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Background The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border (p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens (p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusion This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Background: The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods: This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results: The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border (p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens (p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Natural selection drives the acquisition of organismal resilience traits to protect against adverse environments. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important evolutionary mechanism for the acquisition of novel traits, including metazoan acquisitions in immunity, metabolic, and reproduction function via interdomain HGT (iHGT) from bacteria. Here, we report that the nematode gene rml-3 has been acquired by iHGT from bacteria and that it enables exoskeleton resilience and protection against environmental toxins in Caenorhabditis elegans. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that diverse nematode RML-3 proteins form a single monophyletic clade most similar to bacterial enzymes that biosynthesize L-rhamnose, a cell-wall polysaccharide component. C. elegans rml-3 is highly expressed during larval development and upregulated in developing seam cells upon heat stress and during the stress-resistant dauer stage. rml-3 deficiency impairs cuticle integrity, barrier functions, and nematode stress resilience, phenotypes that can be rescued by exogenous L-rhamnose. We propose that interdomain HGT of an ancient bacterial rml-3 homolog has enabled L-rhamnose biosynthesis in nematodes, facilitating cuticle integrity and organismal resilience to environmental stressors during evolution. These findings highlight a remarkable contribution of iHGT on metazoan evolution conferred by the domestication of a bacterial gene.

The vertebrate eye was described by Charles Darwin as one of the greatest potential challenges to a theory of natural selection by stepwise evolutionary processes. While numerous evolutionary transitions that led to the vertebrate eye have been explained, some aspects appear to be vertebrate specific with no obvious metazoan precursor. One critical difference between vertebrate and invertebrate vision hinges on interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP, also known as retinol-binding protein, RBP3), which enables the physical separation and specialization of cells in the vertebrate visual cycle by promoting retinoid shuttling between cell types. While IRBP has been functionally described, its evolutionary origin has remained elusive. Here, we show that IRBP arose via acquisition of novel genetic material from bacteria by interdomain horizontal gene transfer (iHGT). We demonstrate that a gene encoding a bacterial peptidase was acquired prior to the radiation of extant vertebrates >500 Mya and underwent subsequent domain duplication and neofunctionalization to give rise to vertebrate IRBP. Our phylogenomic analyses on >900 high-quality genomes across the tree of life provided the resolution to distinguish contamination in genome assemblies from true instances of horizontal acquisition of IRBP and led us to discover additional independent transfers of the same bacterial peptidase gene family into distinct eukaryotic lineages. Importantly, this work illustrates the evolutionary basis of a key transition that led to the vertebrate visual cycle and highlights the striking impact that acquisition of bacterial genes has had on vertebrate evolution.

Introduction: Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow, is one of the most common chronic disabling painful conditions that affect the forearm’s common extensor tendons. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) versus corticosteroid injection in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of PRP versus corticosteroid injection in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, focusing on the early response. Settings and Design: This was a prospective randomised controlled study. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective randomised control trial of 100 patients, clinically diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis in Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Hubli. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1) using computer-generated random numbers to two groups. Group A received corticosteroid injection. Group B received PRP injection. Outcome assessment was done using the Oxford Elbow Score (OES), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Patient-rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (DASH). All patients were followed up at regular intervals of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post-injection. Statistical Analysis Used: Using SPSS Statistics version 25 software, statistical analysis was done. Results: Pre–injection, the mean OES, VAS, PRTEE and DASH scores were similar in both the groups with insignificant P value. The mean pre-injection OES, VAS, PRTEE and DASH scores in the corticosteroid group were 11.22, 7.88, 75.950 and 69.364, whereas in the PRP group, it was 10.66, 7.96, 76.170 and 69.466, with P = 0.165, 0.322, 0.834 and 0.869, respectively. At the end of 6 months in the corticosteroid group, the mean score of OES increased from 11.22 ± 1.71 to 38.94 ± 5.17, VAS decreased from 7.88 ± 0.385 to 1.74 ± 1.24, PRTEE decreased from 75.95 ± 4.86 to 24.3 ± 12 and DASH decreased from 69.36 ± 2.90 to 23.31 ± 11.5, with a significant P < 0.005. At the end of 6 months in the PRP group, the mean scores of OES increased from 10.66 ± 2.07 to 45.38 ± 1.41, VAS decreased from 7.96 ± 0.45 to 0.06 ± 0.31, PRTEE decreased from 76.1 ± 5.04 to 7.47 ± 3.16 and DASH decreased from 69.47 ± 3.44 to 7.78 ± 2.65, with a significant P < 0.005. Conclusion: We concluded that patients treated with PRP had significantly reduced pain, increased functional activity, less recurrence and without requirement of any further intervention, outperforming corticosteroid injection effect at the end of 6 months follow up.

