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Introduction: The success of orthodontic treatment depends on accurate bracket placement, so researchers are constantly exploring new direct and indirect bonding methods with the help of cutting-edge imaging technologies like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides full three-dimensional visualization of tissues down to the root of the tooth. Aim: The primary goals of this analysis are to determine the degree of section angulation and adhesive thickness, as well as the accuracy of the vertical and flat section positions. The correlation between total clinical crown height, minor edge to focus of section, and minimum edge to complete curve crown length is one of several possible goals of this investigation (FACC). Materials and Methods: Currently, 10 patients aged 15-30 who needed fixed appliance treatment were enrolled in an in vivo research conducted by the orthodontics department. Cases with and without extractions of the crooked teeth were counted. Full mouth analysis is being used in this investigation. Ten patients were selected at random and placed in either Group A (the study group) or Group B (the control group) (control group). Group A bonds are more indirect, whereas group B bonds are more like “normal” direct bonds. We used a Canon 700D camera, a biocompatible transparent 3D printing resin, and a 3M Gemini MBT.022 in bracket kit for CT scanning and imaging. Brackets are placed by experienced orthodontists in both treatment groups. Result: There is a statistically significant (P 0.05) difference between the indirect and direct bonding group when all five factors are taken into account, with the indirect bonding group demonstrating superiority in terms of accuracy. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation support the premise that there is a clinically significant difference between direct bonding and 3D indirect bonding in terms of bracket placement accuracy.

Introduction Whiplash-associated disorder grade 2 (WAD2) is characterised by musculoskeletal pain/tenderness but no apparent nerve injury. However, studies have found clinical features indicative of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. These studies may indicate peripheral nerve inflammation, since preclinical neuritis models found mechanical sensitivity in inflamed, intact nociceptors. The primary aim of this study is to establish the contribution of peripheral neuroinflammation to WAD2 and its role in prognosis. Participants will be invited to participate in a sub-study investigating the contribution of cutaneous small fibre pathology to WAD2.Methods and analysis 115 participants within 1 month following whiplash injury and 34 healthy control participants will be recruited and complete validated questionnaires for pain, function and psychological factors. Data collection will take place at the Universities of Sussex and Oxford, UK. Clinical examination, quantitative sensory testing and blood samples will be undertaken. MRI scans using T2-weighted and diffusion tensor images of the brachial plexus and wrist will determine nerve inflammation and nerve structural changes. Skin biopsies from a substudy will determine structural integrity of dermal and intraepidermal nerve fibres. At 6 months, we will evaluate recovery using Neck Disability Index and a self-rated global recovery question and repeat the outcome measures. Regression analysis will identify differences in MRI parameters, clinical tests and skin biopsies between participants with WAD2 and age/gender-matched controls. Linear and logistic regression analyses will assess if nerve inflammation (MRI parameters) predicts poor outcome. Mixed effects modelling will compare MRI and clinical measures between recovered and non-recovered participants over time.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was received from London-Brighton and Sussex Research Ethics Committee (20/PR/0625) and South Central—Oxford C Ethics Committee (18/SC/0263). Written informed consent will be obtained from participants prior to participation in the study. Results will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at national/international conferences and social media.Trial registration number NCT04940923.

