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Upper mesospheric wind data acquired by the medium frequency radar at Kolhapur (16.7oN, 74.2oE) and Modern–Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application version 2 (MERRA-2) temperature and wind reanalysis datasets are used to investigate the dynamical response of the low-latitude middle atmosphere to the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events that occurred during the 2017–18 and 2018–19 winters. When the amplitude of the high-latitude stratospheric planetary wave (PW) of zonal wavenumber one reduces considerably with the onset of the SSW event, the low-latitude mesospheric PW over Kolhapur also shows a considerable reduction in the PW activity. It is noteworthy that the upper mesospheric winds are eastward for approximately 3 weeks after the onset of SSW. The reduced PW activity is associated with the enhanced gravity wave activity in the meridional wind during the SSW 2018–19 event. The plane of propagation of gravity waves obtained from the perturbation ellipse method suggests that their predominant plane of propagation is in the north–south direction. The persistence of the eastward winds is suggested to be due to the interaction of the northward propagating gravity waves with the mean flow, leading to the eastward acceleration due to the Coriolis force.

Quasi-monochromatic gravity-wave-induced oscillations, monitored using the mesospheric OH airglow emission over Kolhapur (16.8° N, 74.2° E), India, during January to April 2010 and January to December 2011, have been characterized using the Krassovsky method. The nocturnal variability reveals prominent wave signatures with periods ranging from 5.2 to 10.8 h as the dominant nocturnal wave with embedded short-period waves having wave periods of 1.5–4.4 h. The results show that the magnitude of the Krassovsky parameter, viz. |η|, ranged from 2.1 to 10.2 h for principal or long nocturnal waves (5.2–10.8 h observed periods), and from 1.5 to 5.4 h for the short waves (1.5–4.4 h observed periods) during the years of 2010 and 2011, respectively. The phase (i.e., Φ) values of the Krassovsky parameters exhibited larger variability and varied from −8.1 to −167°. The deduced mean vertical wavelengths are found to be approximately −60.2 ± 20 and −42.8 ± 35 km for long- and short-period waves for the year 2010. Similarly, for 2011 the mean vertical wavelengths are found to be approximately −77.6 ± 30 and −59.2 ± 30 km for long and short wave periods, respectively, indicating that the observations over Kolhapur were dominated by upward-propagating waves. We use a full-wave model to simulate the response of OH emission to the wave motion and compare the results with observed values.

This paper presents the observations of zonal drift velocities of equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles and their comparison with model values. These velocities are determined by nightglow OI 630.0 nm images. The nightglow observations have been carried out from the low latitude station Kolhapur (16.8° N, 74.2° E; 10.6° N dip lat.) during clear moonless nights. Herein we have presented the drift velocities of equatorial plasma bubbles for the period of February–April 2011. Out of 80 nights, 39 showed the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (49%). These 39 nights correspond to magnetically quiet days (ΣKp < 26). The average eastward zonal velocities (112 ± 10 m s−1) of equatorial plasma bubbles increased from evening sector to 21:00 IST (Indian Standard Time = Universal Time + 05:30:00 h), reach maximum about 165 ± 30 m s−1 and then decreases with time. The calculated velocities are in good agreement with that of recently reported values obtained with models with occasional differences; possible mechanisms of which are discussed.

Simultaneous observations of the mean zonal winds at 88 km obtained by the medium-frequency (MF) radars at Kolhapur (16.8° N, 74.2° E) and Tirunelveli (8.7° N, 77.8° E) have been used to study the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the MLT region. The influences of the intraseasonal variations in the lower tropospheric convective activity associated with the Madden-Julian oscillations on the latitudinal behavior of intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) of the zonal winds in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) have been studied. The ISO activity in the lower tropospheric convective activity is examined by employing outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) as a proxy for deep convective activity occurring in the tropical lower atmosphere. The ISO activity in the zonal wind over TIR is more correlated with that in the convective activity compared to the ISO over KOL. The latitudinal and temporal variabilities of the ISO in MLT zonal winds are explained in terms of the intraseasonal variabilities in the convective activity.

