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Learning is one of the most powerful concepts in artificial intelligence research. It allows a system to learn from its environment and automatically modify its behavior to suit its needs. On par with human champions, the world’s best computer backgammon player is a computer program that learns by playing against itself. The learning algorithm and available data set limit computer learning. Several techniques are available to perform machine learning. Decision trees, the naïve Bayes approach, and the more general Bayes net approach are a few choices. The naïve Bayes approach is an instance of the more general Bayes nets. This paper examines and analyzes the naïve Bayes and decision tree approaches to learning. Various techniques to avoid over-fitting, such as ensemble construction and cross-validation, are also implemented and analyzed. A novel hybrid between the naïve Bayes approach and the decision tree method is presented. The hybrid system produces a spectrum of options that could be used for learning by merely changing parameter values. At one end lies the naïve Bayes approach, while at the other lies the decision tree technique. The proposed hybrid scheme solves the problem of poor naïve Bayes performance in a domain with dependent attributes and the memory consumption problem of the decision tree. One can analyze this idea and show encouraging experimental data that backs the need for such a solution.

The release of those materials would be contained within the facility’sboundariese so that the impact on the public would be negligible. Hazardous facilities include oil refineries, micro-chip manufacturing,g, etc. Basic Facilities: The buildings not classified as safety-critical or essential/dangerous come under this category. This paper investigates the effect of the cylindrical charge aspect ratio on the spatial distribution of sufficient pressure induced by blast blasting on the face of a concrete element. A clear pattern of the spatial distribution of internal pressure can be seen in the graphical comparison of different aspect ratios. This may be attributed to the complex pressure wave patterns produced by the detonation of cylindrical explosives. Adequate pressure decreases as the aspect ratio of the cylindrical head increases. A 50% reduction in clean printing is observed when the aspect ratio varies between 1 and 2.

The research paper ETABS is an integrated programming software providing mass distribution and rapid analysis of structures building where we can assign loadings per codal provision. Different methods are also available to elongate our research and analysis of the system. This software developed by CSI is also utilized in the designing of Burj khalifa. ETABS is coordinated programming giving mass dispersion and immediate investigation of building designs where one can allocate loadings according to any codal arrangement. Various strategies are additionally accessible to extend our examination and examination of construction. This paper depicts to determines the role of dampers in tall structures. To assess the stability of the system under seismic load considering dampers. To compare two distinct types of dampers to evaluate the seismic effect of different earthquakes. To provide cost analysis of form per SOR to assess the seismic impact on distant earthquakes.

Potable water is a treasurable and unusual commodity in emerging and advanced countries. Due to its limited availability, some waters not fit for drinking may be suitable for concrete making, provided they satisfy the acceptance criteria. One viable approach is to employ these non-potable waters with altered pH as a substitute for tap water in concrete. This study assessed the effect of mixing water's pH on concrete's mechanical and durability properties. Diverse mixing waters with pH1.9, pH3.2, and pH8.9 were obtained and subsequently compared mechanical and durability properties with the concrete mix of the same grade with normal mixing water of pH7.4 for the 7, 28, and 270 days. The maximum design compressive strength of 33.26 N/mm2, flexure strength of 3.02 N/mm2, and splitting tensile strength of 2.37 N/mm2 for tap water with pH7.4 for 28 days were recorded. The result indicates that the mechanical properties of water with pH1.9 strength decreased by 45.43%, pH3.2 strength decreased by 30.58%, and pH 8.9 strength increased by 7.69%. After that, research is done to obtain an exact optimum substitution level of cement by G.G.B.S. (15 – 60% at an increment of 15%) and Waste glass (5 – 20% at an increase of 5%) combined for the O.P.C. concrete mix followed by simulation for the same. A constant water/cement ratio of 0.4 was taken to analyze the mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength) of the combination of waste glass and G.G.B.S. concrete mix.

The study uses coupled finite or boundary element models expressed in terms of the axial wavenumber. It is found to be important to include the track in the model as this determines how the load is distributed at the soil’s surface, which significantly affects the insertion loss of the barrier. Calculations are presented for a range of typical layered grounds in which the depth of the upper soil layer is varied. Variations in the width and depth of the trench or barrier are also considered. The results show that in all ground conditions considered, the notional rectangular open trench performs best.

