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Resume Introduction Le laryngoscope Airtraq ® (Vygon, Ecouen, France) permet une vision continue de l’intubation sans alignement des axes oral, pharynge et larynge. Son apprentissage decrit dans la litterature est extremement rapide et il semble bien adapte aux intubations difficiles. Le but de notre travail etait d’evaluer l’interet de l’Airtraq ® utilise par des praticiens inexperimentes dans l’intubation difficile prevue chez l’adulte. Methodes Les patients presentant au moins un des quatre criteres predictifs principaux d’intubation difficile (antecedent d’intubation difficile, distance thyromentale [DTM] inferieure a 60 mm, ouverture de bouche [OB] inferieure a 35 mm, classe de Mallampati 3 ou 4) ont ete inclus dans l’etude. Les praticiens inexperimentes beneficiaient auparavant d’une breve formation orale sur l’utilisation de l’Airtraq ® . Ils etaient encadres par un expert pour l’intubation avec l’Airtraq ® . Pour chaque patient inclus, on notait : le grade de Cormack et Lehane, les temps moyens pour visualiser la glotte et intuber, le succes ou non de la manœuvre d’intubation, les episodes de desaturation arterielle en oxygene, les manipulations et difficultes signalees par les operateurs. Resultats Vingt patients ont ete inclus. Parmi eux, 13 presentaient un antecedent d’intubation difficile, huit une DTM inferieur a 60 mm, neuf une OB inferieura 35 mm et 12 patients etaient classes Mallampati 4. Quatre patients n’ont pas ete intubes avec le laryngoscope Airtraq ® . Pour les autres, les temps moyens d’exposition glottique et d’intubation etaient de 28 et 47 s avec un taux de succes de 80 % (16/20). Discussion Dans la majorite des cas, l’introduction de l’Airtraq ® et la visualisation glottique ont ete simples et rapides, sans desaturation arterielle en oxygene. Cependant, les quatre echecs d’intubation tracheale avec l’Airtraq ® et la prolongation du delai d’intubation observee chez certains patients suggerent que la courbe d’apprentissage du laryngoscope Airtraq ® est certainement plus importante chez les patients presentant des criteres d’intubation difficile.

INTRODUCTION Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FB) is an important diagnostic examination in paediatric pulmonology. In 2002 the Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Club undertook a retrospective study to establish the current status of fibreoptic bronchoscopy among its members. METHODS In 2001 sixty five paediatric pulmonologists carried out an average of 116 examinations (+/- 111) in 35 paediatric centres. FB was performed either in an operating theatre (15 centres), a dedicated bronchoscopy suite (6 centres) or an endoscopy suite shared with gastro-enterologists (7 centres). Other examinations were performed in areas dedicated to, or associated with intensive care. General anaesthesia was routinely used in 18 centres. The others used sedation including an equimolar mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide in 14 centres. Ten centres performed less than 50 examinations, 12 between 51 and 100, 4 between 101 and 200 and 8 centres more than 200 in the year. Seventy two per cent of the children were less than 6 years old. The washing and disinfection procedures were manual in 20 centres and automatic in 15. RESULTS Three principal indications were reported: persistent wheezing, suspicion of a foreign body and ventilatory difficulties. Cough, desaturation and fever were the most frequently reported side effects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first survey in paediatric pulmonology in France. It shows a wide variation in the practice of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in children.

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of midazolam-ketamine association to control pain induced by diagnostic procedures in paediatric oncology patients. 226 procedures were carried out in 92 patients aged three days to 18 years. Drugs were given i.v. by an anaesthesiologist. Midazolam dose was 25 microg.kg-1 and ketamine 0. 5 to 2 mg.kg-1, depending on number and invasiveness of procedures. The mean dose of ketamine was 1 mg.kg-1. Mean duration of sedation was ten min. No complication was observed and analgesia was considered satisfactory in 89 out of 92 patients. These results indicate that midazolam-ketamine is a safe and effective association in pain management for paediatric oncology patients and efficiently induces brief unconscious sedation with analgesia.

The analgesic efficacy and safety of propacetamol, an injectable prodrug of acetaminophen, (paracetamol) were studied in 87 children (36 boys, 51 girls; age 6-13; mean age 9.5 years) immediately after limb surgery. Using a double-blind, randomized, parallel group design, the effects of a single IV infusion of 30 mg.kg-1 propacetamol (i.e. 15 mg.kg-1 acetaminophen) were compared with a single injection of placebo (PL). Efficacy was assessed on pain scores rated on a four-point verbal scale, a five-point visual scale (faces) and on a four-point relief verbal scale before administration (T0) and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 h after administration. At the end the global efficacy was rated by the physician on a five-point verbal scale. Propacetamol was statistically superior to placebo on all assessment criteria. Seven side-effects were recorded: five in the propacetamol group and two in the placebo group. 30 mg.kg-1 propacetamol provided a significantly greater analgesic effect than placebo in children after orthopaedic surgery.