Simultaneous mesospheric OH and O (1S) night airglow intensity measurements from Kolhapur (16.8°N, 74.2°E) reveal unambiguous gravity wave signatures with periods varying from 01 hr to 9 hr with upward propagation. The amplitudes growth of these waves is found to vary from 0.4 to 2.2 while propagating from the OH layer (~87 km) to the O (1S) layer (~97 km). We find that vertical wavelength of the observed waves increases with the wave period. The damping factors calculated for the observed waves show large variations and that most of these waves were damped while traveling from the OH emission layer to the O (1S) emission layer. The damping factors for the waves show a positive correlation at vertical wavelengths shorter than 40 km, while a negative correlation at higher vertical wavelengths. We note that the damping factors have stronger positive correlation with meridional wind shears compared to the zonal wind shears.

Machining of hard materials has been difficult and expensive because of poor surface smoothness, early tool failures, etc. When used in machining hard materials, such as medium and high carbon, cast steels, Inconel, and other alloys, nanomaterials combined with base fluids, such as water and oils, provide superior results in terms of surface finish and low cutting temperatures. To enhance our understanding of the field of machining and its applications, a comprehensive literature assessment on machining steels using nanofluids with/without the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) approach was conducted. This research aims to investigate the performance of nanofluids (n-Al2O3, n-MoS2, and n-graphene) mixed with coconut oil in various proportions and injected into the tool–work interface using the MQL mist system. Output responses, such as surface roughness values, and cutting temperatures, were measured. The cutting temperatures were determined using an infrared camera and a k-type thermocouple, and the surface roughness was determined using a Talysurf surface meter. Cutting parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, were maintained constant throughout the experiments. The experiments comprised a single factor (MQL fluid) with eight levels. Multiresponse optimization using grey relational coefficients showed that n-Al2O3 and n-MoS2 hybrid combinations with coconut oil yielded better results, i.e., higher ranks, compared with n-graphene mixtures in coconut oils. The experimental findings demonstrated that nanofluids outperformed pure coconut oil. Nano-Al2O3 combined with coconut oil produced a superior surface finish, lowered the cutting temperatures, and ensured minimum chip thickness.

Cutting fluid is a major concern in conventional cooling methods because of its high cost, effects on operator health, and environmental consequences. Microlubrication (MQL) is a better cooling method than traditional cooling. MQL can be used for machines with a high metal removal rate, such as those used in metal turning, milling, drilling, and boring. MQL has a lower lubrication consumption, a higher cooling rate, and a cleaner production than do conventional flooded lubrication. This study performed a cost-benefit analysis to compare MQL with conventional flood cooling methods. For both traditional flood cooling at 35 L/min and MQL cooling at 50 mL/h, face and slot milling techniques with constant machining settings were used. The quantity of components that must be produced to recoup the fixed and variable costs of MQL and conventional cooling were calculated by performing a breakeven point (BEP) analysis. The MQL methodology used 20% fewer components to recoup all expenses compared with conventional cooling. The findings indicated that MQL is more economical than traditional cooling. Moreover, the BEP for both cooling systems exhibited variances, and the BEP can be reached sooner for MQL than flood cooling lubricant.

Introduction: In developing countries, the incidence of Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury (PRAKI) has significantly decreased over the past three decades. However, it remains a major contributor to maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. Aim: This retrospective longitudinal study aims to determine the aetiology, outcomes, and factors associated with maternalfoetal outcomes of PRAKI. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care Medical College Hospital in Dharwad district, Karnataka, India. It included patients with AKI during pregnancy and the peripartum period, admitted between January 2014 and December 2021. A total of 156 subjects at risk of PRAKI were identified. Data was collected from the Medical Records Department (MRD), and three months of patient follow-up data were also collected. PRAKI diagnosis and staging were done using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Primary outcomes included the need for dialysis, renal recovery, renal biopsy findings, and development of CKD. Secondary outcomes were maternal and foetal mortality and birth weight. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: The mean age of the participants was 26.34±4.67 years. The most common cause of PRAKI was Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) (75 cases, 48.1%), followed by sepsis (67 cases, 42.90%), and Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count (HELLP) syndrome (32 cases, 20.50%). Out of the 156 PRAKI patients, one-fourth (42 cases, 26.92%) required haemodialysis, 126 (93%) achieved complete renal recovery, 12 (7.6%) required renal biopsy, 9 (6.6%) developed chronic kidney disease, and 3 (2.2%) developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Maternal mortality was observed in 21 patients (13.46%), and foetal mortality occurred in 47 patients (31%) out of 156 perinatal outcomes. Conclusion: PRAKI was associated with poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. PIH, followed by sepsis, remained the leading cause of PRAKI. Immediate referral of patients to a higher centre and comprehensive antenatal care in peripheral areas can reduce the overall health and economic burden.

