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Foundation models (FMs) currently dominate news headlines. They employ advanced deep learning architectures to extract structural information autonomously from vast datasets through self-supervision. The resulting rich representations of complex systems and dynamics can be applied to many downstream applications. Therefore, FMs can find uses in electric power grids, challenged by the energy transition and climate change. In this paper, we call for the development of, and state why we believe in, the potential of FMs for electric grids. We highlight their strengths and weaknesses amidst the challenges of a changing grid. We argue that an FM learning from diverse grid data and topologies could unlock transformative capabilities, pioneering a new approach in leveraging AI to redefine how we manage complexity and uncertainty in the electric grid. Finally, we discuss a power grid FM concept, namely GridFM, based on graph neural networks and show how different downstream tasks benefit., Comment: Lead contact: H.F.H.; Major equal contributors: H.F.H., T.B., B.G., L.S.A.M., A.P., A.V., J.W.; Significant equal contributors: J.B., A.B.M., S.C., I.F., B.H., R.J., K.K., V.M., F.M., M.D.M., O.R., H.S., L.X., E.S.Y., A.Z.; Other equal contributors: A.J.B., R.J.B., B.P.B., J.S., S.S

We report on a search for magnetic monopoles (MMs) produced in ultraperipheral Pb--Pb collisions during Run-1 of the LHC. The beam pipe surrounding the interaction region of the CMS experiment was exposed to 184.07 \textmu b$^{-1}$ of Pb--Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV center-of-mass energy per collision in December 2011, before being removed in 2013. It was scanned by the MoEDAL experiment using a SQUID magnetometer to search for trapped MMs. No MM signal was observed. The two distinctive features of this search are the use of a trapping volume very close to the collision point and ultra-high magnetic fields generated during the heavy-ion run that could produce MMs via the Schwinger effect. These two advantages allowed setting the first reliable, world-leading mass limits on MMs with high magnetic charge. In particular, the established limits are the strongest available in the range between 2 and 45 Dirac units, excluding MMs with masses of up to 80 GeV at 95\% confidence level., Comment: As accepted by PRL. 7 pages, 4 figures

MoEDAL's Apparatus for Penetrating Particles (MAPP) Experiment is designed to expand the search for new physics at the LHC, significantly extending the physics program of the baseline MoEDAL Experiment. The Phase-1 MAPP detector (MAPP-1) is currently undergoing installation at the LHC's UA83 gallery adjacent to the LHCb/MoEDAL region at Interaction Point 8 and will begin data-taking in early 2024. The focus of the MAPP experiment is on the quest for new feebly interacting particles$\unicode{x2014}$avatars of new physics with extremely small Standard Model couplings, such as minicharged particles (mCPs). In this study, we present the results of a comprehensive analysis of MAPP-1's sensitivity to mCPs arising in the canonical model involving the kinetic mixing of a massless dark $U(1)$ gauge field with the Standard Model hypercharge gauge field. We focus on several dominant production mechanisms of mCPs at the LHC across the mass$\unicode{x2013}$mixing parameter space of interest to MAPP: Drell$\unicode{x2013}$Yan pair production, direct decays of heavy quarkonia and light vector mesons, and single Dalitz decays of pseudoscalar mesons. The $95\%$ confidence level background-free sensitivity of MAPP-1 for mCPs produced at the LHC's Run 3 and the HL-LHC through these mechanisms, along with projected constraints on the minicharged strongly interacting dark matter window, are reported. Our results indicate that MAPP-1 exhibits sensitivity to sizable regions of unconstrained parameter space and can probe effective charges as low as $8 \times 10^{-4}\:e$ and $6 \times 10^{-4}\:e$ for Run 3 and the HL-LHC, respectively., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

