysis. Products included totalled 17,795 with a yearly range of 3462–3672 products. The primary outcome was a nutrient profile score estimated using HSR. Healthiness was defined as ≥ 3.5 stars. Secondary outcomes were sodium, total sugar, and saturated fat per 100 g/100 mL. All outcomes were assessed overall, by food company, and food category. Change over time was tested using linear mixed models, adjusting for major food categories and cluster effects of food companies controlling for multiple comparisons. Model-adjusted mean differences between years were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Results: There was a small statistically significant increase in mean HSR between 2015 and 2019 (0.08 [0.15,0.01], p = 0.024). Mean total sugar content decreased over the same period (0.78 g/100 g [0.08,1.47], p = 0.020), but there were no significant changes in mean sodium or saturated fat contents. Seven of the 13 categories showed small increases in mean HSR (0.1–0.2). Most categories (9/13) exhibited a reduction in mean total sugar content. Conclusions: Between 2015 and 2019, there were slight improvements in the nutritional quality of selected packaged foods and drinks in NZ. Much more substantive changes are needed to address the health-related burden of unhealthy diets, supported by stronger government action and less reliance on voluntary industry initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to describe the dietary intake of British vegetarians according to the Nova classification and to evaluate the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the nutritional quality of the diet. We used data from the UK national survey (2008/2019). Food collected through a 4-d record were classified according to the Nova system. In all tertiles of the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods, differences in the average nutrient intake, as well as in the prevalence of inadequate intake, were analysed, considering the values recommended by international authorities. Ultra-processed foods had the highest dietary contribution (56·3 % of energy intake), followed by fresh or minimally processed foods (29·2 %), processed foods (9·4 %) and culinary ingredients (5 %). A positive linear trend was found between the contribution tertiles of ultra-processed foods and the content of free sugars (β 0·25, P < 0·001), while an inverse relationship was observed for dietary fibre (β –0·26, P = 0·002), potassium (β –0·38, P < 0·001), Mg (β –0·31, P < 0·001), Cu (β –0·22, P < 0·003), vitamin A (β –0·37, P < 0·001) and vitamin C (β –0·22, P < 0·001). As the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake increased (from the first to the last tertile of consumption), the prevalence of inadequate intake of free sugars increased (from 32·9 % to 60·7 %, respectively), as well as the prevalence of inadequate fibre intake (from 26·1 % to 47·5 %). The influence of ultra-processed foods on the vegetarian diet in the UK is of considerable magnitude, and the consumption of this food was associated with poorer diet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has increased despite potential adverse health effects. Recent studies showed an association between UPF consumption and some gastrointestinal disorders. We evaluated the association between UPF consumption and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in a large Spanish cohort. Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis of 18,066 participants in the SUN cohort, followed every two years. UPF was assessed at baseline and 10 years after. Cases of PUD were identified among participants reporting a physician-made diagnosis of PUD during follow-ups. Cases were only partially validated against medical records. Cox regression was used to assess the association between baseline UPF consumption and PUD risk. Based on previous findings and biological plausibility, socio-demographic and lifestyle variables, BMI, energy intake, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastrointestinal disorders, aspirin and analgesic use, and alcohol and coffee consumption were included as confounders.We fitted GEE with repeated dietary measurements at baseline and after 10 years of follow-up. Vanderweele's proposed E value was calculated to assess the sensitivity of observed associations to uncontrolled confounding. Results: During a median follow-up of 12.2 years, we recorded 322 new PUD cases (1.56 cases/1000 person-years). Participants in the highest baseline tertile of UPF consumption had an increased PUD risk compared to participants in the lowest tertile (HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.00, Ptrend=0.002). The E-values for the point estimate supported the observed association. The OR using repeated measurements of UPF intake was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.87) when comparing extreme tertiles. Conclusion: The consumption of UPF is associated with an increased PUD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) to