Background and Aims: Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) (2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) cream is the commonly used topical anesthetic for painful intradermal procedures. Topical 10% lidocaine spray has successfully been used to anesthetize mucosal surfaces. Owing to its skin penetrative properties, this study was conducted to compare dermal analgesia between 10% lidocaine spray and EMLA cream for intravenous (IV) cannulation in children. Methods: In this prospective single-blind randomized study, ninety-nine Paediatric patients were assigned into Group A (number(n) =51) with Lignocaine 10% spray applied 10 minutes and Group B (n = 48) EMLA cream applied 1 hour prior to cannulation. Vital signs were recorded before, during, and after the procedure. The primary objective of the study was assessment of severity of pain during IV cannulation using 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary objectives such as ease of cannulation and adverse effects were also noted. Results: All cannulations were performed in the first attempt with no adverse effects in both lidocaine group and EMLA group. The median (interquartile range) VAS score was 2 cm (1 to 3) in both the groups with a P value of 0.58. Conclusion: Topical 10% lidocaine spray applied ten minutes before venous cannulation is as effective as EMLA cream applied an hour before cannulation in children in providing dermal analgesia for intravenous cannulation with an added advantage of rapid onset of action in the former group.

Aim: This study aims to know the efficacy of remineralization of four fluoride varnishes on artificial demineralized lesions in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 human primary anterior teeth coated with nail varnish leaving a window of 3 mm × 3 mm were subjected to demineralization for 72 h. These teeth were then sectioned into two equal parts with a diamond disc. These 60 sections obtained were then evaluated under the stereomicroscope and the demineralization depth was noted. These 60 sections were divided into four groups: Group 1: Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP); Group 2: Sodium fluoride (NaF) with xylitol-coated calcium and phosphate (CXP); Group 3: Nano-hydroxyapatite; Group 4: NaF and subjected to remineralization respectively for 5 days. The specimens were again evaluated under the stereomicroscope for the remineralization depth. Results: All the four varnishes showed remineralization with artificial carious lesions. CPP-ACP showed the highest remineralization depth followed by NaF with CXP, NaF, and Nano-hydroxyapatite. Conclusion: CPP-ACP can be used as an agent at its best for remineralizing and extending the life of the tooth.

Abstract EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer patients' disease demonstrates remarkable responses to EGFR-targeted therapy, but inevitably they succumb to acquired resistance, which can be complex and difficult to treat. Analyzing acquired resistance through broad molecular testing is crucial to understanding the resistance mechanisms and developing new treatment options. We performed diverse clinical testing on a patient with successive stages of acquired resistance, first to an EGFR inhibitor with MET gene amplification and then subsequently to a combination EGFR and MET targeted therapies. A patient-derived cell line obtained at the time of disease progression was used to identify NRAS gene amplification as an additional driver of drug resistance to combination EGFR/MET therapies. Analysis of downstream signaling revealed extracellular signal-related kinase activation that could only be eliminated by trametinib treatment, while Akt activation could be modulated by various combinations of MET, EGFR, and PI3K inhibitors. The combination of an EGFR inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor was identified as a possible treatment option to overcome drug resistance related to NRAS gene amplification.

Introduction Our objective was to document the incidence of COVID-19 in vaccinated health care professionals and related personnel. Method We conducted an online survey to ascertain the incidence of COVID-19 symptoms, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity, effect on normal activity, need for anti-COVID-19 medication, hospitalization, and death among individuals who had completed both doses of COVID vaccination at least 2 weeks earlier. Results A total of 351 unique valid responses were received. Among the 340 people who had been vaccinated in India, 5% (17/340) had COVID-19 symptoms, 4.7% (16) became COVID-19 RT-PCR positive, 12 (3.5%) had sickness preventing normal daily activity, 2.65% (9) required anti-COVID-19 medication, and 1.18% (4) required hospitalization. Among family members living with the survey responders, the corresponding incidence was even lower. There was one death in this group. Discussion Being health care professionals, the responders would be at higher risk of daily exposure to COVID-19. Even in this high risk group, the vaccine efficacy is good. Vulture journalists should stop spreading fake news and misinformation that makes people hesitate taking the vaccine or be afflicted analysis paralysis. Every person who chooses to remain unvaccinated increases the risk for our entire community. We also need to follow universal precautions (wearing mask, physical distancing, handwashing) diligently without letting down our guard.