This paper presents a pioneering approach for simulation of economic activity, policy implementation, and pricing of goods in token economies. The paper proposes a formal analysis framework for wealth distribution analysis and simulation of interactions between economic participants in an economy. Using this framework, we define a mechanism for identifying prices that achieve the desired wealth distribution according to some metric, and stability of economic dynamics. The motivation to study tokenomics theory is the increasing use of tokenization, specifically in financial infrastructures, where designing token economies is in the forefront. Tokenomics theory establishes a quantitative framework for wealth distribution amongst economic participants and implements the algorithmic regulatory controls mechanism that reacts to changes in economic conditions. In our framework, we introduce a concept of tokenomic taxonomy where agents in the economy are categorized into agent types and interactions between them. This novel approach is motivated by having a generalized model of the macroeconomy with controls being implemented through interactions and policies. The existence of such controls allows us to measure and readjust the wealth dynamics in the economy to suit the desired objectives., Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, 8 tables

Minicharged particles (mCPs), hypothetical free particles with tiny electric charges below the elementary charge, $e$, offer a valuable probe of dark sectors and fundamental physics through several clear experimental signatures. Various models of physics beyond the Standard Model predict the existence of such particles, which could help elucidate the ongoing mysteries regarding electric charge quantization and the nature of dark matter. Moreover, a hypothetical scenario involving a small minicharged subcomponent of dark matter has recently been demonstrated as a viable explanation of the anomaly in the 21 cm hydrogen absorption signal reported by the EDGES collaboration. Although several decades of indirect observations and direct experimental searches for mCPs at particle accelerators have led to severe constraints, a substantial window of the mCP mass$\unicode{x2013}$mixing parameter space remains unexplored at the energy frontier accessible to current state-of-the-art accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Consequently, mCPs have remained topical over the years, and new experimental searches at accelerators have been gaining interest. In this article, we review the theoretical frameworks in which mCPs emerge and their phenomenological implications, the current direct and indirect constraints on mCPs, and the present state of the ongoing and upcoming searches for mCPs at particle accelerators. Additionally, we present the results of an updated study of the projected sensitivity of the recently approved (and relocated) Phase-1 detector of the MoEDAL's Apparatus for Penetrating Particles (MAPP) experiment to Drell$\unicode{x2013}$Yan pair-produced mCPs at the LHC's Run 3 and the future High-Luminosity LHC., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures. Paper accepted for publication in the European Physical Journal ST issue titled The MoEDAL-MAPP Experiment $\unicode{x2014}$ The LHC's First Dedicated Search Experiment for BSM Physics

We report on recent work concerning a new type of generalised Kac-Moody algebras based on the spaces of differentiable mappings from compact manifolds or homogeneous spaces onto compact Lie groups., Comment: Contribution to The 34th International Colloquium on Group Theoretical Methods in Physics

We study neutral Dirac particles confined to a family of $(1+2)$-dimensional wormholes arising from surfaces of revolution with a constant negative Gaussian curvature, in the framework of a comprehensive effective field theory allowing deviations from Lorentz symmetry: the gravitational standard-model extension (SME). The Dirac particles are described with a fixed background tensor field that rules the Lorentz symmetry violation in the CPT-even gauge sector of SME. We implement this geometrical approach by incorporating non-minimal couplings that possibly induce a Lorentz-symmetry violating term in the modified Dirac equation. We also analyze the exact analytical solutions of the corresponding modified Dirac equation in the presence of a peculiar external magnetic field.

We revisit the thermal production red and annihilation of magnetic monopoles and their relic abundance in order to gain a deeper physical interpretation on the monopole phenomenology predicted from the Baines et al. effective field theory, recently proposed in the description of monopole pair production via Drell-Yan and photon fusion processes. In this sense, we red use of the vacuum cross sections for the Drell-Yan reactions derived within the mentioned framework to evaluate the cross section averaged over the thermal distribution associated to other particles that constitute the hot medium where the monopoles propagate. In the considered range of monopole mass with spin-zero and spin-half, our findings suggest that the thermally averaged cross sections for the pair production are highly suppressed, while at higher temperatures those for the annihilation of lighter pairs reach larger magnitudes. Besides, we observe that smaller temperature leads to a rate of annihilation for scalar monopoles smaller than the one for fermionic monopoles, which might be interpreted as a theoretical evidence of a more pronounced stability for spin-0 and heavier monopoles.Then we input these thermally averaged cross sections into the kinetic equation that describes the evolution of the monopole abundance via an extension of a freeze-out theory. Our results infer that heavier monopoles achieve the equilibrium at earlier stages of the expansion, and consequently at higher temperatures. In addition, larger monopole masses produce higher values of the relic abundance. Besides, the results indicate that the abundance does not behave differently for spinless and spin-half relic monopoles., Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures

We study the non-inertial effects of a rotating frame on a spin-zero, Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP)-like oscillator in a cosmic string space-time with non-commutative geometry in the momentum space. The spin-zero DKP-like oscillator is obtained from the Klein-Gordon Lagrangian with a non-standard prescription for the oscillator coupling. We find that the solutions of the time-independent radial equation with the non-zero non-commutativity parameter parallel to the string are related to the confluent hypergeometric function. We find the quantized energy eigenvalues of the non-commutative oscillator., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

We analyse the Klein-Gordon oscillator in a cosmic string space-time and study the effects stemming from the rotating frame and non-commutativity in momentum space. We show that the latter mimics a constant magnetic field, imparting physical interpretation to the setup. The field equation for the scalar field is solved via separations of variables, and we obtain quantization of energy and angular momentum. The space-time metric is non-degenerate as long as the particle is confined within a hard-wall, whose position depends on the rotation frame velocity and the string mass parameter. We investigate the energy quantization both for a finite hard-wall (numerical evaluation) and in the limit of an infinite hard-wall (analytical treatment). We stress the effect of non-commutativity upon the energy quantization in each case., Comment: 31 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

A search for highly electrically charged objects (HECOs) and magnetic monopoles is presented using 2.2 fb-1 of p - p collision data taken at a centre of mass energy (ECM) of 8 TeV by the MoEDAL detector during LHC's Run-1. The data were collected using MoEDAL's prototype Nuclear Track Detector array and the Trapping Detector array. The results are interpreted in terms of Drell-Yan pair production of stable HECO and monopole pairs with three spin hypotheses (0, 1/2 and 1). The search provides constraints on the direct production of magnetic monopoles carrying one to four Dirac magnetic charges (4gD) and with mass limits ranging from 590 GeV/c^2 to 1 TeV/c^2. Additionally, mass limits are placed on HECOs with charge in the range 10e to 180e, where e is the charge of an electron, for masses between 30 GeV/c^2 and 1 TeV/c^2.

Schwinger showed that electrically-charged particles can be produced in a strong electric field by quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb barrier. By electromagnetic duality, if magnetic monopoles (MMs) exist, they would be produced by the same mechanism in a sufficiently strong magnetic field. Unique advantages of the Schwinger mechanism are that its rate can be calculated using semiclassical techniques without relying on perturbation theory, and the finite MM size and strong MM-photon coupling are expected to enhance their production. Pb-Pb heavy-ion collisions at the LHC produce the strongest known magnetic fields in the current Universe, and this article presents the first search for MM production by the Schwinger mechanism. It was conducted by the MoEDAL experiment during the 5.02 TeV/nucleon heavy-ion run at the LHC in November 2018, during which the MoEDAL trapping detectors (MMTs) were exposed to 0.235 nb$^{-1}$ of Pb-Pb collisions. The MMTs were scanned for the presence of magnetic charge using a SQUID magnetometer. MMs with Dirac charges 1$g_D$ $\leq$ $g$ $\leq$ 3$g_D$ and masses up to 75 GeV/c$^2$ were excluded by the analysis. This provides the first lower mass limit for finite-size MMs from a collider search and significantly extends previous mass bounds., Comment: Minor fixes to the authorship list found during production

A generalised notion of Kac-Moody algebra is defined using smooth maps from a compact real manifold $\mathcal{M}$ to a finite-dimensional Lie group, by means of complete orthonormal bases for a Hermitian inner product on the manifold and a Fourier expansion. The Peter--Weyl theorem for the case of manifolds related to compact Lie groups and coset spaces is discussed, and appropriate Hilbert bases for the space $L^{2}(\mathcal{M})$ of square-integrable functions are constructed. It is shown that such bases are characterised by the representation theory of the compact Lie group, from which a complete set of labelling operator is obtained. The existence of central extensions of generalised Kac-Moody algebras is analysed using a duality property of Hermitian operators on the manifold, and the corresponding root systems are constructed. Several applications of physically relevant compact groups and coset spaces are discussed., Comment: 52 pages, Some comments on generalised Kac-Moody algebras associated to non-compact Lie groups have been added