overall macronutrient intake and their association with anthropometric measurements, and to explore the perceptions regarding UPF consumption among young adults in Puducherry, India. Methods: This study included 630 participants from three colleges selected using multistage cluster sampling. Following the demonstration of portion estimation, dietary data from previous day were collected using a Google Form-based tool. The participant's anthropometric measures were taken. Food items were classified into NOVA groups and intake analysis was performed using DietSoft software. The participants with low and high consumption were identified and focus group discussions were conducted in each group using criterion sampling. Results: Of all the participants, 178 (28.3%) were overweight or obese. UPF contributed 9.3% of total energy intake and 2.8% protein, 9.9% fat, and 9.9% carbohydrates. The most consumed UPFs were biscuits, wafers (25%), and potato chips(16.2%). No significant association was found between anthropometric measures and UPF consumption. Qualitative findings revealed four major themes, further explained using the socio-ecological framework. Conclusion: UPF consumption in the region was lower than that reported in other global and Indian studies. While our study did not find a significant association between UPF consumption and anthropometric measures, there is a concerning shift from traditional diets to increased UPF reliance, driven by convenience and commercial factors. Addressing this is crucial for healthier choices and combating non-communicable diseases during this pivotal life stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) while considering the potential effect modification by metabolic phenotypes (metabotypes). Additionally, we aimed to explore the association between dietary scores and prediabetes. Methods: A total of 1460 participants (11.8% with T2DM) from the cross-sectional population-based KORA FF4 study were included. Participants, classified into three metabotype subgroups, had both their FSAm-NPS dietary index (underpinning the Nutri-Score) and ultra-processed foods (UPF) intake (using NOVA classification) calculated. Glucose tolerance status was assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in non-diabetic participants and was classified according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Logistic regression models were used for both the overall and metabotype-stratified analyses of dietary scores' association with T2DM, and multinomial probit models for their association with prediabetes. Results: Participants who had a diet with a higher FSAm-NPS dietary index (i.e., a lower diet quality) or a greater percentage of UPF consumption showed a positive association with T2DM. Stratified analyses demonstrated a strengthened association between UPF consumption and T2DM specifically in the metabolically most unfavorable metabotype (Odds Ratio, OR 1.92; 95% Confidence Interval, CI 1.35, 2.73). A diet with a higher FSAm-NPS dietary index was also positively associated with prediabetes (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.04, 1.35). Conclusion: Our study suggests different associations between poorer diet quality and T2DM across individuals exhibiting diverse metabotypes, pointing to the option for stratified dietary interventions in diabetes prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Increasing numbers of patients and caregivers are requesting transition to blenderized tube feeding. There is a lack of systematic reviews addressing the outcomes of blenderized tube feeding. Objective The aim was to evaluate the association of blenderized tube feeding on feeding tolerance in enterally fed pediatric patients. Data Sources A literature search for articles from 2012–2022 using PubMed, Medline, Embase, and CINAHL yielded 78 articles. Data Extraction A description and evaluation of the study's sample, purpose, and results were summarized for 9 studies using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library Worksheet. Data Analysis Nine studies were evaluated using the Evidence Analysis Library Quality Criteria checklist. Conclusions Studies demonstrated an improvement in vomiting (n = 7), gagging/retching and heartburn (n = 6), abdominal pain/upset and distension (n = 3), and diarrhea (n = 6) with blenderized tube feeding. The outcomes of blenderized tube feeding on gas (n = 5) and constipation (n = 9) are variable and remain unclear. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022369247. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the association of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with depression among Brazilian adults (≥18 years). Cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from a population-based survey conducted in 2023 (n = 21,690). UPF consumption was investigated using a questionnaire regarding the consumption on the previous day of 13 subgroups of UPF selected from those most consumed in Brazil according to a previous national survey (cutoff score ≥5 subgroups). The medical diagnosis of depression was self-reported. