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The efficient removal of fluoride from zinc smelting waste acid by complex extraction using P204 as the extractant was investigated. The effects of concentration of fluorine and aluminum in aqueous phase, pH, extraction temperature and time on the extraction rate of fluorine and aluminum were examined, The resource utilization of aluminum fluoride was also discussed. The results show that under P204 concentration of 1 mol/L, Al3+ concentration in aqueous phase of 0.1 mol/L, F concentration of less than 0.025 mol/L,pH = 3.0-3.5, extraction time of 8 min and room temperature, the extraction rate of fluorine can reach 96.18%. Using 1.0 mol/L sulfuric add solution to strip of the fluorine-aluminum-loaded organic phase, the stripping rates for F and Al3+ are 81.88% and 39.39%, respectively. Cryolite can be obtained by precipitation of stripping solution, and the synthesis of cryolite is more favorable under the condition of pH = 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction performance of gallium in sulfuric acid solution with new alkyl hydroxamic acid DX201 and P204 was studied. The effects of extraction and stripping conditions on gallium extraction performance were investigated. The extraction and striping isotherms were drawn. The results show that the single-stage extraction rate of gallium is 97.52% under the conditions of VO/VA=1/1, extraction temperature of 25 °C and extraction time of 15 min in sulfate solution with mass concentration of sulfuric acid of 20 g/L sulfate solution and organic phase composition of 10%DX201 + 15 % P204 + 75% 260# solvent oil. Using 2.5 mol/L dilute sulfuric acid solution to strip gallium from supported organic phase the single stage stripping rate of gallium is 94.21% under the conditions of VO/VA = 2/1, stripping temperature of 25 °C and stripping time of 2 min. The extraction rate of gallium in 3-stage countercurrent extraction is 99.64%, and the extraction performance is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Combined extraction of nickel and cobalt from nickel chloride solution using di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphonic acid(P204) and triisooctylamine(N235) as extractants was studied. The effects of organic phase P204 volume fraction, phase ratio, solution pH, saponification rate, organic phase N235 volume fraction, Cl- mass concentration, and reaction temperature on the purification and impurity removal of nickel chloride solution were investigated. The results show that after removing impurities by P204 extraction, N235 is used to extract cobalt and molybdenum from P204 raffinate, the mass concentrations of Ni2+ is 218.10 g/L, and the mass concentrations of Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+, and Zn2+ in the residual solution 1.1, 1.2, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively, under the conditions of 20% volume fraction of P204 in the organic phase of the P204 extraction and impurity removal process, VO/VA = 1.5/1, raw material solution pH = 3.5, saponification rate of 50%, reaction temperature of 40--50 °C, and N235 volume fraction of 16% in the organic phase of the N235 extraction process, VO/VA=1.2/1, Cl- mass concentration ≥280 g/L, reaction temperature of 40~50 °C, P204 Raffinate pH=3.0, and hydrochloric acid acidification concentration of 3 mol/L, which can meet the requirements of producing high quality electrodeposited nickel cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient separation of europium (Eu) from aqueous solution is pivotal for the sustainable development of nuclear industry and rare earth industry. In this work, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (P204) was employed to separate Eu(III) by solvent extraction method using kerosene as diluent. The extraction equilibrium could reach within 30-min contact time. The extraction ratio enhanced as the increased O:A phase ratio, extractant concentration, and temperature. However, the HCl introduction caused its clear descent. Combined with the slope method and FT-IR analysis, extraction mechanism could be unveiled, which is the coordination between P=O double bond and Eu(III) ions in a proportion of 3:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of solution coordination environment on the extraction of vanadium by P204 were investigated. The effects of chloride, fluoride and sulfate ions on the extraction of vanadium and their coordination with vanadium were examined at different pH. The results show that for the extractant using an organic phase composition of 20%P204+5%TBP+75 % sulfonated kerosene, at phase ratio of VO/VA=1/2 and extraction time of 8 min, chloride ions can effectively enhance vanadium extraction. At pH = 1. 