High performance large scale graph analytics is essential to timely analyze relationships in big data sets. Conventional processor architectures suffer from inefficient resource usage and bad scaling on graph workloads. To enable efficient and scalable graph analysis, Intel developed the Programmable Integrated Unified Memory Architecture (PIUMA). PIUMA consists of many multi-threaded cores, fine-grained memory and network accesses, a globally shared address space and powerful offload engines. This paper presents the PIUMA architecture, and provides initial performance estimations, projecting that a PIUMA node will outperform a conventional compute node by one to two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, PIUMA continues to scale across multiple nodes, which is a challenge in conventional multinode setups.

In this work we investigate the interaction between spin-zero and spin-one monopoles by making use of an effective field theory based on two-body and four-body interaction parts. In particular, we analyze the formation of bound state of monopole-antimonopole (i.e. monopolium). The magnetic-charge conjugation symmetry is studied in analogy to the usual charge conjugation to define a particle basis, for which we find bound-state solutions with relatively small binding energies and which allows us to identify the bounds on the parameters in the effective Lagrangians. Estimations of their masses, binding energies and scattering lengths are performed as functions of monopole masses and interaction strength in a specific renormalization scheme. We also examine the general validity of the approach and the feasibility of detecting the monopolium., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in The European Physical Journal Plus

Motivation: Agent-based modeling is an indispensable tool for studying complex biological systems. However, existing simulators do not always take full advantage of modern hardware and often have a field-specific software design. Results: We present a novel simulation platform called BioDynaMo that alleviates both of these problems. BioDynaMo features a general-purpose and high-performance simulation engine. We demonstrate that BioDynaMo can be used to simulate use cases in: neuroscience, oncology, and epidemiology. For each use case we validate our findings with experimental data or an analytical solution. Our performance results show that BioDynaMo performs up to three orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art baseline. This improvement makes it feasible to simulate each use case with one billion agents on a single server, showcasing the potential BioDynaMo has for computational biology research. Availability: BioDynaMo is an open-source project under the Apache 2.0 license and is available at www.biodynamo.org. Instructions to reproduce the results are available in supplementary information. Contact: lukas.breitwieser@inf.ethz.ch, a.s.hesam@tudelft.nl, omutlu@ethz.ch, r.bauer@surrey.ac.uk Supplementary information: Available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4501515, Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

The MoEDAL trapping detector, consists of approximately 800 kg of aluminium volumes. It was exposed during Run-2 of the LHC program to 6.46 fb^-1 of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHCb interaction point. Evidence for dyons (particles with electric and magnetic charge) captured in the trapping detector was sought by passing the aluminium volumes comprising the detector through a SQUID magnetometer. The presence of a trapped dyon would be signalled by a persistent current induced in the SQUID magnetometer. On the basis of a Drell-Yan production model, we exclude dyons with a magnetic charge ranging up to 5 Dirac charges, and an electric charge up to 200 times the fundamental electric charge for mass limits in the range 790 - 3130 GeV., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1903.08491

We present a strategy for searching for heavy neutrinos at the Large Hadron Collider using the MoEDAL Experiment's MAPP detector. We hypothesize the heavy neutrino to be a member of a fourth generation lepton doublet, with the electric dipole moment (EDM) introduced within a dimension-five operator. In this model the heavy neutrino is produced in association with a heavy lepton. According to our current experimental and theoretical understanding, the electric dipole moment of this heavy neutrino may be as high as $10^{-15}$ $e$ cm. Taking advantage of the sensitivity of MoEDAL detector, we examine the possibility of detecting such a heavy neutrino in the MAPP as an apparently fractionally charged particle, via ionization due to the neutrino's EDM., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures

We examine the non-inertial effects of a rotating frame on a Dirac oscillator in a cosmic string space-time with non-commutative geometry in phase space. We observe that the approximate bound-state solutions are related to the biconfluent Heun polynomials. The related energies cannot be obtained in a closed form for all the bound states. We find the energy of the fundamental state analytically by taking into account the hard-wall confining condition. We describe how the ground-state energy scales with the new non-commutative term as well as with the other physical parameters of the system., Comment: 23 pages