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted (by sex, age, education, presence of partner/spouse, and overweight) Odds Ratio (aOR) of UPF consumption according to the presence of depression. Analyses were conducted for the total population and stratified by sex. Medical diagnosis of depression was reported by 12.3%. The prevalence of high UPF consumption (≥5 subgroups) was 17.7%, being higher in men (22.0%) and those with depression (19.3%). Depression increased the chance of presenting a high UPF consumption among the total population (aOR 1.35; CI 95% 1.08–1.68) and women (aOR 1.35; CI 95% 1.03–1.77), with no association among men. The presence of depression was associated with greater consumption of UPF among Brazilian adults, especially among the female population. Public health actions to reduce UPF consumption could benefit from targeting this population group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit juices (FJs) are among the most popular beverages frequently preferred by consumers, believing FJs contain the nutritional values, minerals, phytochemicals, vitamins, and antioxidants necessary for a healthy life. However, FJs may contain natural radionuclides such as radon (222Rn), which originates from the fruit and water utilized in their production, at levels that may pose a health risk to people. Inhalation and ingestion of 222Rn gas increases the risk of lung and stomach cancer. In this study, commercially packaged FJs from the seventeen most popular brands consumed in Turkey were analyzed for physicochemical properties and 222Rn activity concentrations to evaluate the radiological health risk. The values of pH, brix and 222Rn activity concentrations in FJ samples varied from 2.68 to 4.28, 2.50 to 14.30%, 9.6 ± 1.1 to 25.2 ± 2.5 mBq/L, respectively. The radiological health risk caused by internal exposure was evaluated for children and adults by estimating the ingestion and inhalation annual effective dose. The average values of the total annual effective dose for children and adults were found as 0.039 µSv and 0.056 µSv, respectively, which are much lower than the recommended dose of 100 µSv for drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are data regarding the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) of many foods in the literature, the values for packaged vegan analogue foods have not been previously published, although processed vegan foods usually contain more carbohydrates than their animal‐based counterparts. This study was carried out to determine the GI and GL values of a selection of packaged vegan foods popular in Türkiye. To determine the GI and GL of test foods, 12 healthy volunteer females participated in the study. Participants randomly consumed test and reference foods (glucose and white bread) on each trial day, and capillary blood glucose was measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 mins in duplicate. The GIs of vegan schnitzel, vegan chickpea burger, vegan mince pita, vegan chocolate, vegan snack bar and vegan cheese were 26.1 ± 19.61 (low), 27.1 ± 17.21 (low), 65.1 ± 28.60 (moderate), 42.7 ± 22.32 (low), 63.6 ± 45.86 (moderate), 36.4 ± 16.85 (low), respectively, according to the glucose reference, and were 28.2 ± 16.17 (low), 34.7 ± 18.26 (low), 81.2 ± 31.96 (high), 48.8 ± 12.87 (low), 82.0 ± 54.05 (high), 46.7 ± 28.66 (low), respectively, according to the white bread reference. GLs were 3.5 ± 2.66 (low), 8.6 ± 5.46 (low), 26.6 ± 11.67 (high), 6.1 ± 3.19 (low), 14.2 ± 10.28 (moderate), 5.7 ± 2.63 (low), respectively, according to the glucose reference, and were 3.8 ± 2.19 (low), 11.0 ± 5.80 (moderate), 33.1 ± 13.04 (high), 7.0 ± 1.84 (low), 18.4 ± 12.12 (moderate), 7.3 ± 4.47 (low), respectively, according to the white bread reference. The data from this study provide preliminary data for the GIs and GLs of packaged and processed vegan foods and show that the GIs and GLs of meat and cheese vegan analogues, while still low or moderate, tend to be higher than their animal‐based counterparts which have lower or no glycaemic responses. Further research on the GIs and GLs of more vegan foods is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our food system is giving rise to a growing social, health and environmental crisis. Much of the food consumed in the United Kingdom is cheap, nutrient‐poor and highly processed, leading to under‐consumption of essential foods such as grains, beans, vegetables and fruit. This has contributed to a rise in diet‐related diseases, with approximately 22% of primary school leavers being overweight or obese. Food production is unsustainable with agriculture responsible for 10% of the UK's greenhouse gas emissions and intensive farming practices have led to a significant loss of soil carbon and a decline in biodiversity. COVID‐19 increased inequalities in our food system. Therefore, there is an urgent need for interventions to