12,364 results on '"P. Hubbard"'
Search Results
2. Immersed in my Ideas: Using Virtual Reality and Multimodal Interactions to Visualize Users' Ideas and Thoughts
- Author
-
Xing, Yunhao, Ban, Jerrick, Hubbard, Timothy D., Villano, Michael, and Gomez-Zara, Diego
- Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction - Abstract
This paper introduces VIVRA (Voice Interactive Virtual Reality Annotation), a VR application combining multimodal interaction with large language models (LLMs) to transform users' ideas into interactive 3D visualizations. VIVRA converts verbalized thoughts into "idea balloons" that summarize and expand on detected topics by an LLM. VIVRA allows users to verbalize their thoughts in real time or record their ideas to display the topics later. We evaluated the effectiveness of VIVRA in an exploratory study with 29 participants and a user study with 10 participants. Our results show that VIVRA enhanced users' ability to reflect on and develop ideas, achieving high levels of satisfaction, usability, and engagement. Participants valued VIVRA as a reflective tool for exploring personal thoughts and ideas. We discuss the potential advantages and uses of this application, highlighting the potential of combining immersive technologies with LLMs to create powerful ideation and reflection tools., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures
- Published
- 2024
3. Understanding the Process of Changes in Science Beliefs and Classroom Practices from Immersive Research Experience for Science Teachers
- Author
-
Lindsey Hubbard, Katy May, Stella Jackman-Ryan, and Margareta M. Thomson
- Abstract
This study explored 8 high school science teachers' experiences in an 8-week immersive research laboratory professional development program. The aim was to understand their motivation for participating and what factors influenced changes in beliefs about science instructions. Mentor scientists and their lab members hosted teachers for the duration of the program allowing teacher participants to become active members of research. Results showed that participants used three major lenses to understand their research experience: "self as educator," "self as learner," "self as researcher." The use of overlapping lenses provided participants with the impetus to change beliefs about science and research practices in their classrooms. Ample time and collaboration in professional development is critical to changes in beliefs about science instruction.
- Published
- 2024
4. Science Students Develop Multiple Employability Literacies from Large, Early-Year Courses without Employability Modules
- Author
-
Lauren Carpenter, Sophie Hubbard, N. Scout Basinski, and Susan Rowland
- Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the employability of Science graduates, however undergraduate Science curricula rarely focus on building employability. Our goal is to harness existing Science-focused curricula to improve Science graduate employability. In this study we asked whether students could identify learning of employability literacies from their experiences in undergraduate Science courses that do not explicitly teach employability literacies. To address these questions, we employed a short reflective activity in three large first year courses; these courses focused on scientific content and processes, and did not include employability modules. We asked students to choose an employability literacy from a menu and describe how components of the course prompted them to develop this literacy. Students chose a wide variety of literacies and linked their development to multiple aspects of their course experience. They also consistently indicated they had achieved multiple literacies from their course. Course coordinators highlighted the strength-based quality of the reflections, which differed from the usual course evaluation comments given by students. Coordinators who used the reflection activity in the first year were eager to continue in subsequent semesters and years. This mechanism gives students and staff the opportunity to understand the wide and varied opportunities for employability skill development that already exist in undergraduate Science courses. The approach does not require course teaching amendments or student skill-building instruction. This study shows that students can achieve multiple employability literacies from early-year courses, and raises new possibilities around how we can boost students' understanding and development of their employability.