We examine the effects of gravitational fields produced by topological defects on a Dirac field and a Dirac oscillator in a spinning cosmic string spacetime. We obtain the eigenfunctions and the energy levels of the relativistic field in that background and consider the effect of various parameters, such as the frequency of the rotating frame, the oscillator's frequency, the string density and other quantum numbers., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures

MoEDAL is designed to identify new physics in the form of stable or pseudostable highly ionizing particles produced in high-energy Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collisions. Here we update our previous search for magnetic monopoles in Run 2 using the full trapping detector with almost four times more material and almost twice more integrated luminosity. For the first time at the LHC, the data were interpreted in terms of photon-fusion monopole direct production in addition to the Drell-Yan-like mechanism. The MoEDAL trapping detector, consisting of 794 kg of aluminum samples installed in the forward and lateral regions, was exposed to 4.0 fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHCb interaction point and analyzed by searching for induced persistent currents after passage through a superconducting magnetometer. Magnetic charges equal to or above the Dirac charge are excluded in all samples. Monopole spins 0, 1/2 and 1 are considered and both velocity-independent and -dependent couplings are assumed. This search provides the best current laboratory constraints for monopoles with magnetic charges ranging from two to five times the Dirac charge., Comment: 7 pages REVTeX 4, 11 figures, 1 table, matches published version in Physical Review Letters

We investigate the breaking of Lorentz symmetry caused by the inclusion of an external four-vector via a Chern-Simons-like term in the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau Lagrangian for massless and massive spin-one fields. The resulting equations of motion lead to the appearance of birefringence, where the corresponding photons are split into two propagation modes. We discuss the gauge invariance of the extended Lagrangian. Throughout the paper, we utilize projection operators to reduce the wave-functions to their physical components, and we provide many new properties of these projection operators., Comment: 24 pages, no figure

We update our previous search for trapped magnetic monopoles in LHC Run 2 using nearly six times more integrated luminosity and including additional models for the interpretation of the data. The MoEDAL forward trapping detector, comprising 222~kg of aluminium samples, was exposed to 2.11~fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions near the LHCb interaction point and analysed by searching for induced persistent currents after passage through a superconducting magnetometer. Magnetic charges equal to the Dirac charge or above are excluded in all samples. The results are interpreted in Drell-Yan production models for monopoles with spins 0, 1/2 and 1: in addition to standard point-like couplings, we also consider couplings with momentum-dependent form factors. The search provides the best current laboratory constraints for monopoles with magnetic charges ranging from two to five times the Dirac charge., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B

We examine neutral-current quasi-elastic neutrino-nucleus reactions on $^{12}$C and $^{208}$Pb targets. We use the relativistic mean field theory approach to describe the nuclear dynamics. We compute the cross sections for the scattering of 150-MeV, 500-MeV and 1000-MeV neutrinos on a $^{12}$C target and study the effect of the strange-quark content of the nucleon which appears in these reactions via the isoscalar weak current. We compare our results with the data of the MiniBooNE experiment for mineral oil (CH$_2$). We also calculate the cross section for the quasi-elastic neutron knockout reaction of 20 to 60-MeV neutrinos on a $^{208}$Pb target which is relevant to plans to use lead as a target material in future supernova neutrino detectors., Comment: 28 pages, 14 figures

The procedure commonly used in textbooks for determining the eigenvalues and eigenstates for a particle in an attractive Coulomb potential is not symmetric in the way the boundary conditions at $r=0$ and $r \rightarrow \infty$ are considered. We highlight this fact by solving a model for the Coulomb potential with a cutoff (representing the finite extent of the nucleus); in the limit that the cutoff is reduced to zero we recover the standard result, albeit in a non-standard way. This example is used to emphasize that a more consistent approach to solving the Coulomb problem in quantum mechanics requires an examination of the non-standard solution. The end result is, of course, the same., Comment: 7 pages 5 figures; if you teach undergraduate quantum mechanics, you should look at this paper