Better adjuvants are needed for vaccines against seasonal influenza. TLR7 agonists are potent activators of innate immune responses and thereby may be promising adjuvants. Among the imidazoquinoline compounds, 1-benzyl-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (BBIQ) was reported to be a highly active TLR7 agonist but has remained relatively unexplored because of its commercial unavailability. Indeed, in silico molecular modeling studies predicted that BBIQ had a higher TLR7 docking score and binding free energy than imiquimod, the gold standard TLR7 agonist. To circumvent the availability issue, we developed an improved and higher yield method to synthesize BBIQ. Testing BBIQ on human and mouse TLR7 reporter cell lines confirmed it to be TLR7 specific with significantly higher potency than imiquimod. To test its adjuvant potential, BBIQ or imiquimod were admixed with recombinant influenza hemagglutinin protein and administered to mice as two intramuscular immunizations 2 weeks apart. Serum anti-influenza IgG responses assessed by ELISA 2 weeks after the second immunization confirmed that the mice that received vaccine admixed with BBIQ had significantly higher anti-influenza IgG1 and IgG2c responses than mice immunized with antigen alone or admixed with imiquimod. This confirmed BBIQ to be a TLR7-specific adjuvant able to enhance humoral immune responses.

Context: Since the gap between two atretic segments of oesophagus is a critical determinant of prognosis for oesophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF), the search for a surrogate non-invasive pre-operative marker of long gap atresia continues. Aims: The purpose of the study was to compare the presence of normal and supernumerary ribs with length of EA and survival rates. Settings and Design: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care referral neonatal intensive care unit in North Karnataka, India, from January 2016 to June 2019. Subjects and Methods: Amongst babies with EA/TEF, pre-operative radiograph helped determine the number of ribs, and babies were divided into two groups; Group I: babies with 12 ribs and Group II: babies with supernumerary ribs. Statistical Analysis Used: Nominal variables were expressed as percentage and continuous variables as mean standard deviation. MedCalc software was used to compare proportions and means. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 61 cases, 51 were operated. Long gap EA was predominantly seen amongst babies in Group II (40% in Group II vs. 27% in Group I, P= 0.424). Survival rates by percentage were lower in babies in Group II (60% in Group II vs. 80% in Group I, P= 0.188). Both the above findings were proven statistically insignificant. The overall survival rate amongst the study population was 78.4% (39/51). Conclusions: Supernumerary ribs were associated with a higher occurrence of long gap EA and lower survival rates, though statistically insignificant. Multicentre collaboration may provide significant input for strengthening or refuting the above hypothesis.

In this work, the 3D interconnected cobalt oxide nanoflakes (CON) were grown successfully on nickel foam (NF) at ambient conditions by the electrodeposition method, further followed by calcination. The deposition of Co3O4 was carried out for different deposition times of 10 min, 15 min, and 20 min and enumerated as CON-10, CON-15, and CON-20 respectively. The CON samples were characterized for their Physico-chemical studies by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, and EDS. FE-SEM micrographs of CON nanostructures showed the uniform deposition of the 3D interconnected nanoflakes on NF. The sample CON-15 exhibited the highest specific capacitance (Cs) of 444 Fg−1 also the specific energy (SE) of 26.07 Whkg−1, specific power (SP) of 541.66 Wkg−1, and efficiency (ɳ) of 77 % at 1 mAg−1 with outstanding cycling stability of 86 % capacitance retention after 1000 cycles.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) has a vital role in finding surface hardness of concrete members. B-Proceq curve can calculate the concrete strength by providing statistical correlations between the destructive and the non-destructive strength. The regression curve based on the laboratory test may be valid within their implementation boundaries. It is not feasible to extend the validity of these curves to the in-situ test. Factors influencing such curves include the w/c ratio, carbonation effect, exposure to fire, compaction, curing condition, and type of the cement used in concrete, etc. More than 65 years of research data with the Schmidt rebound hammer is used for evaluation. The Authors also addressed the effect of each influencing factor on the performance of the rebound hammer and suggested amendment in the B-Proceq curve. Various factors affect the rebound index significantly and hence their consideration while conducting a rebound test is necessary. The large deviation of curves raised a crucial question of whether the rebound hammer is effective or not in estimating the concrete strength.