- Published
- 2024
5. Education and Financial Knowledge in Health-Related Financial Decisions
- Author
-
Sean Hubbard
- Abstract
The high cost of health care in the United States creates complex decisions where suboptimal choices may negatively affect an individual's physical and financial health. The challenge for patients is that the complex nature of health-related financial decisions requires specialized knowledge to avoid these suboptimal choices. While the benefits of improved health literacy are well documented, the connection between health care and household finances may mean that there is a role for education and financial knowledge in improving outcomes. This study uses data from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority's Financial Capability Survey in a binomial logistic regression to examine the role of education and financial knowledge in health-related financial decisions. The results show that both higher levels of education and financial knowledge are related to a higher likelihood of obtaining health insurance coverage and a lower likelihood of having medical debt and engaging in cost avoidance. Income disparities remain, however, especially for those in the middle-income brackets. These results raise the possibility that increases in general education and financial knowledge may improve health outcomes, but those facing the most complex health care decisions may need more specialized knowledge. This implies that given the connection between health care and personal finances, increasing objective and subjective knowledge may lead to better outcomes for patients' financial and physical health.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Confronting the Legacy of Eugenics and Ableism: Towards Anti-Ableist Bioscience Education
- Author
-
Sarah-Marie Da Silva and Katharine Hubbard
- Abstract
Society and education are inherently ableist. Disabled people are routinely excluded from education, or have poorer outcomes within educational systems. Improving educational experiences and outcomes for people of color has required educators to design antiracist curricula that explicitly address racial inequality. Here, we explore parallel antiableist approaches to bioscience education in an essay coauthored by a disabled bioscience student and able-bodied faculty member in bioscience. Our work is underpinned by Critical Disability Theory and draws on disability and pedagogical scholarship as well as our own experiences. The biosciences has a unique need to confront its history in the discredited pseudoscience of eugenics, which has led to discrimination and human rights abuses against disabled people. We provide a brief history of the relationship between biological sciences research and eugenics and explore how this legacy impacts bioscience education today. We then present a recommended structure for antiableist biology education. Our approach goes beyond providing disability access, to a model that educates all students about disability issues and empowers them to challenge ableist narratives and practices.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Immunologic signatures of response and resistance to nivolumab with ipilimumab in advanced metastatic cancer.
- Author
-
Tsimberidou, Apostolia, Alayli, Farah, Okrah, Kwame, Drakaki, Alexandra, Khalil, Danny, Kummar, Shivaani, Khan, Saad, Hodi, F, Oh, David, Cabanski, Christopher, Gautam, Shikha, Meier, Stefanie, Amouzgar, Meelad, Pfeiffer, Shannon, Kageyama, Robin, Yang, EnJun, Spasic, Marko, Tetzlaff, Michael, Foo, Wai, Hollmann, Travis, Li, Yanyun, Adamow, Matthew, Wong, Phillip, Moore, Jonni, Velichko, Sharlene, Chen, Richard, Kumar, Dinesh, Bucktrout, Samantha, Ibrahim, Ramy, Dugan, Ute, Salvador, Lisa, Hubbard-Lucey, Vanessa, ODonnell-Tormey, Jill, Santulli-Marotto, Sandra, Butterfield, Lisa, Da Silva, Diane, Fairchild, Justin, LaVallee, Theresa, Padrón, Lacey, and Sharma, Padmanee
- Subjects
Adult ,Aged ,Female ,Humans ,Male ,Middle Aged ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Drug Resistance ,Neoplasm ,Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ,Ipilimumab ,Neoplasm Metastasis ,Neoplasms ,Nivolumab ,Tumor Microenvironment - Abstract
Identifying pan-tumor biomarkers that predict responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is critically needed. In the AMADEUS clinical trial (NCT03651271), patients with various advanced solid tumors were assessed for changes in intratumoral CD8 percentages and their response to ICI. Patients were grouped based on tumoral CD8 levels: those with CD8
- Published
- 2024
8. Reproducibility of a single-volume dynamic CT myocardial blood flow measurement technique: validation in a swine model.
