Search

Vascular malformations and tumors, also known as "vascular anomalies", comprise an extensive variety of lesions involving all parts of the body. Due to a lack of a complete understanding of the origin and histopathology of such lesions, this field has been traditionally obscured by the use of an unclear nomenclature. Knowledge of the classification and clinical and imaging characteristics of this group of lesions is paramount when managing these patients. The objective of this series of two articles is to review the current classification of vascular anomalies, to describe the role of imaging in their diagnosis, to summarize their distinctive histopathologic, clinical and imaging features, and to discuss the treatment options. High-flow lesions were discussed in the first article of this series. In this second article, we will focus on low-flow lesions, including complex syndromes with associated low-flow malformations.

Vascular malformations and tumors, also known as "vascular anomalies", comprise an extensive variety of lesions involving all parts of the body. Knowledge of their classification and imaging characteristics is paramount. Whereas hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors, characterized by cellular proliferation and hyperplasia; vascular malformations are not real tumors and characteristically exhibit normal endothelial turnover. Vascular malformations are classified according to the predominant vascular channel as arterial, capillary, venous, lymphatic, or mixed. Ultrasound and MRI are the main imaging modalities used in the diagnosis and classification of the vascular anomalies. In this series of two articles we review the classification of vascular anomalies, describe the role of imaging, summarize their distinctive histopathogenic, clinical and imaging features, and discuss the treatment options. On the first article we discuss the high-flow lesions, whereas the slow-flow lesions will be reviewed on the second. Complex syndromes with associated vascular tumors and malformations will be also presented.

A replacement-cost appraisal should answer the question: “What could one afford to pay for this asset in comparison with the most economical new one?” The depreciation deduction from the cost of the most economical new asset should measure the value inferiority of the existing old asset. Depreciation estimated in this way may be very high even for comparatively new assets. General recognition of this in the manufacturing industries might well lead not only to a new concept of appraisals but also to a revision of depreciation-accounting policies and methods. The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the theory which should govern measurements of value inferiority in appraisals, in other words measurements of appraisal depreciation.