The effect of an intravenous injection of thiopental on middle cerebral artery blood velocities was assessed by transcranial pulsed Doppler monitoring in 20 children: ten head-injured patients and ten control subjects. Thiopental induced a moderate but immediate decrease of middle cerebral artery blood velocities in both groups; this variation was significant (P

The Airtraq optical laryngoscope (Vygon, Écouen, France) is a new intubation device designed to provide a view of the glottis without alignment of the oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal axes. In recent literature, the efficiency of the Airtraq even in difficult intubation and its short learning curve were characterized. The goal of our study is to evaluate Airtraq efficiency when use by inexperienced physicians in anticipated difficult intubation adult patients.The patients showing at least one of the four difficult intubation predictors (history of difficult intubation, thyromental distance less than 60mm, mouth opening less than 35 mm and Mallampati class 3 or 4 were included. Before induction of anaesthesia, the inexperienced physicians participating the study received a short oral formation on the use of the Airtraq. For each intubation manoeuvres, the participant were supervised by an expert in Airtraq handling. The Cormack and Lehane grade of direct laryngoscopy view, the duration times to best glottis view and to intubate the trachea, the success or failure of tracheal intubation, the drop in arterial oxygen saturation of below 95%, the need for external manipulation, and the difficulties met by the operators were noted.Twenty patients were included over a month period. Thirteen had a history of difficult intubation, eight a thyromental distance less than 60mm, nine a mouth opening less than 35 mm and 12 patients were classified as Mallampati IV. The success rate of tracheal intubation with the Airtraq laryngoscope was 80%. Times to best glottis view and to complete tracheal intubation were 28 and 47 s, respectively. Four tracheal intubation failures were encountered. The LMA Fastrach and the flexible fiberoscope were used respectively in one and three patients.In the majority of the cases, the insertion of the Airtraq, the visualization of the glottis and the subsequent intubation were easy and rapid, without arterial oxygen desaturation. However, the four tracheal intubation failures associated with prolonged tracheal intubation times in some patients highlight the fact that the Airtraq laryngoscope requires a clinical training process particularly in case of anticipated difficult airway management situations.

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FB) is an important diagnostic examination in paediatric pulmonology. In 2002 the Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy Club undertook a retrospective study to establish the current status of fibreoptic bronchoscopy among its members.In 2001 sixty five paediatric pulmonologists carried out an average of 116 examinations (+/- 111) in 35 paediatric centres. FB was performed either in an operating theatre (15 centres), a dedicated bronchoscopy suite (6 centres) or an endoscopy suite shared with gastro-enterologists (7 centres). Other examinations were performed in areas dedicated to, or associated with intensive care. General anaesthesia was routinely used in 18 centres. The others used sedation including an equimolar mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide in 14 centres. Ten centres performed less than 50 examinations, 12 between 51 and 100, 4 between 101 and 200 and 8 centres more than 200 in the year. Seventy two per cent of the children were less than 6 years old. The washing and disinfection procedures were manual in 20 centres and automatic in 15.Three principal indications were reported: persistent wheezing, suspicion of a foreign body and ventilatory difficulties. Cough, desaturation and fever were the most frequently reported side effects.This is the first survey in paediatric pulmonology in France. It shows a wide variation in the practice of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in children.

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of midazolam-ketamine association to control pain induced by diagnostic procedures in paediatric oncology patients. 226 procedures were carried out in 92 patients aged three days to 18 years. Drugs were given i.v. by an anaesthesiologist. Midazolam dose was 25 microg.kg-1 and ketamine 0. 5 to 2 mg.kg-1, depending on number and invasiveness of procedures. The mean dose of ketamine was 1 mg.kg-1. Mean duration of sedation was ten min. No complication was observed and analgesia was considered satisfactory in 89 out of 92 patients. These results indicate that midazolam-ketamine is a safe and effective association in pain management for paediatric oncology patients and efficiently induces brief unconscious sedation with analgesia.