Background and Aims: There are numerous variations in the branching of the internal iliac artery (IIA), which are important during any pelvic surgery. An aberrant/accessory obturator vessel is the most common source of hemorrhage during pelvic surgery and to prevent this, one needs to have a good knowledge of pelvic vascular anatomy. Our aim was to enhance the learning process of the branching pattern of the IIA in MBBS students in order for them to better understand the concept of aberrant/accessory obturator artery (OA) and corona mortis (CM). Materials and Methods: First-year MBBS students after completing their routine dissection of branches of the IIA, were shown a video of laparoscopic femoral hernia reduction surgery and their feedback was taken. Results: Nearly 95.82% of the students agreed that they observed and understood aberrant OA, 99.16% of the students agreed that they observed and understood accessory OA, 98.33% of the students agreed that they observed and understood the CM concept, and 100% of the students felt that more such videos should be incorporated and discussed in future interactive lecture teaching. Conclusion: This study incorporates the levels of competency as per AET-COM teaching module in the knowledge domain, i.e., “Knows” and “Knows-How.” This study proves that learning anatomy can be made more interesting for and be better conceptualized, visualized, and understood by students by incorporation of relevant surgical/clinical video clips during conventional teaching.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under both arid and semi-arid conditions in India, where other cereals are hard to grow. Pearl millet cultivars, hybrids, and OPVs (open pollinated varieties) are tested and released by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet (AICRP-PM) across three zones (A1, A, and B) that are classified based on rainfall pattern. Except in locations with extreme weather conditions, hybrids dominate pearl millet growing areas, which can be attributed to hybrid vigor and the active role of the private sector. The importance of OPVs cannot be ruled out, owing to wider adaptation, lower input cost, and timely seed availability to subsidiary farmers cultivating this crop. This study was conducted to scrutinize the presently used test locations for evaluation of pearl millet OPVs across India, identify the best OPVs across locations, and determine the variation in grain Fe and Zn contents across locations in these regions. Six varieties were evaluated across 20 locations in A1 and A (pooled as A) and B zones along with three common checks and additional three zonal adapted checks in the respective zones during the 2019 rainy season. Recorded data on yield and quality traits were analyzed using genotype main effects and genotype × environment interaction biplot method. The genotype × environment (G × E) interaction was found to be highly significant for all the grain yield and agronomic traits and for both micronutrients (iron and zinc). However, genotypic effect (G) was four (productive tillers) to 49 (grain Fe content) times that of G × E interaction effect for various traits across zones that show the flexibility of OPVs. Ananthapuramu is the ideal test site for selecting pearl millet cultivars effectively for adaptation across India, while Ananthapuramu, Perumallapalle, and Gurugram can also be used as initial testing locations. OPVs MP 599 and MP 600 are identified as ideal genotypes, because they showed higher grain and fodder yields and stability compared with other cultivars. Iron and zinc concentration showed highly significant positive correlation (across environment = 0.83; p < 0.01), indicating possibility of simultaneous effective selection for both traits. Three common checks were found to be significantly low yielders than the test entries or zonal checks in individual zones and across India, indicating the potential of genetic improvement through OPVs.

Background: Remineralizing agents such as fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) are popular treatment choices for incipient enamel lesions. Recently introduced resin infiltration enhances the esthetics of teeth affected by these enamel lesions. Furthermore, few studies reported the utilization of colloidal silica infiltration for the white spot lesions. However, the potency of these materials for treatment in primary teeth necessitates investigation. Thus, this study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of CPP-ACP fluoride (CPP-ACPF), resin infiltration, and colloidal silica infiltration on surface microhardness in artificial white spot lesions in primary incisors using the Vickers microhardness testing machine. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, on the labial surface of 45 primary incisors, artificial white spot lesions were created by immersing them in a demineralizing solution. According to the evaluation method, random distribution of specimens into three groups: Group 1: CPP-ACPF, Group 2: resin infiltration, and Group 3: colloidal silica infiltration. Specimens after treatment were stored in artificial saliva, followed by microhardness evaluation using Vickers microhardness. Microhardness readings at baseline, post demineralization, and after treating them with different materials were taken. The level of significance was 0.01. Results: Enamel specimens treated with resin infiltration showed a high microhardness mean value compared to CPP-ACPF and colloidal silica infiltration. Conclusion: Resin infiltration is a promising and effective treatment option for incipient enamel lesions followed by CPP-ACPF compared to colloidal silica infiltration in primary teeth.