- Author
-
Hadjiabdolhamid, Negin, Zhao, Yixiao, Hubbard, Logan, and Molloi, Sabee
- Subjects
Computed tomography angiography ,Coronary angiography ,Coronary artery disease ,Myocardial ischemia ,Myocardial perfusion imaging ,Animals ,Swine ,Reproducibility of Results ,Coronary Circulation ,Tomography ,X-Ray Computed ,Prospective Studies ,Myocardial Perfusion Imaging ,Contrast Media - Abstract
BACKGROUND: We prospectively assessed the reproducibility of a novel low-dose single-volume dynamic computed tomography (CT) myocardial blood flow measurement technique. METHODS: Thirty-four pairs of measurements were made under rest and stress conditions in 13 swine (54.3 ± 12.3 kg). One or two acquisition pairs were acquired in each animal with a 10-min delay between each pair. Contrast (370 mgI/mL; 0.5 mL/kg) and a diluted contrast/saline chaser (0.5 mL/kg; 30:70 contrast/saline) were injected peripherally at 5 mL/s, followed by bolus tracking and acquisition of a single volume scan (100 kVp; 200 mA) with a 320-slice CT scanner. Bolus tracking and single volume scan data were used to derive perfusion in mL/min/g using a first-pass analysis model; the coronary perfusion territories of the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCx), and right coronary artery (RCA) were automatically assigned using a previously validated minimum-cost path technique. The reproducibility of CT myocardial perfusion measurement within the LAD, LCx, RCA, and the whole myocardium was assessed via regression analysis. The average CT dose index (CTDI) of perfusion measurement was recorded. RESULTS: The repeated first (Pmyo1) and second (Pmyo2) single-volume CT perfusion measurements were related by Pmyo2 = 1.01Pmyo1 - 0.03(ρ = 0.96; RMSE = 0.08 mL/min/g; RMSE = 0.07 mL/min/g) for the whole myocardium, and by Preg2 = 0.86Preg1 + 0.13(ρ = 0.87; RMSE = 0.31 mL/min/g; RMSE = 0.29 mL/min/g) for the LAD, LCx, and RCA perfusion territories. The average CTDI of the single-volume CT perfusion measurement was 10.5 mGy. CONCLUSION: The single-volume CT blood flow measurement technique provides reproducible low-dose myocardial perfusion measurement using only bolus tracking data and a single whole-heart volume scan. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The single-volume CT blood flow measurement technique is a noninvasive tool that reproducibly measures myocardial perfusion and provides coronary CT angiograms, allowing for simultaneous anatomic-physiologic assessment of myocardial ischemia. KEY POINTS: A low-dose single-volume dynamic CT myocardial blood flow measurement technique is reproducible. Motion misregistration artifacts are eliminated using a single-volume CT perfusion technique. This technique enables combined anatomic-physiologic assessment of coronary artery disease.
- Published
- 2024
9. Data-Adaptive Identification of Subpopulations Vulnerable to Chemical Exposures using Stochastic Interventions
- Author
-
McCoy, David, Zhang, Wenxin, Hubbard, Alan, van der Laan, Mark, and Schuler, Alejandro
- Subjects
Statistics - Methodology - Abstract
In environmental epidemiology, identifying subpopulations vulnerable to chemical exposures and those who may benefit differently from exposure-reducing policies is essential. For instance, sex-specific vulnerabilities, age, and pregnancy are critical factors for policymakers when setting regulatory guidelines. However, current semi-parametric methods for heterogeneous treatment effects are often limited to binary exposures and function as black boxes, lacking clear, interpretable rules for subpopulation-specific policy interventions. This study introduces a novel method using cross-validated targeted minimum loss-based estimation (TMLE) paired with a data-adaptive target parameter strategy to identify subpopulations with the most significant differential impact from simulated policy interventions that reduce exposure. Our approach is assumption-lean, allowing for the integration of machine learning while still yielding valid confidence intervals. We demonstrate the robustness of our methodology through simulations and application to NHANES data. Our analysis of NHANES data for persistent organic pollutants on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) identified age as the maximum effect modifier. Specifically, we found that exposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (pcnb) consistently had a differential impact on LTL, with a one standard deviation reduction in exposure leading to a more pronounced increase in LTL among younger populations compared to older ones. We offer our method as an open-source software package, \texttt{EffectXshift}, enabling researchers to investigate the effect modification of continuous exposures. The \texttt{EffectXshift} package provides clear and interpretable results, informing targeted public health interventions and policy decisions.
- Published
- 2024
10. HAL-based Plugin Estimation of the Causal Dose-Response Curve
- Author
-
Junming, Shi, Zhang, Wenxin, Hubbard, Alan E., and van der Laan, Mar
- Subjects
Statistics - Methodology ,Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Estimating the marginally adjusted dose-response curve for continuous treatments is a longstanding statistical challenge critical across multiple fields. In the context of parametric models, mis-specification may result in substantial bias, hindering the accurate discernment of the true data generating distribution and the associated dose-response curve. In contrast, non-parametric models face difficulties as the dose-response curve isn't pathwise differentiable, and then there is no $\sqrt{n}$-consistent estimator. The emergence of the Highly Adaptive Lasso (HAL) MLE by van der Laan [2015] and van der Laan [2017] and the subsequent theoretical evidence by van der Laan [2023] regarding its pointwise asymptotic normality and uniform convergence rates, have highlighted the asymptotic efficacy of the HAL-based plug-in estimator for this intricate problem. This paper delves into the HAL-based plug-in estimators, including those with cross-validation and undersmoothing selectors, and introduces the undersmoothed smoothness-adaptive HAL-based plug-in estimator. We assess these estimators through extensive simulations, employing detailed evaluation metrics. Building upon the theoretical proofs in van der Laan [2023], our empirical findings underscore the asymptotic effectiveness of the undersmoothed smoothness-adaptive HAL-based plug-in estimator in estimating the marginally adjusted dose-response curve.
