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Breast Cancer has very low survival rate when detected at later stages. Hence, Computer Aided Diagnostic Models can assist the medical practitioners by diagnosing reports without human intervention. In this paper the sample size considered is 401(200 benign and 201 malignant images) and has been acquired from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography. This paper propose a novel method to detect breast malignancies using texton based analysis. The filter bank that has been used here to obtain the texton based response is the Maximum Response 8 Filter Bank. Further Haralick’s features from the Gray Level Co-occurence Matrix , histogram based features from Local Binary Pattern and statistical features namely skewness and kurtosis are extracted from each filter response. Genetic Algorithm and Linear Discriminant Analysis has been used for feature selection and feature reduction respectively. Classification is performed using three classifiers namely Naive bayes, Logistic Regression and Linear SVM. The proposed algorthm exhibit an Accuracy of 87.5% and Area under Curve of 0.95 using Logistic Regression classifier.

Measurement of angular position of a rotating shaft is required in several industrial, medical, and aerospace applications. In this article, a simplified position measurement system using Tunneling Magneto-Resistance (TMR) sensing technique is proposed to cater this objective. The TMR-based rotary position-sensing system (TRPS) uses inherent merits of the TMR technology for shaft angle measurement. It processes the sensor signals, possessing sine–cosine behavior, and renders a linearly varying output. The TRPS is primarily designed and tested for angle measurement over full-circle range. However, a modified design, with lower component count, is also proposed and verified for half-circle range measurements. The circuit architecture of the TRPS and its operation are discussed in detail. Owing to its faster response, the TRPS can be used to track the angular position of the shaft, even at high speeds. The effects of non-idealities of sensor and circuit, on the TRPS output, are analyzed. Several simulation- and emulation-based tests are conducted to validate the suitability of the TRPS for static and dynamic inputs. The TRPS is found to be useful for angle measurement up to shaft speeds of 12000 rpm. A TRPS hardware is fabricated using AAT003-10E TMR integrated circuit (IC) as the sensor and tested. Experiments show that the TRPS output varies linearly for 360° range. Finally, a performance comparison study is carried out to highlight the achievements of the TRPS over the existing schemes.

An efficient approach of cancer classification using microarray expression data by vector-valued regularized kernel function approximation (VVRKFA) method is presented in a true computer aided diagnosis framework. A fast dimensionality reduction method based on maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR) criteria is used to select very few genes so that both the classification accuracy and computational speed are enhanced. The experimental results are compared with support vector machines (SVM). It is observed that VVRKFA has achieved at least equal or better classification accuracy. This method also has the advantage that the separability of the data set can be observed in the label space.

Tea quality assessment is a difficult task because of the presence of innumerable compounds and their diverse contribution to tea quality. As a result, instrumental evaluation of tea quality is not practiced in the industry, and tea samples are assessed by experienced tea tasters. There had been a very few reports where an electronic tongue has been used for the discrimination of taste of tea samples. In this paper, a voltammetric electronic tongue instrument is described, which can declare tea-taster-like scores for black tea. The electronic tongue is based on the principle of pulse voltammetry and consists of an array of five working electrodes along with a counter and a reference electrode. The five working electrodes are of gold, iridium, palladium, platinum, and rhodium. The voltage equivalent of the output current from between the working electrode and the counterelectrode generated out of the tea liquor when excited with pulse voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode has been considered for data analysis. First, the sampled data have been compressed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and are then processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for visualization of underlying clusters. Finally, different pattern recognition models based on neural networks are investigated to carry out a correlation study with the tea tasters' score of five different grades of black tea samples obtained from a tea garden in India. The efficacy of the classifier has been established using tenfold cross-validation methods.

Energy use scenario and resulting rice yield of 576 farms belonging to six agroclimatic zones of Assam, India were investigated. Input energy from eight distinct sources, viz ., human, animal, diesel, commercial chemical fertilizer, farm yard manure (FYM), seed, pesticide chemical and machinery were determined on the basis of collected data and using standard procedure. Based on the power sources used and application of commercial chemical fertilizer, four categories of farms were delineated: (i) animal power without commercial fertilizer (APNF), (ii) animal power with commercial fertilizer (APF), (iii) mechanical power without commercial fertilizer (MPNF) and (iv) mechanical power with commercial fertilizer (MPF). The best-fit curve of energy versus yield indicated that use of commercial chemical fertilizer and mechanical power resulted in higher rice yield at higher level of input energy. Moreover, as the use of energy increased the yield increased up to maxima and then declined at higher levels of energy. This was observed in all four categories of farms with variation in yield–energy values. The average values of energy input (MJ ha −1 ) and corresponding yield (kg ha −1 ) for the APNF, APF, MPNF and MPF type of farms were (5220, 1980); (9050, 3170); (5100, 2360) and (8320, 3800), respectively. Renewable energy dominated the rice cultivation in Assam contributing more than 50% of the total input energy with the exception of MPF category of farm where share of renewable and non-renewable were found to be almost equal. Among the farm operations, tillage was the highest energy consuming operation followed by threshing, harvesting and transplanting for all four categories of farms. However, it was observed that rice yield was not positively correlated with tillage energy.