(1) Background: NHS England recommended faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) for symptomatic patients in June 2020 to rationalise limited diagnostic services during COVID-19. (2) Aim: to investigate the diagnostic performance of FIT, analysing the proportion of FIT-negative colorectal cancers (CRC) missed in symptomatic patients and how this risk could be mitigated. (3) Design and Setting: a retrospective study of biochemistry and cancer databases involving patients referred from primary healthcare with suspected CRC to a single secondary care trust in North East London. (4) Methods: a retrospective cohort diagnostic accuracy study was undertaken to determine the performance of FIT for detecting CRC at 10 µgHb/g. (5) Results: between January and December 2020, 7653 patients provided a stool sample for FIT analysis; 1679 (22%) samples were excluded due to inadequate or incorrect specimens; 48% of suspected CRC referrals completed FIT before evaluation; 86 FIT tested patients were diagnosed with histologically proven CRC. At 10 µgHb/g, FIT performance was comparable with the existing literature with a sensitivity of 0.8140 (95% CI 0.7189–0.8821), a specificity of 0.7704 (95% CI 0.7595–0.7809), a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.04923 (95% CI 0.03915–0.06174), a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.9965 (95% CI 0.9943–0.9978), and a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.545; 16 patients with CRC had an FIT of ≤10 µgHb/g (18.6% 95% CI 11.0–28.4%). (6) Conclusions: this study raises concerns about compliance with FIT testing and the incidence of FIT-negative CRC at the NICE recommended threshold and how this risk can be mitigated without colonic imaging. Whilst FIT may have facilitated prioritisation during COVID-19, we must be cautious about using FIT alone to determine which patients are referred to secondary care or receive further investigation.

BackgroundThe success of a government's COVID-19 control strategy relies on public trust and broad acceptance of response measures. We investigated public perceptions of the UK government's COVID-19 response, focusing on the relationship between trust and perceived transparency, during the first wave (April 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.MethodsAnonymous survey data were collected (2020-04-06 to 2020-04-22) from 9,322 respondents, aged 20+ using an online questionnaire shared primarily through Facebook. We took an embedded-mixed-methods approach to data analysis. Missing data were imputed via multiple imputation. Binomial & multinomial logistic regression were used to detect associations between demographic characteristics and perceptions or opinions of the UK government's response to COVID-19. Structural topic modelling (STM), qualitative thematic coding of sub-sets of responses were then used to perform a thematic analysis of topics that were of interest to key demographic groups.ResultsMost respondents (95.1%) supported government enforcement of behaviour change. While 52.1% of respondents thought the government was making good decisions, differences were apparent across demographic groups, for example respondents from Scotland had lower odds of responding positively than respondents in London. Higher educational levels saw decreasing odds of having a positive opinion of the government response and decreasing household income associated with decreasing positive opinion. Of respondents who thought the government was not making good decisions 60% believed the economy was being prioritised over people and their health. Positive views on government decision-making were associated with positive views on government transparency about the COVID-19 response. Qualitative analysis about perceptions of government transparency highlighted five key themes: (1) the justification of opacity due to the condition of crisis, (2) generalised mistrust of politics, (3) concerns about the role of scientific evidence, (4) quality of government communication and (5) questions about political decision-making processes.ConclusionOur study suggests that trust is not homogenous across communities, and that generalised mistrust, concerns about the transparent use and communication of evidence and insights into decision-making processes can affect perceptions of the government's pandemic response. We recommend targeted community engagement, tailored to the experiences of different groups and a new focus on accountability and openness around how decisions are made in the response to the UK COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: We assessed whether lockdown had a disproportionate impact on physical activity behavior in groups who were, or who perceived themselves to be, at heightened risk from COVID-19.Methods: Physical activity intensity (none, mild, moderate, or vigorous) before and during the UK COVID-19 lockdown was self-reported by 9,190 adults between 2020-04-06 and 2020-04-22. Physician-diagnosed health conditions and topic composition of open-ended text on participants' coping strategies were tested for associations with changes in physical activity.Results: Most (63.9%) participants maintained their normal physical activity intensity during lockdown, 25.0% changed toward less intensive activity and 11.1% were doing more. Doing less intensive physical activity was associated with obesity (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08–1.42), hypertension (OR 1.25, 1.10–1.40), lung disease (OR 1.23, 1.08–1.38), depression (OR 2.05, 1.89–2.21), and disability (OR 2.13, 1.87–2.39). Being female (OR 1.25, 1.12–1.38), living alone (OR 1.20, 1.05–1.34), or without access to a garden (OR 1.74, 1.56–1.91) were also associated with doing less intensive physical activity, but being in the highest income group (OR 1.73, 1.37–2.09) or having school-age children (OR 1.29, 1.10–1.49) were associated with doing more. Younger adults were more likely to change their PA behavior compared to older adults. Structural topic modeling of narratives on coping strategies revealed associations between changes in physical activity and perceptions of personal or familial risks at work or at home.Conclusions: Policies on maintaining or improving physical activity intensity during lockdowns should consider (1) vulnerable groups of adults including those with chronic diseases or self-perceptions of being at risk and (2) the importance of access to green or open spaces in which to exercise.