0 and [Cl-]=5 mol/L, the vanadium extraction can reach 87. 93%. When the pH is 1. 4~2. 2, fluoride ions in a certain concentration range can promote the extraction, and the best promotion effect is achieved when [F-]=0. 05 mol/L. The concentration of fluoride ion is greater than 0. 2 mol/L, and the extraction is inhibited. When pH=1. 8 and 2. 2, the concentration of sulfate has little effect on vanadium extraction. But when pH=1. 0 and [SO42-] = 1. 5 mol/L, the vanadium extraction rate is only 52. 22%, and the high concentration of sulfate can significantly inhibit vanadium extraction. The thermodynamic results show that coordination groups VOCl+ and VOF+ can enhance vanadium extraction process. When the concentration of fluoride ion is higher than 0. 2 mol/L, the coordination anion VOF3 formed by VO2+ and multiple F- prevents the cation exchange reaction of P204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of light rare earths (Pr and Nd) from chloride medium was investigated using a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex272) in sulfonated kerosene. The P204+Cyanex272 system exerted a synergistic effect on the separation of light rare earths, and the separation coefficient was higher than when P204 and Cyanex272 were used as extractants alone. The separation coefficient of Pr and Nd in the extraction system reached 1.75 when the pH of the aqueous phase material solution was approximately 2.5, and 1.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid as a stripping agent effectively eluted the rare earth ions in the loaded organic phase. Combining the slope method, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we explored the mechanism of the extracted Nd and Pr into the organic phase complex, and finally entered the organic phase with Re(HA2)2B. The P-O-H bond and P=O bond in the extractant P204 and Cyanex272 formed a coordination bond with Re3+. Therefore, this extraction method also provides a reference for a more environmentally friendly and efficient procedure for separation and purification of light rare earth elements Pr and Nd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a paper in the field of metallurgical engineering. Organophosphorus class extractant D2EHPA (P204) is very widely used in vanadium extraction. Firstly, the form of vanadium present in the leach solution affects the effect of extraction, V(IV) is mainly stable in solution in the form of VO2+ in a strongly acidic solution; when the pH value gradually increases, V(V) mostly exists in the form of H2V10O28 4- and HV10O28 5-. Secondly, based on the research of organophosphorus extractant P204 in recent years, this paper analyzes the conformational relationship of organophosphorus extractant P204 and finds that the spatial site resistance effect is equally important as a secondary factor compared with the type of phosphoryl adjacent groups, based on the hydrogen bonding effect, the extractant molecules will produce dimers or even multimers between them, thus changing the structure and properties of the extractant molecules. Finally, the progress of the development and application of P204 extractive vanadium and the outlook on the future of the related fields are presented, pointing out the future research directions of P204 extractive agents.

The extraction and separation of iron and calcium from red mud leaching solution with P204 or P507 were studied. The effects of volume fraction, aqueous phase pH, extraction temperature, extraction time and phase ratio VO/VA on the extraction and separation of iron and calcium were investigated. The optimum extraction test conditions of the two extractants were determined and the extraction performance was compared. The results show that the extraction rate of Fe3+ and Ca2+ is 94.29% and 5.07%, respectively, under the conditions of the organic phase of 40% P204 + 60% suffocated kerosene, aqueous phase pH = 1. 4, extraction temperature of 50 °C extraction time of 15 min and VO/VA = 1/1. The extraction rate of Fe3+ and Ca2+ can reach 99. 67% and 1. 