To assess the development and the current practice of predeposit autologous blood transfusion (PABT) in children in France.Nationwide survey with a questionnaire.Survey conducted in January 1995, including 121 blood transfusion centres (BTC) out of which 101 replied.Initiated in 1979, PABT is practiced at present in 66% of BTC. This figure increased by 12% from 1993 to 1994. Orthopaedic surgery was the main indication. Other indications included bone marrow harvesting for allogenic transplantation. Concerning the inclusion criteria, the lower limit of age was 9 +/- 4 years and weight 26 +/- 10 kg. The youngest child was one-year-old and his body weight was 8 kg.The production of codified protocols would probably favour the development of PABT in children and increase its safety and its efficiency.

Magnesium (Mg), a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, is often ignored by clinicians, as the symptomatology of Mg depletion is not specific and usually associated with that of the cause of the depletion. Furthermore, the plasma Mg concentration (0.8 to 1.1 mmol.L-1) is only equivalent to one percent of the total body content. A Mg deficit may exist while plasma Mg concentration is normal. Therefore other techniques for Mg assessment, such as the repletion test, as well as red blood cell and lymphocyte concentrations have been used. A renewed interest for Mg occurred as numerous studies have shown the therapeutic efficiency of Mg and as the mechanisms of its haemodynamic effects have been recognized. Mg regulates Na-K-ATPase activity, K channels activity and, most of all, it is a natural calcium channel blocking agent. These properties explain its important place in electrophysiology of myocardial cells and the effects on the tension of smooth muscles, resulting in a vasodilation and a bronchodilation respectively. The antagonistic effect of Mg on calcium decreases the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and the release of epinephrine at the peripheral sympathetic nerves and the adrenals. Mg potentiates the effect of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. A Mg deficiency occurs often in ICU patients, in alcoholics and during use of diuretics. Simultaneous administration of Mg is often required for treatment of potassium deficiency. Mg has an anti-arrhythmic effect towards digoxin-mediated dysrhythmias and torsades de pointes, and can be efficient in other arrhythmias. Systematic use of Mg seems to decrease mortality of acute myocardial infarction and is justified during cardiac surgery, often associated with hypomagnesemia, because of vasodilation of coronary arteries and in order to prevent occurrence of arrhythmias. Mg, because of its calcium channel blocking properties and as it lowers the release of epinephrine, is indicated for surgery of pheochromocytoma. In eclamptic and pre-eclamptic patients, the use of Mg is valuable, but not as an anti-epileptic agent. Other clinical uses of Mg have been proposed, but they are either anecdotal or of uncertain efficiency.

Due to the action of the drugs and the position of the patient, general anaesthesia in a child with a mediastinal tumor can complete the obstruction of the trachea and/or the main bronchi and possibly result in irreversible respiratory failure. The risk is directly linked to the degree of lumen amputation of the trachea, usually evaluated by CT-scan: there is a risk of accident if the degree of lumen amputation is greater than 30%. The case reports underline the value of the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy under local anaesthesia. This examination, as well as the CT-scan, allows to evaluate the degree of tracheal compression. Moreover, it carries a lower risk than the CT-scan which requires, in a small child, either general anaesthesia or heavy premedication which could lead to asphyxia. Total obstruction most often occurs with anterior mediastinal tumors. However, even posterior or lateral tumors can extend to an anterior position, especially in the young child. If the obstruction of the lumen is greater than 30% and if general anaesthesia is required, the fibreoptic bronchoscopy allows endotracheal intubation under local anaesthesia before general anaesthesia. We report 5 cases which illustrate the risk of tracheal compression during general anaesthesia in patients with a mediastinal tumor and substantiate the advantages of a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope in the management of these patients before and during general anaesthesia.

The shaken baby syndrome is a relatively recent concept concerning mishandled children and characterized by cerebral lesions (subarachnoid haemorrhage, oedema, axonal injuries). A case is reported of a 11-month-old female infant, who was admitted in a paediatric intensive care unit with clinical signs of brain death after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The CT scan showed subdural haemorrhage. Pathological examination confirmed the major blunt head trauma. The father admitted that he had shaken his daughter as "she cried too often". The mechanism of the lesions is a combination of several factors, especially the large size of infant's head and the weakness of the neck muscles. It is possible to recognize still in the perinatal period children at risk of mishandling, allowing an efficient prevention of the shaken baby syndrome.