This study examines the mechanical traits of bi-material concrete containing polypropylene fiber. This analysis aims to establish a relationship between bi-material concrete’s compressive strength (CS), split tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS). M25 grade of bi-material concrete is designed, and polypropylene fiber is added to half of the concrete. Polypropylene fiber (PPF) was included in concrete with 0.20, 0.35, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50% by the weight of cement. Different test (CS, FS, STS) was performed over the bi-material concrete after 28 days of the curing period. Mathematical models were made by performing regression analysis over the experiment data and matched with the other models in the previous studies. Mechanical properties of the definite increase when the polypropylene fiber increases up to 0.5% compared to conventional concrete. It is seen that the empirical values fall within reach of expected values when the predicted values are compared to the experimental results. In this study, the existing analytical models and the relationship between mechanical traits of bi-material concrete are evaluated and matched with the models present in previous studies, and a new model is proposed.

Digital Image Processing (DIP) uses photogrammetry principles to monitor elements in space and attribute respective coordinates to a pre-set reference frame. The comparison makes the measure of a graphic collection taken above fixed intervals. The technique may be performed in many experiments, including compressive, longitudinal, torque, bending, and different combined loading for static and dynamic applications. As the world’s engineering structures (such as towers and highways) mature, there seems to be a critical necessity to maintain and analyse the integrity of the system of large buildings. As per the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), there were 161,892 obsolete or technically deficient bridges in the U. S. as of 2008, with the mean lifespan of a bridge being 43 years old. The primary method used to assess deck integrity today is subjectively direct observation, which is unreliable since specific damage can be hard to spot, difficult to quantify visibly, or subject to individual perception. Bridges have lately been monitored using classic detectors like strain gauges and deflection indicators.

The knowledge base of the new ANN is reconstructed through the use of the Fuzzy Set Theory, which permits to formalization ion the procedures in a non-deterministic way. The uncertainty and the imprecision of the gathered data are managed with techniques topical to Fuzzy Logic. Moreover, the System permits the user to modify the same knowledge base or insert new basheadquartersd use the most appropriate one in specific situations. The gathered data and the evaluations' results are loaded on databases and databases, successively, for further elaborations and new evaluations with different knowledge bases. Implementing and fleshing out several psychological and neuroscience theories of cognition, the AI-ANN conceptual model aims at being a cognitive “theory of everything.” With modules or processes for perception, working memory, episodic memories, “consciousness,” procedural memory, action selection, perceptual learning, serial learning, deliberation, volition, and non-routine problem solving, the AI-ANN model is ideally suited to provide a functional ontology that would allow for the discussion, design, and comparison of AGI systems. The AI-ANN architecture is based on the cognitive cycle, a “cognitive atom.” The more elementary cognitive modules and processes play a role in each mental cycle. Higher-level functions are performed over multiple cycles. In addition to giving a quick overview of the AI-ANN conceptual model and its underlying computational technology, one can argue for the AI-ANN architecture’s role as a foundational architecture for an AGI. Finally, lessons For AGI researchers drawn from the model and its architecture are discussed.

Bridge problems are challenging, but this revolutionary solution streamlines the procedure. Many other difficulties were investigated, including the 4th order non-homogeneous obstacle bridge problem. A fundamental supported continuous beam with n supports and variable loading conditions is employed for this aim. Different limits were taken for various cases, solved using novel techniques, and compared with the computational method. A novel techniques methodology approach was used to multi-support and continuous bridge issues to increase the accuracy and conjunction of the abovementioned problems. Ongoing support bridge issues may be promptly remedied using creative ways. The findings of the unique technique approach gather quickly and are closer to the precise answer. This work uses the novel methodology for numerous initial value issues, such as diverse case problems. This approach has been used in a variety of engineering sectors. This approach has been used in very little research on dynamics. As a result, an effort has been undertaken to investigate the validity of such an approach. The approach provided accurate answers to the majority of the difficulties.

