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Background: Obesity, overweight and elevated BMI are clinical features of PCOS, and between 40-80% of women with PCOS are reported to be overweight or obese. This study aimed to categorize values of patient anthropometric variables such as BMI with change in follicular sizes as determined by sonography following postCLOMID inducement therapy. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental cohort study carried out in some selected hospitals in Anambra State, Nigeria, from June 2018 to May 2022.Convenient sampling technique was adopted to select the subjects based on the inclusion criteria, which were women of child bearing age (18 to 45 years) for both groups. Confirmation of patients with PCOS was ascertained with the presence of polycystic ovaries in ultrasound. The ultrasound examinations and anthropometry measurements were carried out on each subject, and data such as BMI, follicular sizes before and post treatment were recorded. The obtained data were subjected to SPSS analysis using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results: The mean values of the BMI of the participants in the experimental group before and after treatment with clomid were 25.69±5.99 kg/m2 , 25.92±5.55 kg/m2 respectively, while the mean BMI value for the control group was 23.09±3.41 kg/m2 .There were no statistically significant differences in body mass index, and maximal follicular size in women with failed and successful ovulation in the experimental group before treatment (p>0.05). There were statistically significant mean differences in the BMI (t= 8.75, p = 0.001) and follicular size (t= 2.04, p = 0.04) of participants in the experimental group after treatment with clomid. There were statistically significant mean differences in the BMI (t= 2.41, p = 0.02) and follicular size (t= 4.88, p = 0.001) of participants in the control group after treatment with clomid. Conclusion: There was higher ovulation failure rate among the overweight and obese subjects in both the experimental and control groups. Also significant increase in mean follicular sizes after clomid inducement in the experimental group was noted. Body mass index has significant negative impacts on ovulation.

Introduction Renal Doppler resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values are potentially more sensitive at detecting renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory indices in patients with HIV/AIDS. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published research articles on renal Doppler indices and their correlation with laboratory indices of HIV sero-positive adult individuals. This study aimed to assess the renal function of HIV-sero-positive adults using RI and PI, and correlating these indices against laboratory values. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to April 2020. A purposive sampling method was employed and included 396 HIV sero-positive adult individuals. Sampling for the renal RI and PI was performed at the level of the inter-lober arteries, in between the medullary pyramids. An RI value above 0.70 and a PI value above 1.56 were consider abnormal. Serum creatine and urea together with evidence of proteinuria were recorded at the time of scanning. Results Forty-three (10.9%) men had an abnormal RI, 32 (8.1%) had abnormal PI, five (2.5%) had abnormal creatinine, two (1%) abnormal urea and eight (4.1%) with proteinuria. In women, 29 (7.3%) had abnormal RI, 22 (5.6%) abnormal PI, four (2%) abnormal creatinine and urea and six (3%) had proteinuria. There was a statistically significant weak positive correlation between RI and PI and serum creatinine and urea (r > 0.2, P Conclusion The proportion of patients with abnormal RI and PI was higher than the proportion of participants with abnormal serum urea, creatinine and proteinuria. Renal Doppler indices could be used be used in the early assessment of renal function in HIV sero-positive adults individuals. Implications for practice Serum creatinine and urea are routinely used to evaluate renal function in patients with HIV/AIDS. Findings from this initial study show that RI and PI could be used detecting early renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory values.

Tuberculosis (TB) disease is usually marked by inflammation which is closely linked to haemostasis both in health and disease. Close monitoring of haemostatic response to inflammatory changes during treatment is important to improve TB management. Here we studied associations between haemostatic markers and inflammatory cytokines in 60 TB-infected individuals, aged 18-65 years who received anti-TB therapy. They were recruited before commencement of therapy and followed up till completion of therapy after 6-months. The TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2 (pro-inflammatory cytokines) and P-selectin, GP IIb/IIIa, thrombopoietin (haemostatic variables) were significantly increased at 2 month into therapy compared to pre-treatment values and decreased at 6 month into therapy. Also at 6 month into therapy in comparison to 2-month into therapy, there were significant increase in IL-10 and TGF-β (anti-inflammatory cytokines) as well as a significant decline in PF-4. There were significant positive correlations between GP IIb/IIIa and TNF-α, IL-6 and PSEL, IL-6 and TPO, PF4 and TGF-β. Conclusively, the changes in the TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2 aligned with changes in the levels of P-selectin, GP IIb/IIIa, and TPO in the course of TB therapy. This may suggest that the levels of inflammatory cytokines are linked to the levels of these haemostatic variables in TB individuals.