ObjectiveTo identify modifiable risk factors for development and progression of frailty in older adults living in England, as conceptualised by a multidimensional frailty index (FI).MethodsData from participants aged 50 and over from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) was used to examine potential determinants of frailty, using a 56-item FI comprised of self-reported health conditions, disabilities, cognitive function, hearing, eyesight, depressive symptoms and ability to carry out activities of daily living. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to measure frailty development (n = 7420) and linear regression models to measure frailty progression over 12 years follow-up (n = 8780).ResultsIncreasing age (HR: 1.08 (CI: 1.08-1.09)), being in the lowest wealth quintile (HR: 1.79 (CI: 1.54-2.08)), lack of educational qualifications (HR: 1.19 (CI: 1.09-1.30)), obesity (HR: 1.33 (CI: 1.18-1.50) and a high waist-hip ratio (HR: 1.25 (CI: 1.13-1.38)), being a current or previous smoker (HR: 1.29 (CI: 1.18-1.41)), pain (HR: 1.39 (CI: 1.34-1.45)), sedentary behaviour (HR: 2.17 (CI: 1.76-2.78) and lower body strength (HR: 1.07 (CI: 1.06-1.08)), were all significant risk factors for frailty progression and incidence after simultaneous adjustment for all examined factors.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that there may be scope to reduce both frailty incidence and progression by trialling interventions aimed at reducing obesity and sedentary behaviour, increasing intensity of physical activity, and improving success of smoking cessation tools. Furthermore, improving educational outcomes and reducing poverty may also reduce inequalities in frailty.

The genomic organization, structure and polymorphism of attacin gene within the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori strains have been analyzed. Genomic contig (AADK01007556) of B. mori attacin gene contains locus with two transcribed basic attacin genes, which were designated as attacin I and attacin II. Survey of the naturally occurring genetic variation in different strains of silkworm B. mori at the promoter and coding regions of two attacin genes revealed high levels of silent nucleotide variations (1- 4 % per nucleotide heterozygosity) without polymorphism at the amino acid level (nonSynonymous substitution). We also investigated variations in gene expression of attacin I and attacin II in silkworm B. mori infected with nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Two B. mori strains, Sarupat, CSR-2 which were resistant and susceptible to BmNPV infection respectively were used in this study. Expression profiles of B. mori genes were analyzed using microarray technique and results revealed that the immune response genes including attacin were selectively up regulated in virus invaded midguts of both races. Microarray data and real-time qPCR results revealed that attacin I gene was significantly up-regulated in the midgut of Sarupat following BmNPV infection, indicating its specific role in the anti-viral response. Our results imply that these up-regulated attacin genes were not only involved in anti-bacterial mechanism, but are also involved in B. mori immune response against BmNPV infection.

The silkmoth Bombyx mori has been bred in captivity for around 5,000 years and it is now a completely domesticated species of the silkmoth. The larva of B. mori feeds only on Mulberry leaves so it is a monophagous insect. Silk cocoons obtained from this species are the primary source of commercial silk and this makes B. mori an economically important insect. However, the silk industry suffers significant losses due to various viral infections during the larval stages. One of the frequently affecting silkworm viruses is the B. mori Densovirus (BmDV). The BmDV is further classified into two types: B. mori Densovirus-1 (BmDV-1) and B. mori Densovirus-2 (BmDV-2). However, BmDV-2 is excluded from the family of Parvoviridae and is referred to a new family Bidnaviridae. To date, three isolates of BmDVs have been reported. This virus has been found to be a causative agent of the commonly occurring fatal silkworm disease, ‘flacherie’. BmDVs have been found to be a highly diverse group of viruses. While most of the strains of B. mori are susceptible to BmDV, few races have been found to be completely resistant to the virus. Studies have shown both dominant and recessive alleles to be responsible for the resistance. So far four genes have been reported conferring resistance against BmDV-1 and BmDV-2. These are the Nid-1 and nsd-1 genes against BmDV-1 and nsd-2 and nsd-Z genes against BmDV-2. Details about Densovirus with special reference to B. mori and the resistant genes present against it and the studies undertaken towards screening of BmDV resistant silkworm races have been discussed in this review.