Reinforced concrete is the most consumed material in the world, followed by air and water. As the demand for reinforced concrete as a building material increases, so makes the demand for Portland cement and ordinary cement. On the other hand, environmental protection has become a significant issue due to climate change caused by global warming. This is due to emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 from human activities. Of all greenhouse gases, CO2 is responsible for approximately 65% ??of global warming. The cement industry also contributes to releasing CO2 into the atmosphere by producing large amounts of Portland cement and releasing large amounts of CO2. One can need to protect the environment by preventing the uncontrolled disposal of waste. Several efforts have been made to solve this problem. These include using additional cementitious materials such as fly ash, silica fume, granular blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, grass, metakaolin, and alternative binders to Portland cement. Consumption of morsel rubber concrete can reduce the environmental impact in the cement industry. From the perspective of global warming, the technology of self-compacting morsel rubber concrete can significantly reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. This report presents the analysis and test results of the properties of class 40 self-compacting Morsel rubber concrete using various new approaches.

Nowadays concrete and mortar demand as construction materials has been surged in market due to the exorbitant augmentation of the construction industry. Cement and fine aggregates (like river sand, pit sand etc.) are consumed in a large quantity to produce the mortar for various uses. In this venture, the cement and natural sand is been replaced with the soda-lime glass and the properties of mortar has been characterized for this replacement. Various proportions adopted for the cement replacement by weight 0–20% and natural sand replacement by weight are used 0–30% at 5% interval. The influence on the workability, density, water absorption, mechanical strength, drying shrinkage and Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) expansion are assessed. Outcome of the investigation reveals that the dose of soda-lime glass replaced with cement and natural sand plays an important role to determine characteristics of cement mortar. Mortar made with Glass powder (GP) at 15% replacement with cement and Glass sand (GS) at 25% replacement with natural sand have highest mechanical strength. Water absorption and density reduced by using soda-lime glass. Drying shrinkage mitigate by using waste glass. ASR expansion has reduces due to smaller particle size of glass. The pores refinement and porosity decrement occurs due to the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and glass powder reaction, this is a pozzolanic reaction that produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel.

The Performance of Valve Regulated Lead Acid battery in E–the bike is affected by various operational and topographical parameters like operating temperatures, variation in discharge rates of the vehicle, operation of the vehicle at the different State of Charge, etc. In this paper, performance of the Valve Regulated Lead Acid batteries of E-bike is evaluated under different driving cycles with various road conditions and climatic conditions. All the driving processes are dividing according to routes, i.e., urban route, gradient route, highway route, rural route, and time of the day, i.e., morning, afternoon, and evening. All the experiments are performed with old and new battery set for a thorough study of the performance of batteries with the different States of Heath. The OREVA ALISH E-bike equipped with four numbers of 12 V, 25 Ah Valve Regulated Lead Acid batteries is selected for experimentation. The experimental analysis revealed that the climatic conditions, the topology of the region and the State of Health significantly affect the battery temperature during operating conditions. The results show that a battery temperature increases rapidly during afternoon field tests, going up to 45.4˚C when the ambient temperature is 39.7˚C. The route pattern significantly affects the energy consumption of E-bike also. The highest energy consumption of 15.05 Wh/km is observed on the gradient route.

The dimensions 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.1 m, composed by the reinforced concrete (RC), prestressed concrete (PC), and Polypropylene reinforced concrete (PRC) and 28 days the strength & precise temperatures measured along surfaces. Mathematical models were planned to forecast concrete strengths when acquainted with thermal flare because numerous mechanical tests like compressive, tensile, flexural strengths and density are performed. Mechanical properties of various mixes of concrete beneath the effect of fireplace flame exposure are presented. Three distinct concrete mixes are prepared. The Bi-material concrete parts were subjected to fireplace flame temperatures travel from room temperature (27 °C) at completely different ages of thirty, sixty and ninety days. At numerous heat levels of 400 °C, 600 °C and 850 °C were elected to exposure length of 2.0 h. When the hearth performance, concrete specimens were quenched in an exceedingly water tank to supply the most tremor because of sharp freezing. The experiment demarcates that the PC explosive ¼ hour after test start spalling begins. The panels with Polypropylene and RC panels maintained their integrity and structural stability for 4 h, failing in the thermal insulation criteria at 3¾ hours and 2¼ hours, respectively. The polypropylene panels depict no spalling of concrete, compared to control concrete for a more extended period and thermal insulation because of suitable properties.