95%, respectively, under the conditions of the organic phase of 30%P507 +70% sulfonated kerosene, aqueous phase pH = 2.5, extraction temperature of 40 °C,extraction time of 1 5 mnn and VO/VA =3/1. P204 and P507 can extract and separate iron and calcium from the red mud leaching solution, compared with P204,P507 has better extraction and separation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources / Kuangchan Zonghe Liyong is the property of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the key factors and the mechanism of the extraction of iron and manganese from the sulfuric acid leaching solution of waste ternary lithium-ion batteries were studied by combining P204 and N235 extractors. The experimental results showed that the optimal organic phase composition was 25% P204 + 15% N235 + 60% sulfonated kerosene, and the optimal pH of the pre-extraction solution was in the range of 3.0–3.5. Under the conditions of an extraction temperature of 25–35 °C and an extraction ratio of O/A = 1/1 and after mixing for 5 min, the removal rate of Mn and Fe exceeded 99%. Under the same extraction conditions, the extraction effect of the P204-N235 composite extractant on Mn and Fe was better than that of P204 alone. logD-log[P204] showed that the formulas of the Mn and Fe extracts were MnR2(HR) and FeR2(HR), respectively. The logD-pH diagram showed that only one free H+ was released for each metal ion during extraction, and extraction occurred via a cation exchange reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thallium (Tl) is an extremely toxic rare metal to the eco-environment. Trace thallium impurity in ammonium perrhenate is harmful to the high-temperature mechanical properties of rhenium metal used for aeroengine single crystal blade. The di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) extraction to remove thallium in ammonium perrhenate solution without additive was innovatively proposed. The migration behavior of trace thallium with the concentration of P204, saponification degree and organic/aqueous phase (O/A) ratio, distribution law of thallium in the extraction system of P204, and mechanism of thallium removal were revealed. It was found Tl removal was rapidly increased to 98.5%, at conditions of P204 0.75 mol/L saponified 70% by ammonia, Tl 3.27 mg/L, O/A 1:1, T 298.15 ± 2 K, 250 rpm, and 3 min. McCabe-Thiele Tl extraction equilibrium isotherms indicates Tl concentration of raffinate less than 18.7 μg/L, a theoretical extraction of two stages and a theoretical stripping of two stages are required when both O/A work lines were at 1.0. Therefore, the method of the P204 solvent extraction system can effectively extract Tl in the forms of TlA(org), TlA3(org), TlOHA2(org), and Tl(OH)2A(org). Meanwhile, the new approach can be a promising process for ammonium rhenate refining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innate immune system defenses against pathogen infections via patten-recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs initiate immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, and nucleic acids. Several nucleic acid sensors or families have been identified, such as RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and PYHIN family receptors. In recent years, the PYHIN family cytosolic DNA receptors have increased attention because of their important roles in initiating innate immune responses. The family members in humans include Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), IFN-γ inducible protein 16 (IFI16), interferon-inducible protein X (IFIX), and myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA). The PYHIN family members are also identified in mice, including AIM2, p202, p203, p204, and p205. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the activation and immune regulation mechanisms of the PYHIN family during microbial infection. Furthermore, structural characterizations of AIM2, IFI16, p202, and p204 provide more accurate insights into the signaling mechanisms of PYHIN family receptors. Overall, the molecular details will facilitate the development of reagents to defense against viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of polyionic liquid solid phase adsorbent (P[BVIM]Br-MNPs), P[HVIM]Br-MNPs and P[OVIM]Br-MNPs) were prepared. The effects of P204 doping ratio, solid phase adsorbent amount, adsorption time and temperature, aqueous phase pH and initial mass concentration of La3+ in aqueous phase on adsorption of La3+ by polyionic liquid solid phase adsorbent were examined. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations were used to fit test data. The results show that the saturated adsorption capacity of the solid phase adsorbent for La3+ is 57.80 mg/g at 70 °C and 1 g P[OVIM]Br-MnPs doped with 1 mL P204, and the adsorption process is mainly monollayer adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of the formulation by the acid phosphine extractants of P204 with Lix54 and of P507 with Lix84 on the Al extraction from sulfuric acid leaching solution of cathode active materials of spent lithium ion batteries was studied. The results indicate that the P507+Lix84 formulation has the best extraction and separation effect on Al/Mn. When the optimal formulation of 5%P507+5%Lix84/kerosene is used and Va/Vois 1∶1 with pH of 4.0， the single-staged extraction rate of Al， Cu， Co， Ni， Mn and Li is 89.1%， 80.8%， 3.4%， 2.6%， 3.2% and 0.3%， respectively. When Va/Vois 1:4， the Al concentration is 0.88g·L-1in the mother liquid and the Al extraction rate is higher than 97.7% after the two-staged(theoretical-level)extraction. With 2.0mol/L sulfuric acid solution in the oil phase and Va/Vo of 10∶1， the Al concentration is 0.79g·L-1and the Al stripping rate is higher than 99.0% after the two-staged(theoretical-level)stripping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferon‐inducible protein 204 (p204) binds to microbial DNA to elicit inflammatory responses and induce interferon production. p204 also modulates cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating various transcription factors. The C‐terminal HIN domains in p204 are believed to be responsible for DNA binding, but the binding mode is not fully understood. The DNA‐binding affinity of the p204 HIN1 domain has been characterized and its crystal structure has been determined, providing insight into its interaction with DNA. Surface‐charge distribution together with sequence alignment suggests that the p204 HIN domain uses its L12 and L45 loops for DNA binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic solvent extraction (SSX) system consisting of di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (P204) and alkyl-4-pyridinecarboxylate ester (4PC) in sulfonated kerosene was used to separate manganese from magnesium and calcium and to prepare pure manganese sulfate solutions with battery grade. In batch tests, over 99.9% of Mn2+ was extracted after a four-stage counter current extraction using an organic solution consisting of 0.25 mol/L P204 and 0.5 mol/L 4PC in sulfonated kerosene and a feed containing 22 g/L Mn2+, 4 g/L Mg2+ and 0.1 g/L Ca2+ with an A/O ratio of 1:6 at 25 °C for 10 min, while extractions of magnesium and calcium were negligible. After scrubbing using 0.025 mol/L H 2 SO 4 at an A/O ratio of 1:8, the loaded organic solution was stripped using 0.7 mol/L H 2 SO 4 at an A/O ratio of 1:8 to prepare pure manganese sulfate solutions with battery grade. The results of continuous operation test indicated that the mass ratios of Ca/Mn and Mg/Mn in strip liquors were below 5.6 × 10−5 and 2.5 × 10−4, respectively, further demonstrating the efficient separation of manganese from magnesium and calcium using the SSX system. • The SSX system of P204 and 4PC exhibited a synergistic effect on Mn and an antagonistic effect on Ca and Mg. • ≥99.9% of Mn2+ was selectively extracted over Ca2+ and Mg2+ at pH of 3 in a 4-stage counter current extraction. • The mass ratios of Ca/Mn and Mg/Mn in strip liquors were 5.6 × 10−5 and 2.5 × 10−4, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A green DES was prepared for selective recovery of Nd from NdFeB carbonylation slag. • Under optimal leaching conditions, the Nd/Fe selectivity factor exceeded 3000. • 28.07 % of the Nd was extracted, while the Fe leaching rate was less than 0.01 %. • The Nd in the DES could be extracted by using P204-sulfonated kerosene system. • The Nd could be recovered as a high-purity Nd 2 O 3 obtained from neodymium oxalate. Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) is a widely-used magnetic material; however, the production process generates significant amounts of rare earth element-rich waste. Refining the Fe via carbonylation leads to carbonylated slag containing 0.2–2.0 % rare earth elements. The extraction of trace rare earth elements from waste materials has not been reported, although the Nd recovery would be economically and environmentally beneficial. In this work, we calcinated NdFeB carbonylation slag (with less than 0.3 % rare earth content) and identified a green deep eutectic solvent (DES) that can selectively recover Nd. The best performing DES comprised a 2:1 M ratio of ethylene glycol to maleic acid and was highly selective for Nd and inert toward Fe, thus enabling effective separation. Specifically, the Nd/Fe selectivity factor exceeded 3000, i.e., under optimal conditions, 