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Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) constitute a signifcant global mental health burden. Prior studies typically investigated the impact of ACEs on mental health using a cumulative risk approach; most ACEs studies were also conducted in Western settings. Purpose: This study aimed to examine ACEs using a pattern-based approach and assess their associations with mental health outcomes by early adulthood in East Asia. Methods: The present study included measures of exposure to 13 categories of ACEs, depression, anxiety, maladjustment, and posttraumatic stress in a sample of 1346 university students from Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, and Japan. Results: Latent class analysis indicated three distinct patterns of ACE exposure: Class 1: Low ACEs (76.0%); Class 2: Household Violence (20.6%); and Class 3: Household Dysfunction (3.4%). Those representing Class 3 had signifcantly more ACEs compared with those in Classes 1 or 2. Controlling for age and sex, those in Class 2 reported signifcantly higher depression and maladjustment symptoms compared with those in Class 1; both Classes 2 and 3 had signifcantly higher anxiety symptoms and odds for meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorders compared with those in Class 1. Conclusions: Study fndings suggest that young adults’ mental health, at least under certain contexts, is more closely linked with the nature and pattern of ACE co-occurrence, rather than the number of ACEs.

地中海贫血是一种家族遗传性溶血性贫血病。由于基因缺陷，血红蛋白中一种或多种珠蛋白链合成缺如或不足，导致疾病的发生。铁高浓度沉积在人体包括内分泌腺的不同组织中产生有害影响，铁过载是地中海贫血患者一个重要问题。如果不矫正，会导致终末器官损伤，使内分泌功能紊乱或衰竭。.

In this paper, the Doppler spectrum of backscattered echoes from moving target above time-varying sea surfaces is investigated by utilizing the quasi-stationary algorithm, i.e., approximating the time-domain problem by repeatedly implementing the frequency-domain method. In order to fast and accurately solve the composite scattering problem of time-varying sea surfaces with a Low-flying small target above it, a hybrid algorithm of Kirchhoff approximation (KA) and method method-of-moments (MoM) is utilized in this paper for analyzing the Doppler spectrum signatures. The effect of the speed of flying target on Doppler spectrum signatures of a low-flying small target above time-varying sea surface is investigated in this paper.

Peptidoglycan is the major bacterial component recognized by the insect immune system. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that recognize peptidoglycans and modulate innate immune responses. Some PGRPs retain N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (Enzyme Commission number: 3.5.1.28) activity to hydrolyse bacterial peptidoglycans. Others have lost the enzymatic activity and work only as immune receptors. They are all important modulators for innate immunity. Here, we report the cloning and functional analysis of PGRP-S4, a short-form PGRP from the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori. The PGRP-S4 gene encodes a protein of 199 amino acids with a signal peptide and a PGRP domain. PGRP-S4 was expressed in the fat body, haemocytes and midgut. Its expression level was significantly induced by bacterial challenges in the midgut. The recombinant PGRP-S4 bound bacteria and different peptidoglycans. In addition, it inhibited bacterial growth and hydrolysed an Escherichia coli peptidoglycan in the presence of Zn

The free vibrations of rectangular FGM plates with through internal cracks are investigated using the Ritz method. Three-dimensional elasticity theory is employed, and new sets of admissible functions for the displacement fields are proposed to enhance the effectiveness of the Ritz method in modeling the behaviors of cracked plates. The proposed admissible functions accurately describe the stress singularities at the fronts of the crack and display displacement discontinuities across the crack. The correctness and validity of the present approach are established through comprehensive convergence studies and comparisons with published results for homogeneous cracked plates, based on various plate theories. The locally effective material properties of FGM in the thickness direction are estimated by a simple power law. The effects of the volume fraction of the constituents of FGM and the thickness-to-length ratio on the frequencies are investigated. Frequency data for FGM square plates with three types of boundary conditions along the four side faces and with internal cracks of various crack lengths, positions and orientations are tabulated for the first time.