An all-solid-state, side diode array pulse pumped Nd:YAG laser tunable for six wavelengths ranging from 1318.8 nm to 1356.0 nm is developed. The tunability is obtained by using a grating in Littrow mode that also serves as an output coupler. The configuration ensures a line width as low as 0.04 nm. Thermal effects limit the maximum average power to 250 mW for an average absorbed pump power of 8.0 W in the free-running condition. An acousto-optic Q-switching of the laser provides pulses of width 251 ns with peak power of 733 W for an average pump power of 11.5 W. The laser may find application in microsurgery and dermatology.

The existing energy-use pattern, based on the prevailing cultivation practices and the optimal energy-demand based on the optimal mechanization strategy for animal operated paddy farms of Assam (India) were assessed. Two categories of paddy farms, i.e. with and without the use of chemical fertilizers were identified. Lower yield (1976 kg/ha) associated with a lower energy-input (5681 MJ/ha) was the characteristic feature of farms not using fertilizer in contrast to the higher yield (3165 kg/ha) and energy input (9290 MJ/ha) of fertilizer-user farms. Human and animal (as also chemical fertilizer for fertilizer-user farms) were the major energy sources under the existing practices contributing to more than 70% of the total energy-input. The optimal demand of energy to achieve a potential paddy yield of 6000 kg/ha was estimated as 11,168 MJ/ha comprising human, animal, diesel, and fertilizers as the major energy sources. Though the overall energy demand increased, the introduction of improved tillage implements could reduce the future optimal demand of animal energy for animal-operated paddy farms in Assam.

Recently, composites are widely used for interior panel of the transportation facilities such as railway vehicle, ships and aircraft, etc. These interior composites panels are often made by vacuum bagging, hand lay-up method and autoclave, etc. In this study, we carried out tests for the evaluation of material properties of the panels under more severe conditions than real environment to evaluate the dimension stability of the interior composite panels. Two sets of panels, one made by hand lay-up method with glass mat/polyester resin (Type 1), and the other, by vacuum bagging method with epoxy prepreg/NOMEX (Type 2) are exposed to the low temperature, high temperature and room temperature. And then we measured the dimensions of the strained panels. To monitor the characteristics of cured resin, we used DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter). It was observed that Type 2 has higher mechanical properties and dimensional stability than Type 1.

A summary of the experimental fatigue characterization of FRP composite bridge decks at two extreme temperatures [-30 ° C (-22 ° F) and 50 ° C (122 ° F)] is presented. Each deck was initially subjected to one million wheel load cycles at low temperature and another one million cycles at high temperature [1,2]. The results presented in this paper correspond to the fatigue response of each deck for four million load cycles at low temperature and another four million cycles at high temperature. Thus, the each deck was subjected to a total of ten million cycles. Progressive degradation in stiffness with cycling was noted for each deck. Comparisons of responses were made between the different FRP composite deck configurations and materials.

In West Bengal, India arsenic in ground water has been found to be above the maximum permissible limit in seven districts covering an area of 37,493km2. In the present study, evaluation of the micronuclei (MN) formation in oral mucosa cells, urothelial cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes was carried out in the symptomatic individuals exposed to arsenic through drinking water. Forty five individuals with cutaneous signs of arsenicism from four affected districts (368.11 microg/l of As in drinking water) were considered as the exposed group and 21 healthy individuals with no symptoms of arsenic poisoning and residing in two unaffected districts (5.49 microg/l of As) were considered as controls. The exposed and control groups had similar age distribution and socioeconomic status. Standardised questionnaires were utilised and medical examination was conducted to ascertain exposure history, sociodemographic characteristics, diet, health, medication, addiction and chief symptoms in the study participants. Arsenic exposure was confirmed by measuring the arsenic content in the drinking water, nails, hair and urine samples from the volunteers. Arsenic contents in the urine, nail and hair in the exposed group were 24.45 microg/l, 12.58 and 6.97 microg/g, respectively which were significantly high in comparison to corresponding control group values of 4.88 microg/l, 0.51 and 0.34 microg/g, respectively. Exposed individuals showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of MN in oral mucosa, urothelial cells and lymphocytes (5.15, 5.74 and 6.39/1000 cells, respectively) when compared with the controls (0.77, 0.56 and 0.53/1000 cells, respectively). Thus, the above results indicate that the symptomatic individuals exposed to arsenic through drinking water in this region have significant cytogenetic damage.