Background The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border ( p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens ( p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters ( p > 0.05). Conclusion This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Background: The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods: This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results: The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border ( p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens ( p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Background: The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods: This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results: The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border ( p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens ( p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Background: The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods: This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results: The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border ( p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens ( p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

The title compound, C29H25N3O3S, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. The molecule contains a central four-ring system in which all of the rings are almost coplanar. Both the 4-methoxyphenyl ring and the prop-2-ynyloxy substituent are disordered over two equivalent conformations with occupancy ratios of 0.903 (2):0.097 (2) and 0.776 (5):0.224 (5), respectively. In the crystal, π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7327 (11) Å] between the dihydropyrazole ring and the 4-methoxyphenyl ring link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. In addition, there are weak C—H...S, C—H...N and C—H...O interactions, which link the molecules into a complex three-dimensional array.

The structure of the title compound, C18H13NO4, shows that the whole molecule is almost planar but with a dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings of 19.22 (5)°. The molecules are linked by C—H...O interactions, forming sheets in the (21\overline{1}) plane.

In the title compound, C28H22FN3OS, four rings are almost coplanar, with the fluorophenyl ring substantially twisted. In the extended structure, aromatic π–π stacking interactions between the pyrazole ring and the tolyl ring link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers.

In the title compound, C18H16N2O2, the phenyl and pyrazole rings subtend a dihedral angle of 22.68 (8)°. The packing of the title compound features aromatic π–π stacking and weak C—H...π interactions.

Crystal structures are reported for three amides containing N-benzo[d]thiazole substituents. In N-(benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-3-bromobenzamide, C14H9BrN2OS, where the two ring systems are nearly parallel to one another [dihedral angle = 5.8 (2)°], the molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds to form ribbons of R33(19) rings, which are linked into sheets by short Br...Br interactions [3.5812 (6) Å]. N-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-nitrobenzamide, C15H11N3O4S, crystallizes with Z′ = 2 in space group Pna21: the dihedral angles between the ring systems [46.43 (15) and 66.35 (13)°] are significantly different in the independent molecules and a combination of two N—H...N and five C—H...O hydrogen bonds links the molecules into a three-dimensional network. The molecules of 5-cyclopropyl-N-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide, C15H13N3O3S, exhibit two forms of disorder, in the methoxy group and in the cyclopropylisoxazole unit; symmetry-related pairs of molecules are linked into dimers by pairwise N—H...N hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.

The crystal structures of three benzimidazole esters containing aryl or heterocyclic substituents at position 2 are reported, and all three exhibit disorder of molecular entities. In ethyl 1-methyl-2-[4-(prop-2-ynoxy)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate, C20H18N2O3, (I), the prop-2-yn-1-oxyphenyl unit is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having effectively equal occupancies, 0.506 (5) and 0.494 (5). The propyl substituent in ethyl 1-propyl-2-(pyren-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate, C29H24N2O2, (II), is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.601 (8) and 0.399 (8), and the ester unit in ethyl 1-methyl-2-(5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate, C21H19ClN4O2 (III), is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.645 (7) and 0.355 (7). In each of the C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds in (I), the donor and acceptor form parts of different disorder components, so that no continuous aggregation is possible. The molecules of (II) are linked by a single C—H...O hydrogen bond into C(10) chains, which are linked into sheets by a π–π stacking interaction, whereas those of (III) are just linked into C(13) chains, again by a single C—H...O hydrogen bond. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.