Various palatal flap procedures based on the greater palatine vessels have been advocated for the repair of oroantral communications (OACs). However, when the defect is located in the third molar region, difficulty is encountered in using the palatal flap because rotation is hindered by the vascular pedicle. In this study, we used random palatal flaps to repair OACs in the third molar area in 21 patients. The vascular pedicles were ligated and severed in all cases in order to evaluate whether it was necessary to preserve the greater palatine vessels when using the palatal rotation flap (PRF). The repair was successful in 16 cases (76.2%). The length/width ratio of the flap was the most important factor determining the outcome. The ratios were 2.23±0.12 and 2.40±0.14 in the success and failure groups, respectively and their difference was statistically significant ( P 0.05). Other clinical parameters such as age, gender, antral infection, tooth displacement into the sinus and duration of the communication had no influence on the outcome ( P> 0.05). The study showed that the PRF with the appropriate length/width ratio can safely be used in a random fashion. This provided another option in the repair of oroantral communications of difficult locations such as in the tuberosity area.

Ceramic use-alteration analysis is a useful approach to determine vessel function. However, some forms of post-use alteration hinder analysts from recognizing use alteration and/or selecting appropriate samples for analysis. This paper illustrates how, through replication and experimental work, researchers can determine which pieces are relatively unaffected by post-use processes and should have preserved use alteration. The case study here considers the effects of one post-use process (abrasion) on one kind of use alteration (sooting) on one type of material (low-fired, fibre-tempered ceramic vessels broken into sherds). Fragmentation and nonuse alteration of vessel and sherd surfaces are problems particularly for Late Archaic (5000–3000 bp ) fibre-tempered ceramic assemblages from the Southeast and Midwest United States. First, the identification of soot on fibre-tempered sherds from three Archaic sites in Georgia is described. Manufacturing method and firing temperatures for Archaic vessels were then determined, and this information was used to produce test tiles and vessels for use in abrasion experiments. Test tiles and sooted sherds were abraded with water and gravel for different periods of time to observe soot removal. Guidelines for sample selection of fibre-tempered sherds for use-alteration analysis are based on these experimental observations.

Purpose To determine the incidence and clinical outcome of acute ischemic cholecystitis after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and methods In this ethics board-approved study, a retrospective review of 355 TACE procedures performed in 246 patients during a 5-year period was performed. The review of postintervention computed tomography (CT) reports for findings indicative of acute cholecystitis identified 12 patients (4.9%). In these patients, all CT scans, laboratory results (white blood cell count, alkaline phosphatase level, total bilirubin level), and clinical reports were analyzed to assess imaging findings and outcomes at the following time points: before TACE, within the first week after the procedure, as well as 1 and 6 months post-TACE. Results In 11 of 12 cases, the dominant finding on CT was new gallbladder wall thickening of up to 12 mm, which developed within 24 hours in 10 patients and within the first month after TACE in 1 patient. Gallbladder wall thickening persisted in 1 patient for at least 6 months. Eleven of 12 patients showed deposition of Lipiodol in the gallbladder wall. In 1 patient, the dominant finding on CT was pericholecystic stranding that resolved on follow-up CT after 1 month. None of the patients demonstrated gas in the gallbladder wall, significant pericholecystic fluid, abdominal or liver abscesses. Blood work results revealed transient increase in white blood cell count, alkaline phosphatase level, and total bilirubin level, not different from that seen after TACE in patients without CT evidence of cholecystitis. Clinical reports documented transient right upper quadrant pain for a few days and up to 1 month in 1 case with eventual symptom relief. None of the cases required surgical or radiological intervention. All but 1 case demonstrated normal gallbladder wall thickness after 6 months. Conclusions Acute ischemic cholecystitis is not an uncommon complication after TACE. However, it is self-limiting and does not seem to require any intervention or surgery.