- Published
- 2024
11. All crepant resolutions of hyperpolygon spaces via their Cox rings
- Author
-
Hubbard, Austin
- Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry - Abstract
We construct and enumerate all crepant resolutions of hyperpolygon spaces, a family of conical symplectic singularities arising as Nakajima quiver varieties associated to a star-shaped quiver. We provide an explicit presentation of the Cox ring of any such crepant resolution. Using techniques developed by Arzhantsev-Derenthal-Hausen-Laface we construct all crepant resolutions of the hyperpolygon spaces, including those which are not projective over the singularity. We find that the number of crepant resolutions equals the Ho\c{s}ten-Morris numbers. In proving these results, we obtain a description of all complete geometric quotients associated to the classical GIT problem constructing moduli spaces of ordered points on the projective line. These moduli spaces appear as the Lagrangian subvarieties of crepant resolutions of hyperpolygon spaces fixed under the conical action., Comment: Corrected statements of Lemma 2.28 and Corollary 4.11 and completed arguments in step 6 of the proof of Theorem 5.8
- Published
- 2024
12. Bridging Binarization: Causal Inference with Dichotomized Continuous Exposures
- Author
-
Lee, Kaitlyn J., Hubbard, Alan, and Schuler, Alejandro
- Subjects
Statistics - Methodology - Abstract
The average treatment effect (ATE) is a common parameter estimated in causal inference literature, but it is only defined for binary treatments. Thus, despite concerns raised by some researchers, many studies seeking to estimate the causal effect of a continuous treatment create a new binary treatment variable by dichotomizing the continuous values into two categories. In this paper, we affirm binarization as a statistically valid method for answering causal questions about continuous treatments by showing the equivalence between the binarized ATE and the difference in the average outcomes of two specific modified treatment policies. These policies impose cut-offs corresponding to the binarized treatment variable and assume preservation of relative self-selection. Relative self-selection is the ratio of the probability density of an individual having an exposure equal to one value of the continuous treatment variable versus another. The policies assume that, for any two values of the treatment variable with non-zero probability density after the cut-off, this ratio will remain unchanged. Through this equivalence, we clarify the assumptions underlying binarization and discuss how to properly interpret the resulting estimator. Additionally, we introduce a new target parameter that can be computed after binarization that considers the status-quo world. We argue that this parameter addresses more relevant causal questions than the traditional binarized ATE parameter. Finally, we present a simulation study to illustrate the implications of these assumptions when analyzing data and to demonstrate how to correctly implement estimators of the parameters discussed.