The challenge is to search out the economic structure system of high-rise buildings within the Indian scenario. This document covers numerous steel systems: moment-stabilizing frame system, composite frame system, luggage rack system with stabilizing belt, structural wall frame system, and frame tube system. Once coming up with multi-storey buildings, truss systems, cluster piping systems for high-rise buildings, lateral hundreds (wind or unstable loads) are principally chargeable for demolition, determining structural systems for high-rise buildings. To form the drift as slight as possible, the beams and columns should be more stiffed. In an exceedingly building with a bit of floor range, the lateral load seldom affects the rise within the building and, therefore, increases size. The part structure considers the aspect load and the doable arranging of the structure. In alternative side load resistance systems beneath study, the force frame’s side displacement is the highest. The lateral displacement of the double frame is the smallest, and the lateral displacement of the slippery wall system is slightly beyond that of the double system.

The behavior of concrete in the form of an adhesive made with activated silicon and aluminium in a highly alkaline solution is investigated in this study. Research on concrete based on low calcium fly ash is widely used. The fly ash with high calcium content can also be suitable as a base material for producing geopolymers. In this investigation, the exact ideal substitution amount of GGBS: Fly Ash for PPC concrete mix was determined to be 60:40. For different sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate chemical ratios in the concrete mix, different results were produced. This research adds to our understanding of the performance of various strength concretes and GGBS as partial cement substitutes. Mechanical strength and durability properties and acid attack were discovered in the GGBS and Fly Ash concrete mix. Sodium Silicate and sodium hydroxide have been discovered to affect various combinations as well as strength and durability.

Many researchers have utilized recycled plastic trash to substitute aggregate in concrete for decades, and this document describes the technical properties of recycled plastic waste in detail. The resin impacts the concrete's new qualities, which affects the concrete's mechanical properties and durability. The inclusion of resin modifies the mechanical characteristics and strength of the concrete, according to current test results. Plastic fibers derived from plastic trash bottles were used to reinforce ordinary concrete in this investigation. The compressive strength of cubes and cylinders made of standard and fiber-reinforced concrete is determined in the laboratory. The experiments used concrete grades M25 and M30 and two geometric fibers with a volume ratio of 0.0% to 3.0%, cured for 28 days. This document establishes the relationship between compressive strength and cylindrical strength for conventional reinforced concrete and plastic fibers and compares it with standards.

Rice is an important cereal crop and its productivity is being affected by many abiotic and biotic stresses. High temperature affects the rice yield and productivity. Thirty rice genotypes were evaluated in normal and under high temperature stress conditions. There was reduction in grain yield in all the tested genotypes. Based on yield recorded under normal and high temperature conditions, yield based indices were calculated. Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), Geometric Mean Production (GMP), Mean Production (MP), Yield Index (YI), Modified stress tolerance (K1STI and K2STI) were significantly and positively correlated to yield under both stress and non-stress conditions and could be considered as good selection indices for screening for heat tolerance. Genotypes were ranked based on their tolerant or susceptibility indices and it was noted that among all IET 28412, IET 28397 and IET 28432 exhibited highest mean rank and a lower standard deviation of rank, hence they can be identified as heat tolerant genotypes. Genotypes IET 26468, IET 28393 and Gontrabidhan-3 were identified as highly susceptible to high temperature stress.

The mechanical and durability properties were best at 45% GGBS and 5% Waste Glass with 0.4 water/cement ratio. The recycled materials implemented for mix proportion were waste glass provided considerably to enhance its properties when added with GGBS. In most of the research work, the effect of WG and GGBS in concrete as a partial substitution of fine aggregate and cement individually is analyzed. Previous studies only show the individual impact of these concrete recycled materials on mechanical and durability properties. In the present study, an exact optimum substitution level of cement by GGBS (15 – 60% at an increment of 15%) and fine aggregate by the waste glass (5 – 20% at an increase of 5%) combined for OPC concrete mix. Mechanical (compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength) and microstructural properties (FESEM) were observed on the combination of waste glass and GGBS concrete mix.