Study of tornadoes is fairly old, however, the dynamic response of structures subjected to tornadoes has not been studied by many. Some of the studies are based on experimental approaches. A few investigators have followed analytical methods. To our knowledge, no study has been reported so far on dynamic analysis of structures subjected to tornadoes using numerical techniques/finite element methods. Here, we report such a study that has been tried for the first time. Both the high rise buildings and small single-storeyed sheds have been studied.

The present study deals with the preparation of porous chitosan scaffolds by using a greener technique i.e., supercritical carbon dioxide (sc.CO2). 0.2 M chitosan (CS) solution in aqueous acetic acid was treated with 4% (w/v) genipin solution; the resulting hydrogels were subjected to solvent exchange prior to the final treatment procedures. Their morphology, pore structure, and physical properties were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffractogram (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the specific surface areas and porosimetry of scaffolds were determined by using N2 adsorption. The biological activity of scaffolds was investigated by immersing them into 1.5 x simulated body fluid (SBF) and cellular attachment study was assessed using Alamar Blue assay by seeding MG63 osteoblastic cells onto the scaffolds. The sc.CO2 assisted chitosan scaffold prepared by using green chemistry approach is highly pure and bioactive and can be served as a potential material for tissue engineering applications.

The intrinsic viscosities of polyamino acids increase strongly with molecular weight. Therefore, viscosity measurement using traditional glass capillary viscometers has been one of the most commonly used methods to determine their molecular weights, but such measurements are laborious, time consuming and need at least 10 ml of sample. However, a differential viscometer can be used as an on-line detector with a liquid chromatographic (LC) system to monitor the viscosity of the column effluent. Samples were injected using an autosampler onto a “delay” column containing glass beads in place of the LC columns. No chromatographic separation of the sample was intended. The experimental protocol was aimed at a convenient intrinsic viscosity determination of the bulk sample. The time required for viscosity determinations was about 2 min per sample. This viscometric approach provides a rapid and reliable method for determination of molecular weights of polyamino acids. The advantages of using the differential viscometer instead of conventional glass capillary viscometer are increased sensitivity, precision, speed and operational ease, which permit measurements of solution viscosity for samples containing as little as 2.3 μg of polyamino acids.

In this paper a virtual instrumentation based electronic tongue has been described by applying the principles of cyclic voltammetry. The set up consists of a three electrode system. A triangular pulse was applied as the input from a data acquisition card via an amplification and level shifter circuit and the voltage equivalent of the output current from the working solution was considered for data analysis. Initially, the huge amount of data has been compressed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) have been performed on the compressed data. Further, different pattern recognition models based on neural networks were used to carry out a correlation study with the tea tasters' score of 4 different grades of black tea. With unknown tea samples, encouraging results have been obtained with more than 90% classification rate.

This paper concentrates on the segmentation of histological images of oral sub-mucous fibrosis (OSF) into its constituent layers. In this regard hybrid segmentation algorithm shows very interesting results. The segmentation results depict the superiority of hybrid segmentation algorithm (HSA) in comparison to region growing algorithm (RGA). In clinical sense, the presented method provides an automatic means for segmenting histological layers (reference class map provided by the expert). The method shows potential in mimicking clinical acumen to act as a support system to oncologist.

The ratio of fatty acids namely linoleic acid (LA, 18:2, n-6) and alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3, n-3) in the diet plays an important role in enrichment of ALA in tissues and further conversion to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3). Garden cress seed oil (GCO) is one of the richest sources of ω -3 fatty acid and contains 29–34.5% of ALA. In this study, dietary supplementation of GCO on bio-availability and metabolism of α -linolenic acid was investigated in growing rats. Male wistar rats were fed with semi-purified diets supplemented with 10.0% sunflower oil (SFO 10%); 2.5% GCO and 7.5% SFO (GCO 2.5%); 5% GCO and 5% SFO (GCO 5.0%); 10% GCO (GCO 10%) for a period of 8 weeks. There was no significant difference with regard to the food intake, body weight gain and organ weights of rats in different dietary groups. Rats fed with GCO showed significant increase in ALA levels in serum and tissues compared to SFO fed rats. Feeding rats with 10% GCO lowered hepatic cholesterol by 12.3% and serum triglycerides by 40.4% compared to SFO fed group. Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased by 9.45% in serum of 10% GCO fed rats, while HDL remained unchanged among GCO fed rats. Adipose tissue showed incorporation of 3.3–17.4% of ALA and correlated with incremental intake of ALA. Except in adipose tissue, the EPA, DHA levels increased significantly in serum, liver, heart and brain tissues in GCO fed rats. A maximum level of DHA was registered in brain (11.6%) and to lesser extent in serum and liver tissues. A significant decrease in LA and its metabolite arachidonic acid (AA) was observed in serum and liver tissue of rats fed on GCO. Significant improvement in n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was observed in GCO based diets compared to diet containing SFO. This is the first study to demonstrate that supplementation of GCO increases serum and liver ALA, EPA, DHA and decreases LA and AA in rats. Therefore, the GCO can be considered as a potential, alternate dietary source of ALA.