Acute epiglottitis is an infectious disease causing a severe respiratory distress. Any attempt to move the child in the horizontal position or to examine his throat can result in cardiac arrest. Diagnosis, endotracheal intubation as well as decision making of the optimal time for extubation are greatly facilitated by the use of a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The device is a paediatric model (external diameter 3.6 mm with an operating channel). It is inserted through the nare in the child in the sitting position. Oxygen is delivered through a nasal tube. The examination is performed under local anaesthesia (lidocaine 0.5%). Midazolam is sometimes added via the rectal or i.v. route. The clinical signs are monitored as well as the heart rate and SpO2. The diagnosis of epiglottitis as it is visual, is very easy and rapid once the epiglottis is observed through the fibreoptic bronchoscope. The advantage of the examination under fibreoptic bronchoscope is to allow visualization without aggression or stimulation of the pharyngolaryngeal structures and without modification of the child's position. Endotracheal intubation, which is always required, is facilitated as the child is breathing spontaneously. The expiratory flow blows bubbles of saliva, which guide the bronchoscope to the glottis. When the internal diameter of the endotracheal tube is larger than 4 mm, the bronchoscope is used as a guide. When it is less than 4 mm. the bronchoscope is inserted in the trachea with a guide wire slipped in the operating channel; the bronchoscope, but not the wire is withdrawn and the endotracheal tube is inserted over the guide wire.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The analgesic efficiency of morphine and propacetamol for postoperative pain, in the recovery room, was studied in two groups of children, who had undergone either orthopedic or visceral surgery. An injection of 50 mcg/kg of morphine chlorhydrate was given to the first group of 239 children ASA I, who were admitted to the recovery room and who presented signs of severe pain (agitation, crying, complaining). The analgesic efficiency of morphine was judged on physiological criteria (blood pressure, heart rate) and on behavioral criteria (calming of the child). No incidents were noticed. A second study was then performed on a second group of 100 children ASA I, who received 15 mg.kg-1 of propacetamol as an intravenous perfusion for 15 minutes. The analgesic efficiency of propacetamol was judged on behavioral criteria alone. In the morphine group, 67% of the children was calmed following one injection (94% after a second injection given 15 minutes after the first). In the propacetamol group, 77% of the children were calmed. Propacetamol was insufficient for the pain in 23% of the cases but one subsequent injection of morphine was always sufficient to calm the child. These two successive studies show the need for an analgesic protocol for children in the recovery room. Propacetamol should be administered first and then, if insufficient, followed by only one injection of morphine. This protocol of propacetamol and morphine seems to be satisfactory and thus avoids all pernicious side effects.

The present study provides an on-line analysis of diaphragmatic electromyographic activity (EMGdi) in newborns. EMGdi was recorded using surface electrodes. EMGdi signals were processed using a microcomputer (Apple IIe). The centroid frequency (Fc) and the high over low (H/L) frequencies ratio of the power spectrum were calculated. Furthermore the model frequency (Fo) was computed by an autoregressive model of the EMG signal. EMGdi analysis was performed in seven healthy spontaneously breathing preterm newborns. Fc ranged from 46-62 Hz. Fc was significantly lower than Fo in four of the seven preterm newborns. The coefficient of variation for Fc was significantly lower than for the H/L ratio (p less than 0.001). The coefficients of variation for Fo and Fc were not significantly different, but the percentage of rejected calculations for Fo was significantly higher than for Fc (p less than 0.01). Therefore, in healthy preterm newborns, Fc appears to be the best index of EMGdi analysis.

A case of pseudo von Willebrand's disease occurring in a 26 year old pregnant woman is reported. The diagnosis was made during the 33rd week of pregnancy. The patient had excessive bleeding of minor wounds, and biological tests revealed a bleeding time exceeding 20 min, a greatly reduced level of Rco fraction of von Willebrand's factor (27%), the absence of high molecular weight von Willebrand's factor multimers, and a greatly increased platelet aggregation in small doses of ristocetin. The patient was allowed to give birth by the vaginal route, receiving 30 IU.kg-1 highly purified concentrated factor VIII, once cervical dilatation was complete. Uterine revision was carried out for safety's sake because of prolonged post-partum bleeding. Two red cell packs were transfused as haemoglobin concentration decreased from 106 g.l-1 to 80 g.l-1. The newborn also presented with biological signs of pseudo von Willebrand's disease, with a bleeding time exceeding 15 min, hypothrombocytopaenia, and a level of Rco fraction of von Willebrand's factor of 9%. Preoperative assessment should always include an investigation of primary haemostatic mechanisms. In case of pseudo von Willebrand's disease, platelet transfusion combined or not with the transfusion of highly purified factor VIII seems to be useful. Investigation of other family members for a pseudo von Willebrand's disease trait is essential.

The authors report 2 cases, in which recurrent and reversible atelectasis of the left lung was the only manifestation leading to a diagnosis of post-traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta at an early stage (D + 5). Other classically described signs were absent. These 2 cases demonstrate the need to seek an aortic aneurysm following any severe trauma. They emphasize the importance of bronchial endoscopy in this type of trauma. They confirm the value of CAT scan investigation.