Cycloaddition reactions between 3-(5-aryloxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones and thiosemicarbazide leads to the formation of reduced 3,4′-bipyrazole-2-carbothioamides. Further cycloaddition of these intermediates with either diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate or 4-bromophenacyl bromide leads to reduced 3,4′-bipyrazoles carrying oxothiazole or thiazole substituents, respectively. The structures of two representative intermediates and two representative products established unambiguously the regiochemistry of the cycloaddition reactions. The molecules of 3′-methyl-5′-(2-methylphenoxy)-1′-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-3,4-dihydro-1′H,2H-3,4′-bipyrazole-2-carbothioamide, C25H23N5OS2 (Ia), are linked by N—H...N hydrogen bonds to form simple C(8) chains. The analogous compound 5′-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3′-methyl-1′-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-3,4-dihydro-1′H,2H-3,4′-bipyrazole-2-carbothioamide hemihydrate crystallizes as a hemihydrate, C24H19Cl2N5OS2·0.5H2O (Ib), and the independent components are linked into a chain of spiro-fused R44(20) rings by a combination of O—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds. In the structure of ethyl (Z)-2-{2-[3′-methyl-1′-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-5′-(2-methylphenoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1′H,2H-3,4′-bipyrazole-2-yl]-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrothiazol-5-ylidene}acetate, C31H27N5O4S2 (II), inversion-related pairs of molecules are linked by paired C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds to form cyclic centrosymmetric dimers, but there are no direction-specific intermolecular interactions in 4-(4-bromophenyl)-2-[5′-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3′-methyl-1′-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-3,4-dihydro-1′H,2H-3,4′-bipyrazole-2-yl]-4-thiazole, C32H22BrCl2N5OS2 (III). Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.

Two new substituted propanedioate esters have been synthesized using a three-component solvent-free thermal reaction between diethyl propanedioate (diethyl malonate), 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and an aryl azide, forming two new C—C bonds in a single step. The products diethyl (RS)-2-[(4-bromophenyl)(5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl]propanedioate, C24H25BrN2O5 (I), and diethyl (RS)-2-[(4-chlorophenyl)(5-methyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl]propanedioate, C24H25ClN2O5 (II), are isomorphous, with Z′ = 2 in space group P21/n. The two independent molecules in compound (I) are both fully ordered, while each of the independent molecules in compound (II) is disordered, but in different ways. In one molecule of (II), the N-phenyl ring is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.635 (10) and 0.365 (10), and in the other molecule the ester function is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.690 (5) and 0.310 (5). In both structures, the two independent molecules adopt different conformations and, in each structure, the molecules are linked into complex sheets by a combination of N—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made with some related structures.

Two new N-{[4-(3-aryl-4-sydnonylideneamino)-5-sulfanylidene-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]methyl}benzamides have been prepared by acid-promoted condensation reactions between 3-aryl-4-formylsydnones and N-[(4-amino-5-sulfanylidene-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl]benzamide, and both have been crystallized as ethanol monosolvates. N-{[4-(3-Phenyl-4-sydnonylideneamino)-5-sulfanylidene-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]methyl}benzamide ethanol monosolvate, C19H15N7O3S·C2H6O (I), and N-({4-[3-(4-methylphenyl)-4-sydnonylideneamino]-5-sulfanylidene-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl}methyl)benzamide ethanol monosolvate, C20H17N7O3S·C2H6O (II), differ only in the presence of a methyl group for (II) instead of a hydrogen atom for (I), and in both of them the ethanol component is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies of 0.836 (6) and 0.164 (6) in (I), and 0.906 (6) and 0.094 (6) in (II). Combinations of O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into cyclic, centrosymmetric four-molecule aggregates. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.