In the n-dimensional hypercube, Q/sub n/, for large n, faults can occur with relatively high probability. How to use the inherent redundancy present in the hypercube to obtain fault tolerance is discussed, along with computing in faulty hypercubes. The authors study the fault tolerance independently present in hypercubes by defining and using the concept of free dimensions. Briefly, in Q/sub n/, a dimension is said to be free if no pair of nodes across the dimension link are both faulty. Efficient algorithms are presented for finding free dimensions, given a set of faulty nodes, and it is shown that at least n-f+1 free dimensions exist with f >

Retrobulbar anesthesia is considered effective in ocular surgery but it can give rise to serious complications. We used peribulbar anesthesia with sub-Tenon's irrigation to perform encircling scleral buckling for retinal detachment, as it could reduce the complications caused by retrobulbar anesthesia. We also recorded the course of pain for 72 hours after surgery.Thirty patients who were diagnosed with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were treated with an encircling scleral buckle. The surgery was performed with peribulbar anesthesia with occasional sub-Tenon's irrigation. We evaluated the patient's pain with a visual analogue scale after surgery at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours.In 24 cases (80%), the anesthesia was complete with the peribulbar block. Only 6 patients (20%) needed sub-Tenon's irrigation and four of them felt no pain after augmentation. Although all the surgical procedures proceeded without problem, two of the patients felt pain and were uncomfortable during the surgery. No serious complications occurred. The course of pain peaked 6 hours after surgery when 26 patients (86.7%) felt pain and 12 patients (40%) were uncomfortable (pain scoreor = 5). Forty-eight hours after surgery, 9 patients (30%) still felt pain but no one felt uncomfortable.Peribulbar anesthesia can be used safely in encircling scleral buckling for retinal detachment. The postoperative pain is maximal 6 hours after surgery and becomes mild (pain scoreor = 4) after 48 hours.

Somewhat conflicting reports have appeared about the significance of linear meningeal thickening and enhancement adjacent to peripherally located cranial mass lesions on contrast enhanced magnetic resonance images. Some authors consider this finding nearly diagnostic of meningioma. In an attempt to determine the specificity of this so-called tail sign, particularly with respect to meningioma, we retrospectively reviewed 16 cases from institutional records. From our results, the tail sign appears to be highly suggestive but not specific for meningioma.

Betel quid (BQ) chewing shows strong correlation to the incidence of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer in Taiwan. Arecoline, the main areca alkaloid, is considered to be one of the etiologic factors in BQ. To elucidate the role(s) of arecoline in the pathogenesis of BQ chewing related oral mucosal lesions, we used oral mucosal fibroblasts to study the effects of serum concentration, cell density, and incubation time on the cytotoxic response to arecoline. At a concentration less than 0.2 mM, arecoline was not cytotoxic to oral mucosal cells after 1, 3, and 6 days of incubation. After 3 days of incubation, the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of arecoline became evident when the cells were exposed to higher concentrations of arecoline (0.2 mM) and serum (10% FCS). Exposure of cells (1 x 10(4) cells/well) to 0.2 mM of arecoline in 0.5% FCS for 3 and 6 days led to a 20% and 23% decrease, respectively, in the cell number, whereas exposure of cells (1 x 10(4) cells/well) to 0.2 mM arecoline in 10% FCS led to a 38% and 53% decrease, respectively, in cell number. At a higher cell density (5 x 10(4) and 1 x 10(5) cells/well), 0.2 mM arecoline led to less cytotoxicity (38% and 21% of decreasing in cell number, respectively) after 6 days of incubation. Our results indicated that arecoline was not mitogenic to oral mucosal fibroblasts, and that the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of arecoline on oral mucosal fibroblasts could be modulated by the changes in the cell density, serum concentrations, and incubation time.