counteract these adverse social, health and environmental impacts. Education can play a crucial role as an intervention to address challenges in the food system. We tested an innovative school initiative using portable aquaponic pods and aligned to the national curriculum, to engage pupils in food production and foster learning about sustainability, climate change and healthy eating. The evaluation, based on teacher surveys, aquapod chart data, student blogs and postcards and feedback from the development team, revealed positive impacts on students' environmental awareness, as well as sustainability and practical food production knowledge. However, the programme encountered logistical challenges and we therefore highlight future improvements to produce a curriculum programme that can be delivered at scale to enhance food education and empower pupils to drive the agenda on tackling food sustainability and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies investigating the quality of the diet and dietary intake of children with Down syndrome (DS) are required because the features attributed to the syndrome can affect growth, development and quality of life. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 77 Brazilian children with DS between 5 and 36 months of age receiving care at the multidisciplinary outpatient clinic of the University Hospital. Participants' sociodemographic, dietary and anthropometric data were collected from the care protocols. Dietary data were collected from 24‐h recalls and dietary practices were assessed according to the WHO dietary guidelines. Associations between inadequate feeding practices and demographic variables were assessed using logistic regression models. Results: Fruits, milk or infant formula, vegetables, beans and meat were among the five most consumed foods by the children investigated. Overall, we observed a high number of cases of early weaning (50.6%), low minimum dietary diversity (MDD; 40.3%), inadequate consistency for age (64.9%), early presence of ultra‐processed foods (76.6%), sugars and sweets (33.8%) in the diet of the children with DS. In the associations of inadequate feeding practices by age group, low MDD [odds ratio (OR): 18.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4; 57.1] and inadequate consistency (OR: 6.65; 95% CI: 1.8; 24.7) were more frequent among children aged below 12 months while this relationship was inverse for early introduction of sugar and sweets (OR: 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01; 0.29). Conclusion: Our findings showed a high number of cases of inadequate dietary practices in children with DS investigated, which could adversely affect the long‐term health of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent evidence suggests neuro‐immune mechanisms may link dietary patterns to chronic painful conditions (CPC). In the research field of oro‐facial pain (OFP), studies focuses primarily on dietary mechanical limitations due to pain and dysfunction. Objective: This narrative review aimed to overview the role of nutrition on CPC, with emphasis on temporomandibular disorder (TMD), enlightening OFP researcher on dietary assessment possibilities and providing directions for studies in the field of OFP and nutrition. Methods: A PubMed database search was performed using the MeSH and non‐MeSH descriptors: "temporomandibular joint disorder"; "orofacial pain"; "musculoskeletal pain"; "chronic pain disorders"; "nutrition"; "diet"; "dietary therapy"; "dietary intake" and "inflammation". No time restrictions were applied. Literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and clinical and pre‐clinical trials were included. Results: Exogenous oxidants from unhealthy dietary patterns may contribute to peripheral and central pro‐inflammatory immune signalling leading to peripheral and central sensitization. Furthermore, diets rich in bioactive compounds are suggested to contribute to pain management of CPC. High dietary intake of ultra‐processed foods impacts the quality of the diet and shows adverse health outcomes. In this context, the role of nutrition on TMD remains overlooked. Conclusion: Considering diet may influence CPC, allied with the scarcity of studies evaluating the role of nutrition on TMD, well‐designed clinical trials based on dietary assessments and measurements capable of evaluating food quality, UPF consumption and nutrient adequacy—added to serum nutrient levels evaluation—are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of substance use and behavioral addictions continues to increase throughout the world. The Global Burden of Disease Study shows a growing impact in disability-adjusted life years due to substance use. Substance use impacts families, communities, health care, and legal systems; yet, the vast majority of individuals with substance use disorders do not seek treatment. Within the United States, new legislation has attempted to increase the availability of buprenorphine, but the impact of substance