The influence of a juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), bakuchiol on the silk yield of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. was studied involving two popular commercial hybrids, KA x NB4D2 (bivoltine x bivoltine) and PM x NB4D2 (multivoltine x bivoltine). The compound was administered topically to 5th instars at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h as a single dose. Three-concentration viz., 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 ppm were tested. Economic characters of the larvae and the resultant cocoon traits were measured. The result showed that 1.25 ppm of bakuchiol applied to 48 h old 5th instars was the most favourable treatment for improvement of commercial traits. Cocoon and cocoon shell weight and filament length have increased significantly due to this treatment. The possible role of exogenous JH analogues in eliciting this response in silkworm is discussed. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 7(2) 2003: 31-38

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate if paramedics can safely transfer interfacility critically ill adult patients and to determine the prevalence and types of adverse events when paramedics lead interfacility critical care transfers. Methods MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched from 1990 up to February 2016. Eligibility criteria were adult patients (16 years and over), interfacility transfer (between two health care facilities), quantitative or qualitative description of adverse events, and a paramedic as the primary care provider or the sole health care provider. Results Seven publications had paramedics as the sole health care provider conducting interfacility critical care transfers. All seven studies were observational studies published in the English language. The study duration ranged from 14 months to 10 years. The frequency of adverse events seen by paramedics in interfacility transfers ranges from 5.1% to 18%. Conclusion There is a gap in literature on the safety and adverse events in interfacility transfers by paramedics. The prevalence of in-transit adverse events is well established; however, because the published literature is lacking longitudinal monitoring of patients and only reporting in-transit events, we believe that further research in this area might provide the basis of paramedics safety in interfacility transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Tooth extraction due to dental caries is associated with socioeconomic deprivation and is a major reason for elective childhood hospital admissions in England. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is a risk factor for dental caries. We examined whether the soft drinks industry levy (SDIL), announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018, was associated with changes in incidence rates of hospital admissions for carious tooth extraction in children, 22 months post-SDIL implementation.Methods Changes in incidence rates of monthly National Health Service hospital admissions for extraction of teeth due to a primary diagnosis of dental caries (International Classification of Diseases; ICD-10 code: K02) in England, between January 2012 and February 2020, were estimated using interrupted time series and compared with a counterfactual scenario where SDIL was not announced or implemented. Periodical changes in admissions, autocorrelation and population structure were accounted for. Estimates were calculated overall, by Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) fifths and by age group (0–4 years, 5–9 years, 10–14 years, 15–18 years).Results Compared with the counterfactual scenario, there was a relative reduction of 12.1% (95% CI 17.0% to 7.2%) in hospital admissions for carious tooth extractions in all children (0–18 years). Children aged 0–4 years and 5–9 years had relative reductions of 28.6% (95% CI 35.6% to 21.5%) and 5.5% (95% CI 10.5% to 0.5%), respectively; no change was observed for older children. Reductions were observed in children living in most IMD areas regardless of deprivation.Conclusion The UK SDIL was associated with reductions in incidence rates of childhood hospital admissions for carious tooth extractions, across most areas regardless of deprivation status and especially in younger children.Trial registration number ISRCTN18042742.