This paper examines the mechanical, durability and scanning electron micrograph results of bi-material concrete encompassing mesh type fibrillated polypropylene fibre which depicts the smooth texture on the surface even though the unflawed bond has been observed between control mix and fibre concrete layer. The main aim of this paper is to investigate bond strength between controlled concrete and fibre test specimen interaction and their bonding properties at various levels described. The examinational tests of concrete in the hardened state performed to assess compressive, flexural, pull-off strengths and durability properties corresponding abrasion test for the heterogeneous proportions. The results of compressive and flexural strength gain anonymously in bi-material concrete. Microstructural properties of interface observed and scrutinised through a scanning electron microscope and optical microscopy tests conducted and evaluated the crack growth prediction and resistance to crack growth due to bi-material fibred concrete. Investigational tests conducted to assess the bi-material interface characteristics accompanied multifarious proportions of fibre in concrete. Executed results provide an advance understanding of the function of bi-material interfaces and further development in the experimental performance of fibre cementitious materials.

The statistical models illustrated the constitutive relationship between the fibre volume fraction and governing characteristics of concrete. Regression coefficient of determination obtained for the best fit in polynomial, Fourier, interpolant and basis spline functions. The relationship among compressive, flexural and pull-off strengths signifies through curve fitting with nearest neighbor interpolant. Estimated optimum value found for fibre concrete through executed result, provides an advance understanding of fibre concrete and further development in experimental performance of cementitious materials. This paper devotes the statistical capability of durable recycled material to resist the physical process and degradation processes during its service life with the minimal maintenance is equally important as the capacity. The mechanical characteristics and recycled brittle behaviour of the material remains a larger handicap flexible behaviour is essentially required. Reinforcement with randomly distributed short fibres presents an effective approach to the stabilisation of the crack and improving the ductility and tensile strength of concrete. Polypropylene fibre reinforcement is considered to be an effective method for improving the shrinkage cracking characteristics, toughness, and impact resistance of concrete materials. The statistical concert in fibre reinforced concrete by comparing various properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, workability properties with various content of fibre.

Electric discharge machining (EDM) process consisting conductive powders has been quite popular for hard materials machining with acceptable dimensional and geometrical accuracy. However, issues like unacceptable surface quality, high tool wear rate (TWR) and low material removal rate (MRR) limits the applications of this non-conventional technique. In this article, effort has been made to identify the parametric conditions that resulted in maximum MRR and minimum TWR during powder (nickel) mixed EDM operation of various die steels having similar applications (EN8, EN19 and EN24) by copper tool. Since the MRR in EDM process has been affected significantly by variation in peak current, off and on-time of pulse, so these three parameters along with concentration of conductive powder have been selected as input variables in the research work. The experiments (total 36) were executed and analyzed using D-optimal design criterion of response surface methodology (RSM) technique.

This study examines the performance of concrete by predicting the compression, flexural and split-tensile strength after fire flame exposure. Statistical approaches are taken to find out the fresh and hardened properties of HSC influenced by revelation to the fiery-hot blaze. For different mixes of concrete (Mix 1 with 100% cement, Mix 2 with 20% fly ash and Mix 3 with 10% silica fume) after fire flame exposure, strengths are calculated and after knowing the values for afterburning effect strengths, a mathematical model is proposed. Model is based on the before fire flame exposure strengths to observe the afterwards consequences of fire flame on strengths. Effect of higher temperature on different mixes and density, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths has been observed. The concrete samples were exposed to fire flame heats fluctuating between 27 °C and 850 °C on diverse ages of 30, 60 as well as 90 days. 400, 600 and 850 °C remained three heat intensities selected for disclosure period of 2.0 h. Samples were put through water quenching after burning to provide greatest highest tremor caused by abrupt cool down. The analysis outcomes displayed that as fire flame temperatures enhance the density, compressive, flexural and split-tensile strength reduces.