Five examples each of 3-(5-aryloxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-[4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-ones and the corresponding 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-(5-aryloxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones have been synthesized in a highly efficient manner, starting from a common source precursor, and structures have been determined for three examples of each type. In each of 3-[5-(2-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1-[4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one, C28H21ClN2O3, (Ib), the isomeric 3-[5-(2-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1-[4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one, (Ic), and 3-[3-methyl-5-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one, C32H24N2O3, (Ie), the molecules are linked into chains of rings, formed by two independent C—H...O hydrogen bonds in (Ib) and by a combination of C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds in each of (Ic) and (Ie). There are no direction-specific intermolecular interactions in the structure of 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-[3-methyl-5-(2-methylphenoxy)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one, C26H21N5O2, (IIa). In 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-[5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one, C25H17Cl2N5O2, (IId), the dichlorophenyl group is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.55 (4) and 0.45 (4), and the molecules are linked by a single C—H...O hydrogen bond to form cyclic, centrosymmetric R22(20) dimers. Similar dimers are formed in 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-[3-methyl-5-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]prop-2-en-1-one, C29H21N5O2, (IIe), but here the dimers are linked into a chain of rings by two independent C—H..π(arene) hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made between the molecular conformations within both series of compounds.

Chalcones of type 4-XC6H4C(O)CH=CHC6H4(OCH2CCH)-4, where X = Cl, Br or MeO, have been converted to the corresponding 4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamides using a cyclocondensation reaction with thiosemicarbazide. The chalcones 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one, C18H13ClO2, (I), and 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one, C18H13BrO2, (II), are isomorphous, and their molecules are linked into sheets by two independent C—H...π(arene) interactions, both involving the same aryl ring with one C—H donor approaching each face. In each of the products (RS)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamide, C19H16ClN3OS, (IV), (RS)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamide, C19H16BrN3OS, (V), and (RS)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-[4-(prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamide, C20H19N3O2S, (VI), the reduced pyrazole ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom bearing the 4-prop-2-ynyloxy)phenyl substituent, which occupies the axial site, displaced from the plane of the four ring atoms. Compounds (IV) and (V) are isomorphous and their molecules are linked into chains of edge-fused rings by a combination of N—H...S and C—H...S hydrogen bonds. The molecules of (VI) are linked into sheets by a combination of N—H...S, N—H...N and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made with the structures of some related compounds.

Two new chalcones containing both pyrazole and thiophene substituents have been prepared and structurally characterized. 3-(3-Methyl-5-phenoxy-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, C23H18N2O2S (I), and 3-[3-methyl-5-(2-methylphenoxy)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, C24H20N2O2S (II), are isomorphous as well as isostructural, and in each the thiophene substituent is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.844 (3) and 0.156 (3) in (I), and 0.883 (2) and 0.117 (2) in (II). In each structure, the molecules are linked into sheets by a combination of C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made with some related compounds.

Background and Aims: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation cause significant derangement of the haemodynamic parameters proving detrimental for some patients. Clonidine, an α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, and melatonin, the pineal hormone, have been used for the attenuation of these haemodynamic responses. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of oral melatonin and clonidine in attenuating the haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomised double-blind study, 60 American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II patients aged 20–60 years of either gender scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general anaesthesia were randomly divided into Group M and Group C and orally received 6 mg of melatonin and 0.2 mg of clonidine, respectively, 120 min before the induction of anaesthesia. The haemodynamic parameters-heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and rate -pressure product(RPP) were recorded before and 120 min after the administration of the study drug, before induction, immediately after intubation and at 1, 3, 5 and 10 min following intubation. Sedation was assessed using the Ramsay Sedation Scale. The qualitative and quantitative variables were analysed using Chi square test and unpaired student t test, respectively. For intragroup comparison of quantitative data, paired t test was applied. A P value

Four 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylate derivatives, one acid, two esters and a dicarbohydrazide have been synthesized starting from 3-aryl sydnones, and structurally characterized. There is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond in 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, C11H8N2O4, (I), and the molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of O—H...O, O—H...N, C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds. In each of the two esters dimethyl 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylate, C13H12N2O4, (II), and dimethyl 1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylate, C14H14N2O4, (III), C—H...O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of cyclic centrosymmetric dimers: in (III), one of the methoxycarbonyl groups is disordered over two sets of atomic sites having occupancies 0.71 (2) and 0.29 (2). An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond is present in the structure of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarbohydrazide, C12H14N6O3, (IV), and the molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of N—H...O, N—H...N, N—H...π(arene) and C—H...O hydrogen bonds. Comparisons are made with the structures of a number of related compounds.