28.07 % of the Nd was extracted, while the Fe leaching rate was less than 0.01 %. The Nd in the DES was subsequently extracted and then enriched by reverse extraction using a di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (P204)-sulfonated kerosene system and hydrochloric acid. DES still had recyclability after extraction. Finally, the Nd was precipitated by adding oxalic acid to form the rare earth oxalate, which was calcined to obtain a high-purity Nd 2 O 3. The strategy applied in this work based on DES and conventional organic extraction represents a promising and sustainable approach for the selective recovery of trace rare earth elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • P204 produced a significant synergistic effect on nickel while Versatic 10 didn't. • The formation of Ni L 2 and Ni (H 2 A 2 L 2) in different organic systems were proposed. • The structures of nickel extracts were proposed. • The reasons for the synergistic effect on nickel were discussed. Abstract Synergistic solvent extraction of nickel by 2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime (Mextral 84H, denoted as HL) mixed with organic acids (denoted as HA) containing neodecanoic acid (Versatic 10) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) diluted in aliphatics was comparatively studied. The synergistic effects on nickel with Mextral 84H/Versatic 10 and Mextral 84H/P204 systems were investigated by extraction pH isotherm and equimolar method. The nickel-organic extractants species structure and stoichiometry were determined by slope analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry and ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry. The results showed that synergistic effects on nickel with a negligible shift of 0.06 pH units in the Mextral 84H/Versatic 10 system and a significant shift of 0.79 pH units in the Mextral 84H/P204 system were observed compared with single Mextral 84H system. Versatic 10 has little effect on the nickel extraction. The square-planar complex with a formation of Ni L 2 in the Mextral 84H/Versatic 10 system was proposed, the same as that in the single Mextral 84H system. P204 participates in the reaction between nickel and Mextral 84H, probably forming an octahedral complex with a formation of Ni (H 2 A 2 L 2). The synergistic effect could result from this formation of more stable and hydrophobic nickel adducts, which promote the distribution ratio of nickel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Separation coefficient of Sc and impurity ions were much higher in H 3 PO 4 medium. • Both P204 and H 3 PO 4 contributed to the ion exchange between PO(OH) and Sc3+. • Hydrophobic hydrophilic interaction was the main reason for selective extraction Sc. • 95% of Sc3+ was selectively extracted in phosphoric acid medium using P204. Abstract Acid leaching-solvent extraction is an effective process to extract scandium from scandium-bearing resources. This study was aimed to investigate the extraction behavior of metal ions, including Sc3+, Fe3+, Al3+and Ca2+, in phosphoric acid medium using P204. More than 95% of scandium was selectively extracted under the conditions of pH value of 1.5–1.8, aqueous-organic ratio of 3 and oscillation for 15 min. The impurity elements like Fe3+, Al3+ and Ca2+, were separated via the solvent extraction process using P204 (e.g., separation coefficient of scandium to iron is 298). In stripping process, the majority of co-extracted metal ions can be removed from the organic phase with hydrochloric acid solution. The scandium-bearing organic phase was stripped with 4 mol/L NaOH, wherein the recovery of scandium attained about 95% while that of the co-extracted iron and aluminum were only 3.1% and 1.2%, respectively. It was also confirmed that both P204 and H 3 PO 4 played roles in extraction reaction, and the desirable extraction of scandium in P204 was attributed to the ion exchange between hydrogen ion of PO(OH) and Sc3+ on acidic condition (pH = 0.4–1.5). Impurity elements (Fe3+ and Al3+) also reacted with phosphate anion to form hydrophilic ions, and in turn result in selective extraction of scandium in phosphoric acid leachate using P204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of nickel from manganese， magnesium and calcium by solvent extraction with new synergistic system was studied. The effects of organic phase ratio， equilibrium pH value and equilibrium time on extraction separation were investigated， and nickel extraction and stripping isotherms were plotted. The results showed