This paper aims at quantitative analysis of histopathological features of precancerous lesion and condition using image processing technique. The algorithm involves median and low pass filtering, segmentation by adaptive region growing, optimal and local thresholding, morphological operations such as opening and closing of gray scale and binary images and some numerical methods. Differentiation on the basis of type and level of precancerous type or condition is carried out based on image marker, defined as a vector of cancer related features viz. length and curvature of radius of rete-ridges and papillae, population density of cells within epithelium, etc. Implementation of presented algorithms is done in MATLAB. The results support quantitative analysis of pathological condition in respect with progression towards malignancy. This analysis may help in developing automated analysis tool.

A knowledge-baaed decision system developed for SHV transmission line Protection. This Paper describes the two major aspects of the system, (1) Knowledge reprenentation, (2) logic process, for decission fault distance calculation. Different knowledge representation techniques are discussed with their relative performances. The developed system is shown to be reliable and stable under different fault condition, Including zero fault inception angle. Computing burden is quite reasonable and ultra high speed (UHS) performance can be achieved with commercial microprocessors.

An optical method for rapid assessment of SOI structures is developed. This method is based upon angle lapping and etching to observe crystal defects in SOI structures. Traditional beveling methods introduce defects due to mechanical damage resulting from unintentional scratches caused by the material breaking loose from the sides of the sample. The proposed approach covers the sidewalls and the surface of the sample during lapping with a waxy material which provides a thick soft matrix to embed loose particles and eliminate the scratches. The method has been used to investigate both SIMOX and ISE structures. The proposed method has a greater sensitivity of defect detection than the cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy commonly used in defect studies and it is also well suited for evaluating process induced defects in bulk silicon devices. >

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses artificial photosynthesis using zeolites. Zeolites provide opportunities for the novel spatial arrangement of molecules. The photochemical process begins with electron transfer from sensitizers to acceptor molecules in the zeolite. The short-circuiting back electron transfer process is significantly slower in the zeolite. The intrazeolitic packing of the acceptor molecules leads to long-lived charge separation, and the charge-separated species can be chemically exploited by suitable catalysts. The challenge is to incorporate all these elements of the system into a single architecture.

The authors have continued their research in the area of assembly and reactivity of photochemical systems in zeolites and double layered metal hydroxides. Over the last year, the authors have focused on two issues, increasing the photochemical efficiency of charge separation in a triad system and the chemistry of Ru(bpy){sup 3+}{sub 3} in zeolites.

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This report summarizes work in the two areas of zeolites and layered double hydroxides. Results of studies on structural aspects of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+}-zeolite Y are summarized. Photoinduced electron transfer between entrapped Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+} and methylviologen (MV) in neighboring supercages was examined. Benzylviologen was also used. Since molecules larger than 13 {angstrom} cannot be accomodated in zeolite cages, the layered double metal hydroxides (LDH) LiAl{sub 2}(OH){sub 6}{sup +}X{sup {minus}} is being investigated. Organized assemblies of hydrophobic domains are made by introducing into the interlayer long-chain carboxylic acids R(CH{sub 2}){sub n}COOH. Zinc tetraphenylporphyrin sulfonate (ZnTPPS) is introduced into myristate-LiAl-LDH; photolysis of ZnTPPS-AiAl-LDH with MV{sup 2+} in solution was examined.

Temperature calibration tests were done on a Metravib ISL-PVDF shock sensor using a Hopkinson bar from +20 °C to −40 °C at three pressure levels; 22 MPa, 38 MPa and 48 MPa. Nearly a 50% decrease in peak signal amplitude at all three pressure levels was observed for a shock sensor temperature decrease from +20 °C to −40 °C. The data were well described using a linear fit. The average sensor output decreased (relative to 20 °C) −0.72% ± 0.10%/ °C down to −40 °C.