240 cases of multi-infarct patients with more than two cerebral infarct lesions in CT findings were collected successively from 1991 to 1992. 42.92% of them were shown to have cognitive defect with a series of neuropsychological tests. Correlation of the occurrence of cognitive defect with the CT findings such as the location and extent of focal lesions as well as the presence of cerebral atrophy or subcortical degeneration were carried out. According to the results by multiple regression and factor analysis, the location and extent of the focal infarct lesions were not the primary determining factor for the occurrence of cognitive defect. It is, therefore, suggested that the term of ischemic or vascular dementia be used clinically instead of the so-called multi-infarct dementia.

45 women aged 27-37 participated in a 6-month study of the effects of 3 kinds of oral contraceptives (OC), (DSG, LNG, and NET) on changes in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism. The women took each of the 3 kinds of OC for 3 cycles sequentially and had blood tests after taking each kind of OC. The results of the blood tests showed that DSG was associated with an increased level of HDL-C, TG, TC, apo AI, and apo AII; and reduced the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C. Compared with DSG, LNG was associated with a reduction in HDL-C level, the changes in other parameters were smaller than DSG. The comparison of LNG and NET was similar to that of DSG and LNG. Comparing NET with DSG, the increase of HDL-C and apo AI induced by NET was not as high as that of DSG; nevertheless, the changes in other parameters induced by DSG and NET were similar. The LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and apo AI/apo B ratio induced by DSG were the most favorable. Using DSG or NET can result in an increase of serum protein levels. LNG reduced the HDL-C level, but its changes in other serum protein levels were not significant. An increase in the HDL-C level is protective of the cardio vascular system and is beneficial to women who have a low level of HDL-C. Alternating the use of different kinds of OCs could reduce the side effects of changing serum lipoprotein metabolism. As the subjects of the study were healthy young women, the association of OCs with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) other studies could not be proved, but the possibility of higher risk of CVD in OC users may be present in view of the increased TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios in OC users.

The clamp shape implant has a special memorial function. It consists of one main rod and 3 or 4 pairs of curved short arms located at both sides of the rod. Each pair of arms rolls into a circle, which can embrace 2/3 of the circumference of the fractured bone shaft, thus fixing fragmental bones at multiple points more securely without any limitation to the motion of adjacent joints. Therefore, clamp implant is especially useful for comminuted fracture of the short tubular bone, which is difficult to fix by other methods.

20 healthy women in their reproductive age were treated orally with norethisterone, beginning with the 5th day of the menstrual cycle. Each patient received 1 pill each day, 22 pills/cycle, for a total of 6 cycles. Lipid levels, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein AI (apo AI), apolipoprotein AII (apo AII), and apolipoprotein B (apo B), were determined in fasting fresh serum prior to treatment, after treatment for the 1st and for the 6th cycle, as well as in the 3rd cycle after cessation of treatment. Results show that all parameters except LDL-C increased significantly (p0.05-0.01) after treatment for the 1st cycle. All parameters were continuously increasing (p0.01-0.001) after treatment for 6 cycles. After cessation for 3 cycles, TG, TC, and LDL-C levels all returned to normal. Although all others had a tendency to decrease, they were still significantly higher than the levels prior to treatment (p0.05-0.01). During the entire study period, except for the fact that the ratio of apo AI/AII increased significantly (p0.05) after treatment for 1 cycle, the changes of other ratios were all insignificant. The study suggests that norethisterone induces a change in lipid metabolism, but no changes occur in the ratios. Thus it can be concluded that there is no obvious relation between norethisterone and CVD. (author's modified)

Somewhat conflicting reports have appeared about the significance of linear meningeal thickening and enhancement adjacent to peripherally located cranial mass lesions on contrast enhanced magnetic resonance images. Some authors consider this finding nearly diagnostic of meningioma. In an attempt to determine the specificity of this so-called tail sign, particularly with respect to meningioma, we retrospectively reviewed 16 cases from institutional records. From our results, the tail sign appears to be highly suggestive but not specific for meningioma.