use continues. Although medications and group support therapy have been the mainstay of treatment for substance use, lifestyle medicine offers a valuable adjunct therapy that may help strengthen substance use recovery through healthy neuroplastic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, dietary patterns are shifting toward an increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, raising the risk of some metabolic and nutritional diseases from a young age. This trend is now also affecting low- and middle-income countries. Considering this, we aimed to assess the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake and their association with the nutritional intake of children and adolescents in Cantagalo, São Tomé and Príncipe. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample of 546 households. Data were collected on anthropometrics, sociodemographic characteristics, and lifestyle, including 24 h food recall questionnaires for children and adolescents. The reported foods were nutritionally assessed and categorized according to the NOVA classification to estimate the contribution of ultra-processed foods. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the magnitude of the associations between higher consumption of ultra-processed foods and nutritional intake, adjusting for confounders. Results: The contribution of ultra-processed foods to daily energy intake was 9.5% for girls and 8.5% for boys. Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was significantly associated with a lower intake of fiber (OR = 0.932; 95%CI, 0.872–0.996), vitamin B12 (OR = 0.812; 95%CI, 0.668–0.985), and zinc (OR = 0.443; 95%CI, 0.308–0.639) and a higher intake of iron (OR = 1.479; 95%CI, 1.065–2.055) and sodium (OR = 1.001; 95%CI, 1.000–1.001), after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was especially associated with a lower intake of fiber, vitamin B12, and zinc, and with a higher intake of iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is gaining prominence as a serious public health challenge in the Southeast Asia (SEA) region, with an alarming rate of increase in its prevalence. Countries in the region have shown commitment to curbing the rise of obesity by establishing policies, strategies, and action plans. This paper summarises the current situation and strategies undertaken to combat obesity and related chronic diseases. Although a range of policies and strategies have been developed, including national nutrition action plans, community intervention programmes, fiscal measures, nutrition labelling to promote healthier choices, countries in the region are struggling to make significant progress toward halting the scourge of obesity. It is imperative to strengthen existing health systems with a paradigm shift from a focus on "sick care" to and enhancing nutrition initiatives to support obesity prevention. A comprehensive and coordinated approach is essential, one that emphasises high-level coordination across all levels of government and multiple sectors, and a unified plan rather than fragmented initiatives. For strategies to be effective and sustainable, they must address the fundamental environmental determinants of poor dietary choices and nutritional inequalities. A more holistic approach is clearly needed to improve the entire food environment, which in SEA countries must include the multitude of eating places where large segments of the population "eat out" everyday to meet their energy and nutrient needs. There is a recognised need for more comprehensive measures to promote healthy eating among school children and ensure a supportive environment for lifelong healthy habits. This paper calls for a whole-of-government, whole-of-society approach that combines changes to the fundamental food environment and accompanied by systematic monitoring and surveillance systems to achieve long-lasting health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dietary risk factors are the leading cause of death globally and in New Zealand (NZ). Processed packaged foods are prevalent in the food supply and contribute excess amounts of sodium, saturated fat, and sugar in diets. Improving the nutritional quality of these foods has the potential to reduce population chronic disease risk. We aimed to evaluate the healthiness using the Australasian Health Star Rating (HSR, from 0.5 to 5 stars, with 5 being the healthiest) and nutrient composition (sodium, saturated fat, and total sugar) of packaged products manufactured by the largest NZ-based food and beverage companies in NZ 2015–2019. This analysis relates to a larger study evaluating structured engagement with food companies to improve nutrition-related policies and actions. Methods Data was sourced from Nutritrack, a NZ-branded supermarket-sourced food composition database. The largest NZ-based companies from annual retail sales revenue (n = 35) were identified using 2019 Euromonitor data. All relevant products of the selected companies were extracted for