Pearl millet is a non-model grain and fodder crop adapted to extremely hot and dry environments globally. In India, a great deal of public and private sectors’ investment has focused on developing pearl millet single cross hybrids based on the cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CMS) system, while in Africa most pearl millet production relies on open pollinated varieties. Pearl millet lines were phenotyped for both the inbred parents and hybrids stage. Many breeding efforts focus on phenotypic selection of inbred parents to generate improved parental lines and hybrids. This study evaluated two genotyping techniques and four genomic selection schemes in pearl millet. Despite the fact that 6× more sequencing data were generated per sample for RAD-seq than for tGBS, tGBS yielded more than 2× as many informative SNPs (defined as those having MAF > 0.05) than RAD-seq. A genomic prediction scheme utilizing only data from hybrids generated prediction accuracies (median) ranging from 0.73-0.74 (1000-grain weight), 0.87-0.89 (days to flowering time), 0.48-0.51 (grain yield) and 0.72-0.73 (plant height). For traits with little to no heterosis, hybrid only and hybrid/inbred prediction schemes performed almost equivalently. For traits with significant mid-parent heterosis, the direct inclusion of phenotypic data from inbred lines significantly (P < 0.05) reduced prediction accuracy when all lines were analyzed together. However, when inbreds and hybrid trait values were both scored relative to the mean trait values for the respective populations, the inclusion of inbred phenotypic datasets moderately improved genomic predictions of the hybrid genomic estimated breeding values. Here we show that modern approaches to genotyping by sequencing can enable genomic selection in pearl millet. While historical pearl millet breeding records include a wealth of phenotypic data from inbred lines, we demonstrate that the naive incorporation of this data into a hybrid breeding program can reduce prediction accuracy, while controlling for the effects of heterosis per se allowed inbred genotype and trait data to improve the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values for pearl millet hybrids.

Crop biofortification is a cost-effective and sustainable agricultural strategy to reduce micronutrient malnutrition arising from iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies. A large number of hybrids and open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] have been released and/or commercialized in India. Eighteen OPVs and 15 high-Fe candidate hybrids were evaluated in multi-location trials for Fe and Zn density to identify those with high density of these micronutrients. The Fe density in OPVs varied from 42 mg/kg to 67 mg/kg, and Zn density from 37 mg/kg to 52 mg/kg with ICTP 8203 having the highest Fe density (67 mg/kg) followed by ICMV 221 (61 mg/kg) and AIMP 92901 (56 mg/kg). While ICTP 8203 had also the highest level of Zn density (52 mg/kg), ICMV 221 and AIMP 92901 had 45-46 mg/kg Zn density. The Fe density in hybrids varied from 46 mg/kg to 56 mg/kg and Zn density from 37 mg/kg to 44 mg/kg. Four hybrids, viz. Ajeet 38, Proagro XL 51, PAC 903 and 86M86 had the highest Fe density of 55-56 mg/kg and 39-41 mg/kg Zn density. The six commercial cultivars (2 OPVs and 4 hybrids) identified in this study with high Fe and Zn densities can be undertaken for expanded cultivation in their recommended ecologies to specifically address the Fe and Zn deficiencies in India. This study also enabled to re-define base line for Fe density at 42 mg/kg for hybrids, the most dominant cultivar type grown in India.

Neurofibroma (NF) is a benign neoplasm derived from peripheral nerve cells. NF may extend either as a solitary lesion or as part of a generalized syndrome of neurofibromatosis. Intraorally, the intraosseous variant of neurofibroma is a very rare tumor. The literature provides only few cases of solitary intraosseous neurofibroma of the mandible. We report a case of 28-year-old female who was diagnosed with a solitary intraosseous neurofibroma involving the lower left quadrant of the mandible. The present case is rare in regard to its dimensions and its location.