The main aim of composition is to investigate reinforced concrete using a novel approach to the digital image process (DIP). Utilization of the photogrammetry principles to track features and assign their position to a predetermined coordinate system. The present study deals with the systematic investigation of the cracks propagate and created inside the factual is a crucial feature of the sharp Ordinal pictures. They are apprehended ahead of overwhelming (undistorted position) and specific cases of loading. The pictures were explored through the connexion procedure to reckon the shallow displacements, strains, flaw overture, descending shortcomings, transposition of point load, flaw interval, and break gradient position. The obtained results of concrete material using Matlab® tool. The behavior of various samples such as conventional mix, 3%, 3.6%, and 4.2% steel fiber concrete was examined using DIP. The considered of augment structural health monitoring techniques currently practice in various applications. DIP technique employed to assess the external displacement and damage within concrete. In general, various faults transpire in hardened concrete specimens. This analysis deal with damage estimation inside reinforced concrete examples concurred with the code IS:456(limit states approach) through novel techniques. The connexion scrutiny using the program illustrates the proportional displacement along with the rupture arrest on the glued boundaries and the frictional interface. The attained displacement quantities are converted to strain using this novel technique, and respected stresses were obtained. This analysis is a primary pace about expending the digital image process technique in incorporation with high-speed taking pictures to capture the highly transitory singularities complexed in deep cracks.

In recent times, the number of terrorist attacks has increased, and shown the impact of blast loads on buildings is a matter of concern that should be considered in the design process. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of blast loading applied over the structure. In ETAB Software, an R.C.C. framed Structure with G + 3 number of stories is designed with each storey height is 3.5 m and plinth level is 1.5 m total height of a building is 14 m, and length and width of the building is 12 m each. The size of the beam and column is 300 × 400 mm and 450x450 mm, respectively. Loads applied over the structure are live load (3 KN/m2), floor finish load (1 KN/m2), and blast load (150 kg and 300 kg TNT) at standoff distance 30 m and 60 m. The grade of concrete and steel is M30 and fe500, respectively. Four different models are taken, and the variation of storey displacement and storey drift is recorded when the standoff distance, the amount of blast yield (TNT), and the stiffness of the structure change. Without infill structure, when standoff distance is increased from 30 m to 60 m without changing the yield of explosion, the maximum storey displacement is reduced by around 67%. Whole storey drift is reduced by around 66.70%. Without infill structure, when the yield of an explosion is reduced from 300 kg TNT to 150 kg TNT without changing the standoff distance, the maximum storey displacement is reduced by around 33%., and whole storey drift is reduced by around 31%. Without infill structure, we increase the number of columns and beams by increasing the number of bays from 3 bays of 4 m to 4 bays of 3 m each in both X and Y direction without changing the size of the column and beam. The yield of explosion and standoff distance does not change, then the maximum storey displacement is reduced by around 40%., and whole storey drift is reduced by around 38%.

In the construction deeds, the water dramas a dominant segment and so far no substitute to water is available. Chemical limits of water for concrete, suggested by different codes of concrete signpost that non-potable-water can be cast-off as intercourse water. In this paper, mechanical property on concrete is gauged for assorted tap, grey, pond, and treated-sewage waters. In the research, in concrete we locate the probability of practice of treated, untreated-water as an unconventional to drinkable-water to accompanying research-laboratory examinations for an enhanced appreciative of fresh and hardened properties of raw and treated waste-water concrete. The strengths may vary with ingredients, purity of water, and curing time. In this approach, the effects of different water samples on the property of concrete, which were fresh and hardened strength characteristics investigated through experiments. Compressive, flexural, split tensile, and pull-off strength and its variability were elucidated by investigational that is based on rate processes. The flashing loading-level tests were conducted on different water-sample on mechanical testing under various water conditions. Concrete mixes using treated-sewage water cast at curing times of distinct days led to superior effects on mechanical strength. The design strength was recorded in compressive of 33.26 MPa, flexural of 2.77 MPa, and splitting tensile 2.21 MPa respectively for tap water. The result depicts that the mechanical properties of grey-water strength increased an amount of 2.1%, pond-water strength decreased an amount of 0.51% and similarly, treated-sewage water strength increased an amount of 6.9% as compare to tap-water. The optimum mechanical strength of treated-sewage water shows prodigious results compare to tap-water and also it insinuates that treated-sewage water properties augmented by 7.43% compare to pond-water.