A novel series of N-acetyl-3-aryl-5-(5-(p/o-nitrophenyl)-2-arylfuryl/thienyl) substituted pyrazoline (3a-o) were synthesized by the reaction of 1-aryl-3-(5-(p/o-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl/thienyl)-2-propene-1-one with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid medium. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra and single crystal X-ray study. The synthesized compounds were subjected to antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging assay. The compounds 3a, 3f, 3h and 3o showed moderate activity.

In the title compound, C16H20N4O, the dihedral angle between the pyrazole and phenyl rings is 53.86 (12)°. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation with the exocyclic N—C bonds in equatorial orientations. In the crystal, molecules are linked by very weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds to generate [010] C(8) chains, with adjacent molecules related by translation.

In the title compound, C14H14O3, the dihedral angle between the naphthyl ring system and the side chain is 9.00 (14)°, and the ethoxy chain adopts an extended conformation [C—O—C—C = 176.0 (3)°]. There are no directional interactions in the crystal beyond normal van der Waals contacts.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C17H12Cl2N2O2, the pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 65.0 (2) and 43.9 (2)° with the dichlorophenyl and phenyl rings, respectively. The dihedral angle between the chlorophenyl and phenyl rings is 59.1 (2)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak C—Cl...π and C—H...π interactions, generating a three-dimensional network.

A series of 5-{[(6-substituted-2-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)methylidene]/5-[(7-substitutedtetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline-4-yl)methylidene]}-2-[(4-substitutedphenyl)amino]-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one was successfully synthesized under solvent free conditions by microwave irradiation in high yield. Structures of these newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of spectral and analytical data. These novel compounds were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Azetidinones were synthesized from p-anisidine in two steps. First the Schiff's bases were prepared by reacting the hydrazide of an anisidine derivative with different aromatic aldehydes. Cyclocondensation of the Schiff's bases with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine resulted in the formation of the corresponding azetidinone analogues. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by the agar disc method.

Azetidinones were synthesized from p-anisidine in two steps. First the Schiff's bases were prepared by reacting the hydrazide of an anisidine derivative with different aromatic aldehydes. Cyclocondensation of the Schiff's bases with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine resulted in the formation of the corresponding azetidinone analogues. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by the agar disc method.

In the title compound, C17H13ClN2O2, the phenyl and chlorobenzene rings are inclined to the central pyrazole ring at 40.84 (9) and 65.30 (9)°, respectively. In the crystal, pairs of C—H...π interactions link the molecules into inversion dimers and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link these dimers into columns extended in [010]. The crystal packing exhibits short intermolecular O...Cl contacts of 3.0913 (16) Å.

In the title compound, C18H14N2O, the dihedral angle between the methylphenyl ring and the phthalazone ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.034 Å) is 53.93 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [101]. The chains are linked by π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance 3.6990 (12) Å], forming layers parallel to (10-1).

In the title compound, C18H21N3O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 68.85 (11)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as weak C—H...π contacts, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.

In the title compound, C15H12Cl2N2O, the atoms not making up the chlorobenzene ring are approximately coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.073 Å). The dihedral angle between these 13 atoms and the chlorobenzene ring is 67.37 (10)°. The C=O and Csp2—Cl groups are almost eclipsed [Cl—C—C=O = −6.5 (3)°]. In the crystal, C(6) chains linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds result in [100] chains.

In the title compound, C12H11Cl3N2O4, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the hydrazine (NH—N=C) grouping is 52.2 (3)°. The butanedioate groups exhibit planar conformations. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond links the N—H group of the hydrazine to one of the methoxy groups of the butanedioate moiety. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions are also observed [centroid–centroid separation = 3.535 (1) Å].