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To understand evolution better, biologists should take into account the development of an organism's reaction to stressors (i.e.,the secondary action of a stressor) during development, and the subtle role it plays. Hormesis and homeopathic phenomena are just names to classify such secondry properties. These phenomena exploit the secondary action, below that of a pharmacological of toxin dose in a beneficial fashion. An intriguing examination of the biological behavior of the secondary action leads to the proposed theory. Hormesis seems to be an evolutionary adaptation that provides a buffer against environmental changes. Through the chemical routes, it paved a way for the evolution of molecular mechanisms which gave rise to homeopathic phenomenon. As serial turbulent dilution of environmental stressors is a part of nature, such molecular mechanisms were compelled to develop further, making an organism sensitive to ultramolecular dilution in terms of beneficial secondary action. Nanoparticles along with interfacial water can carry stressor-specific information. Thus the first true medicinal effects which evolved during early life were homeopathic in nature and environmental hormetic stressors were their precursors. Homeopathy is an adaptive stress-response therapy. While hormesis causes enzymatic and some transcriptional genetic changes, homeopathy operates on a different level of epigenetic modifications. The proposed theory predicts that the hormesity of nonhormetic toxins, at least those with which life evolved, is contained in ultramolecular dilutions. Experimental support is emerging for this theory, and some suggestions have been given for testing and verification. As this theory concerns the evolution of the earliest medicine with an intrinsic role in the evolutionary process, it could influence the whole field of medical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen diverse genotypes of wheat including three standard check variety were evaluated under heat stress condition during rabi season 2016-17 at Agriculture Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. Genotypes were studied for genetic variability, path analysis and diversity with the aim to identify the superior genotype with significantly satisfactory yield under very late sown condition. The data were recorded for traits viz., days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, 1000 grain weight, grain yield plot-1 and biological yield plot-1. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the six traits. The grain yield plot-1 ranged from 2375-3600 g. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed highest for grain yield plot-1. Highest broad sense heritability was observed for 1000 grain weight while genetic advance was estimated to be highest for grain yield plot-1. Diversity analysis indicates that total 14 genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was found between cluster IV and V followed by II and V. This exhibited that genotypes included in these clusters possess wide genetic diversity. Diversity study shows that the selection of genotypes for crosses from cluster V (WR544(C)) with cluster IV(PBW778), cluster II (HD3272) and cluster I (HI11621, WH1232, PBW757, DBW251, DBW250, HD3271 and WH1233) could give maximum heterosis and prove to be good recombinants. Hence, genotypes from such diverse groups can be selected for making the crosses and selection of desirable genotype for heat tolerance and better yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]