that the organic phase composed of 1.25mol/L 4PC(L)+0.25mol/L P204(HA)was used after 5 levels of countercurrent extraction， the extraction rate of nickel reached 98.7%， and the extraction rate of other impurity metals were nearly below 5%. The loaded organic phase was subjected to a three-stage countercurrent stripping， the stripping rate of nickel reached 98.2%， and the content of nickel in the organic phase was less than 0.1g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northeastern University (Social Science) / Dongbei Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) is the property of Dongbei Daxue and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A cyanide tailings slurry electrolyte (CTSE) was treated using a synergistic extraction system (P204-T) composed of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (P204, (C 8 H 17 O) 2 PO 2 H, H 2 A 2), trioctylamine (TOA, ([CH 3 (CH 2) 7 ] 3 N), R 3 N), and iso-alkanes, and a collaborative extraction technique involving oxalic acid stripping and photocatalysis was developed to separate and recover valuable metals and prepare ferrous oxalate. The results show that at a pH of 1.5, the P204 concentration of 15 vol%, TOA concentration of 10 vol%, O/A of 1:1, an oscillation time of 10 min, and an oscillation frequency of 190 rpm, the single-stage Fe(III) and Zn(II) extraction efficiencies of P204-T were 99.25% and 99.02%, respectively, and the saturated extraction capacities were 25.01 g•L−1 and 1.20 g•L−1, respectively. TOA destroyed the dimer structure of P204 and promoted the –OH bond and –O P group in P204 to combine with TOA through hydrogen bonding to form N–H+···O–P and N–H+···O P bonds, resulting in the R 3 NHA·(HA) composite structure. During the collaborative extraction process, ion exchange with FeSO 4 + resulted in the formation of FeSO 4 A·(HA) 3 and ion exchange with the intermediate product (R 3 NH) 2 SO 4 and Zn(SO 4) 2 2- formed (R 3 NH) 2 Zn(SO 4) 2 , which improves the extraction efficiency of metal ions. In addition, some amount of P204 underwent ion exchange with free Fe3+ and Zn2+ to produce FeA 3 (HA) 3 and ZnA 2 (HA) 2 , respectively. At oxalic acid concentration of 1 mol•L−1, an O/A of 1:3, the efficiencies of Fe(III) and Zn(II) stripped from the saturated organic phase reached 99.65% and 99.41%. Zn(II) formed the ZnC 2 O 4 ·2 H 2 O precipitate and Fe(III) separation. FeC 2 O 4 ·2 H 2 O was successfully synthesized by ultraviolet photocatalysis using iron oxalate complex as the stock solution. [Display omitted] • Process of synergistic extraction, oxalic acid stripping and photocatalysis was developed. • Technical parameters of iron enrichment and value-added utilization are determined. • Ferrous oxalate was prepared from cyanide tailings slurry electrolyte. • The reaction mechanism of P204-T synergistic extraction process has been explore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous study, it has been proven that the content of scandium could be enriched to about 0.04 wt% in a solid product after proper pretreatment of bauxite ore residue. The extraction of scandium from this scandium-rich material was investigated in the present study, with emphasis on both acid leaching of various components and solvent extraction of scandium from acidic leachate. It showed that more than 90% of Sc 2 O 3 was leached out from this material with 6–8 mol/L phosphoric acid at 120–140 °C for 60–90 min and liquid-solid ratio of 10–12 mL/g. The presence of phosphoric acid promoted the leaching of scandium due to increased dissolution of perovskite, which converted to CaHPO 4 and (TiO) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 and then TiO 2 precipitates through TiO 2+ hydrolysis precipitation. In the subsequent solvent extraction step, about 98% of Sc 3+ was further extracted from the acidic leachate with 2% D2EHPA (P204) at pH 1.8 and aqueous-organic ratio of 3:1. Compared with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid, phosphoric acid had much higher selectivity in separation of Sc from the other main constituents, as demonstrated by its large separation coefficient (β) between scandium and other elemental species (e.g., for iron, β Sc/Fe = 2703). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will investigate the synergistic solvent extraction of extracted Pr from a chloride medium, using a mixture of two acidic extractants, namely 2-ethylhexylphosphonic mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507, HA) and di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (P204, HB) in kerosene. The stoichiometry of the extracted species was characterized by a classical lg–lg plot analysis. The composition of the extracted complexes has been determined as Pr(HA2)(HB2)2. Moreover, the differences of the extraction behavior from sulfuric and chloride medium were discussed in detail. The values of equilibrium constant and thermodynamic parameters such as △G, △H, and △S were also calculated. A cation-exchange mechanism was proposed and further clarified by slope analysis and IR spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A liquid–liquid extractive separation between hafnium and zirconium from thiocyanic acid medium using the mixtures of diisobutyl ketone (DIBK) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) as the extractant was developed. The effects of the aqueous acidity, the concentration of P204, the contacting time, the concentration of NH 4 SCN, and the concentration of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and NaCl on the extractive separation of the two metal ions were investigated. It is observed that hafnium was enriched in the organic layer while zirconium enriched in the aqueous layer in DIBK-P204 system. The optimum conditions for hafnium and zirconium separation were that the aqueous acidity is 1.0 mol/L, the concentration of P204 in the organic phase is 10% (v/v), the contacting time is 15 min, the concentration of NH 4 SCN is 4.0 mol/L, and the concentration of NaCl is about 2.0–3.0 mol/L. Under this condition, the separation factor of hafnium and zirconium is up to 10.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cGAS-STING pathway is central to the interferon response against DNA viruses. However, recent studies are increasingly demonstrating its role in the restriction of some RNA viruses. Here, we show that the cGAS-STING pathway also contributes to the interferon response against noroviruses, currently the commonest causes of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide. We show a significant reduction in interferon-β induction and a corresponding increase in viral replication in norovirus-infected cells after deletion of STING, cGAS, or IFI16. Further, we find that immunostimulatory host genome-derived DNA and mitochondrial DNA accumulate in the cytosol of norovirus-infected cells. Lastly, overexpression of the viral NS4 protein is sufficient to drive the accumulation of cytosolic DNA. Together, our data find a role for cGAS, IFI16, and STING in the restriction of noroviruses and show the utility of host genomic DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern in cells infected with an RNA virus. [Display omitted] • cGAS, IFI16, and STING are required for a robust IFN response against noroviruses • Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA accumulate in the cytosol of norovirus-infected cells • Accumulation of cytosolic DNA depends on virus replication • Viral NS4 protein mediates leakage of DNA into the cytosol of infected cells Jahun et al. show leakage of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol in norovirus-infected cells, which activates the cGAS-STING pathway and contributes to the overall interferon response. This leakage of DNA appears to be driven by the viral NS4 protein, in a manner dependent on virus replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mathematical model for the transport of Ce(IV) from sulfate solutions through dispersion supported liquid membranes which contain 2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester (P204) as the carrier, dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution. This process of facilitated transport, based on membrane technology, is a variation on the conventional technique of solvent extraction and may be described mathematically using Fick's second law. The equations for transport velocity are derived considering the diffusion of P204 and its metallic complexes through the liquid membrane. In this work, the system is considered to be in a transient state, and chemical reaction between Ce(IV) and the carrier takes place only at the solvent-aqueous interfaces. Modeling of concentration profiles is obtained for the Ce(IV) from which extraction velocities are predicted. The experimental and simulated Ce(IV) extractions showed similar tendencies for a high Ce(IV) concentration and acidity case. The model results indicate that the initial high concentration of Ce(IV) and acidity have detrimental effects on Ce(IV) extraction and stripping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]