analysis. Products included totalled 17,795 with a yearly range of 3462–3672 products. The primary outcome was a nutrient profile score estimated using HSR. Healthiness was defined as ≥ 3.5 stars. Secondary outcomes were sodium, total sugar, and saturated fat per 100 g/100 mL. All outcomes were assessed overall, by food company, and food category. Change over time was tested using linear mixed models, adjusting for major food categories and cluster effects of food companies controlling for multiple comparisons. Model-adjusted mean differences between years were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Results There was a small statistically significant increase in mean HSR between 2015 and 2019 (0.08 [0.15,0.01], p = 0.024). Mean total sugar content decreased over the same period (0.78 g/100 g [0.08,1.47], p = 0.020), but there were no significant changes in mean sodium or saturated fat contents. Seven of the 13 categories showed small increases in mean HSR (0.1–0.2). Most categories (9/13) exhibited a reduction in mean total sugar content. Conclusions Between 2015 and 2019, there were slight improvements in the nutritional quality of selected packaged foods and drinks in NZ. Much more substantive changes are needed to address the health-related burden of unhealthy diets, supported by stronger government action and less reliance on voluntary industry initiatives.

Objectives. To investigate food industry compliance with the display of front-of-package warning labels (FOPLs) on products that exceed regulatory thresholds for being high in calories, added sugars, sodium, or saturated fats after full implementation of Chile's Food Labeling and Advertising Law. Methods. In 2020, trained dietitians took pictures of nutritional information and FOPLs on packaged products in supermarkets. We categorized foods and beverages as requiring FOPLs (or not) using their nutritional composition and ingredients as set out in government guidelines. We compared these classifications with the actual display of FOPLs. Results. About 62.5% of packaged foods and beverages displayed any FOPL. The most frequent label was for energy (38.7%), followed by sugars (35.2%), saturated fats (26.2%), and sodium (22.6%). Compliance with FOPL display was high (93.6% for any "high-in" designation). Lower compliance was observed in nonsausage meat products (83.5%) and soups (84.5%). Candies and sweet confectionery and sausages contributed most to noncompliance with any "high-in" designation. Conclusions. Following the law's full implementation, the food industry complied with the display of FOPLs. Mandatory policies with clear guidelines and monitoring systems can contribute to ensuring and sustaining high compliance. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(12):1398–1405. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307843) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been associated with increased risks of various age-related diseases. However, the potential association between UPF consumption and age-related eye diseases (AREDs) remains unclear. We aim to assess the associations between consumption of UPF and risk of AREDs including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract and glaucoma. Methods: We included 156,232 individuals aged 50 or older, who were free from AREDs from UK biobank study. Dietary intake data were collected using 24-h dietary assessments. UPF is defined according to the NOVA classification, and all participants are divided into four quartiles based on the weight proportion (%) of UPF. During a median of 10 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards were used to estimate the association between the proportion of UPF in the diet and the subsequent risk of various AREDs. Results: After adjusting for multiple variables, individuals in the highest quartiles for UPF consumption exhibited an increased risk of AMD (hazard ratio (HR): 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.63; p = 0.03), cataract (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01–1.20; p = 0.04), and glaucoma (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 0.98–1.63; p = 0.06) compared to those in the lowest quartiles. Moreover, a 10% increase in the weight of UPF in diet was associated with an 8% higher risk of AMD (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01–1.15; p = 0.03), a 3% higher risk of cataract (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00–1.06; p = 0.04), and a 7% higher risk of glaucoma (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.00–1.15; p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that a higher proportion of UPF in the diet was significantly link with an elevated risk of AMD and cataract. While additional research is necessary to validate these findings in diverse populations and settings, these results offer initial evidence to endorse public health initiatives that encourage limiting consumption of UPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]