Silkworm and silkworm faecal matter have long been used in China and Korea as a folk remedy for the treatment of diabetes. It is proved that silkworm powder has blood glucose-lowering effects and effectively inhibits alfa-glucosidase in the human small intestine. In the present study DNJ content measured in mulberry V1 and found highest in medium leaves 302.93 /μg/mg whereas, highest DNJ content was quantified in powder prepared from fed CSR2 × CSR4 larvae of V instar, contain highest on III day 996 μg/mg. Powder prepared from fed larvae of all the days contains significantly more DNJ than starved larvae. Bivoltine fed hybrid larvae DNJ gradually decreased from 3rd day to 5th day of V instar as larvae advanced towards spinning, whereas, in multi x bi though DNJ content was highest on 3rd day of V instar, it decreased on 4th day and then again on 5th day. Hence, silkworm powder has 3-4 times higher DNJ content than mulberry leaves, which can be considered as promising Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) agent in India and can be effectively exploited in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research investigating the major nutritional component of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) powder. The authors note that silkworm by-products have not been exploited for diversified use beyond that of fish and other veterinary feeds. The quantitative and qualitative parameters studied, which includes total nitrogen (N), crude protein, and digestible protein, and the results of the analyses are discussed.

The article discusses research on pupae oil derived from the silkworm Bombyx mori and comparison of the characteristics of fresh refined pupae oil and preserved refined pupae oil. Silkworm pupae oil is said to be used in the production of products including cosmetics, drugs, soaps, and others. Experimental methods and results are presented.

Vitamin C-quantified crude methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis fruit in six different doses were orally fed to 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori hybrid (PM × CSR2) at seven different application times. The dose and tine-dependent effect on economic traits were observed. The best and repeatabk results were recorded in 0.30% (C5) dose fed at 0 h of 5th instar once (T0) and 0 h to spinning daily once (T1) in larval weight (14.19-16.93%), pupation rate (8.14-9.67%), cocoon wt. (14.05-16.49%) and shell weight (16.24-18.10%). There was no significant difference between the two application times (T0 & T1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven different doses of vitamin C were orally fed to 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori hybrid (CSR2 x CSR4) at seven varied application times. The supplement had a dose and application time-dependent effect on raw silk reeling traits. Maximum improvement in filament length (12.78-14.49%), non-breakable filament length (13.04-15.01%), reelability (8.63-12.39%) and renditta (10.68 and 14.73%) was recorded in 0.50% (C1) dose when fed at 0 hour of 5th instar once (T0) and daily once from 0 hour to the onset of spinning (T1) over the control. There was no significant difference between the effects exhibited at the two application times (T0 & T1) and therefore, application at 0 hour of 5th instar was concluded as economically viable and recommendable to rear the cocoons to get better raw silk reeling properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silk worm pupae of Bombyx mori L., obtained after reeling silkworm cocoons, though generally discarded, are very rich in protein, oil, carbohydrate and minerals. The spent pupe, which are available abundantly can be utilized as a high potential raw material for various industries including pharmaceuticals According to available reports, the silkworm pupae contain balanced nutrition for human diet and therefore gaining popularity among Koreans, Chinese and Japanese as a delicious food item and health drink. Pupa contains a balanced amount of moisture, chitin, water-soluble proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamin C besides crude protein as the major constituent (Majumder, 1992; Majumder et al., 1994). Presently the use of silkworm pupae meal is limited to poultry diets, fishmeal and other pet's feed such as reptiles, amphibians, there is like frogs and snakes (Chopra et al., 1970). improve their egg laying capacity when feeds are supplemented with this product also it is reported that there is an impact on egg yolk in fact, the protein of pupae is better than the protein of soybean, fish or beef (www. Fao.org/docrep/field/O03/AC233E/AC233E00.htm). Recently, it has been reported that the spent pupae can also be used for human food (http://www.greentrade.net/es/directory/to_sell/499/ Productos% 20 dietéticos|3.html). The essential amino acid content of the pupal protein is similar to that of whole egg protein with the exception of tryptophan (0.9 g/16 g of N) (Rao 1994). Biochemical composition such as protein content, role of amino acids of pupal waste and its utilization was studied by Basavanna et al., (1967), Nagaraj and Basavanna (1969); Bose et al., (1989 and 1993), Bose and Majumder (1990), Datta et al., (1993) Centeral Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore has made attempts to prepare defatted and normal pupae powder of silkworm, Bombyx mori and further investigation was taken up to analyze comparative nutritional composition of both the pupae powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]