- Published
- 2024
13. Implementing a male‐specific ART counselling curriculum: a quality assessment with healthcare workers in Malawi
- Author
-
Robson, Isabella, Mphande, Misheck, Lee, Jiyoung, Hubbard, Julie Anne, Daniels, Joseph, Phiri, Khumbo, Chikuse, Elijah, Coates, Thomas J, Cornell, Morna, and Dovel, Kathryn
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Health Services and Systems ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,HIV/AIDS ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,Male ,HIV Infections ,Counseling ,Health Personnel ,Malawi ,Adult ,Female ,Curriculum ,Focus Groups ,Middle Aged ,Anti-Retroviral Agents ,Young Adult ,ART ,HIV counselling ,healthcare workers ,male‐specific ,men ,Public Health and Health Services ,Other Medical and Health Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Epidemiology ,Public health - Abstract
IntroductionThere is little HIV counselling that directly meets the needs of men in Eastern and Southern Africa, limiting men's knowledge about the benefits of HIV treatment and how to overcome barriers to engagement, contributing to poorer HIV-related outcomes than women. Male-specific approaches are needed to improve men's outcomes but may be difficult for healthcare workers (HCWs) to implement with fidelity and quality in low-resource settings. We developed a male-specific counselling curriculum which was implemented by male HCWs and then conducted a mixed-methods quality assessment.MethodsWe audio-recorded counselling sessions to assess the quality of implementation (n = 50) by male HCWs from two cadres (nurse, n = 10 and lay cadre, n = 10) and conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with HCWs at 6 and 9 months after rollout to understand barriers and facilitators to implementation. Counselling sessions and FGDs were translated, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis adapted from WHO Quality Counselling Guidelines. We assessed if sessions were respectful, informative, interactive, motivating and included tailored action plans for overcoming barriers to care. All data were collected September 2021-June 2022.ResultsAll sessions used respectful, non-judgemental language. Sessions were highly interactive with most HCWs frequently asking open-ended questions (n = 46, 92%) and often incorporating motivational explanations of how antiretroviral therapy contributes to life goals (n = 42, 84%). Few sessions included individually tailored action plans for clients to overcome barriers to care (n = 9, 18%). New counselling themes were well covered; however, occasionally themes of self-compassion and safe sex were not covered during sessions (n = 16 and n = 11). HCWs believed that having male HCWs conduct counselling, ongoing professional development and keeping detailed counselling notes facilitated quality implementation. Perceived barriers included curriculum length and client hesitancy to participate in action plan development. Findings were similar across cadres.ConclusionsImplementing high-quality male-specific counselling using male nurses and/or lay cadre is feasible. Efforts to utilize lay cadres should be prioritized, particularly in low-resource settings. Programmes should provide comprehensive job aids to support HCWs. Ongoing training and professional development are needed to (1) improve HCWs' skills in tailored action plans, and (2) sensitize HCWs to the need for self-compassion within male clients to promote holistic sexual health.
- Published
- 2024
14. Estimating the effect of realistic improvements of metformin adherence on COVID-19 mortality using targeted machine learning.
- Author
-
Qiu, Sky, Hubbard, Alan, Gutiérrez, Juan, Pimpale, Ganesh, Juárez-Flores, Arturo, Ghosh, Rakesh, de Jesús Ascencio-Montiel, Iván, and Bertozzi, Stefano
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes elevates the risk of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients, with multiple studies reporting higher case fatality rates. Metformin is a widely used medication for glycemic management. We hypothesize that improved adherence to metformin may lower COVID-19 post-infection mortality risk in this group. Utilizing data from the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), we investigate the relationship between metformin adherence and mortality following COVID-19 infection in patients with chronic metformin prescriptions. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study consisting of 61,180 IMSS beneficiaries who received a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or rapid test for SARS-CoV-2 and had at least two consecutive months of metformin prescriptions prior to the positive test. The hypothetical intervention is improved adherence to metformin, measured by proportion of days covered (PDC), with the comparison being the observed metformin adherence values. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality following COVID-19 infection. We defined the causal parameter using shift intervention, an example of modified treatment policies. We used the targeted learning framework for estimation of the target estimand. FINDINGS: Among COVID-19 positive patients with chronic metformin prescriptions, we found that a 5% and 10% absolute increase in metformin adherence is associated with a respective 0.26% (95% CI: -0.28%, 0.79%) and 1.26% (95% CI: 0.72%, 1.80%) absolute decrease in mortality risk. INTERPRETATION: Subject to the limitations of a real-world data study, our results indicate a causal association between improved metformin adherence and reduced COVID-19 post-infection mortality risk.
- Published
- 2024
15. Behavioral resistance to insecticides: current understanding, challenges, and future directions
- Author
-
Hubbard, Caleb B and Murillo, Amy C
- Subjects
Zoology ,Ecology ,Evolutionary Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Evolutionary biology - Abstract
Identifying and understanding behavioral resistance to insecticides is vital for maintaining global food security, public health, and ecological balance. Behavioral resistance has been documented to occur in a multitude of insect taxa dating back to the 1940s, but has not received significant research attention due primarily to the complexities of studying insect behavior and a lack of any clear definition of behavioral resistance. In recent years, a systematic effort to investigate the mechanism(s) of behavioral resistance in pest taxa (e.g. the German cockroach and the house fly) has been undertaken. Here, we practically define behavioral resistance, describe the efforts taken by research groups to elucidate resistance mechanisms, and provide insight on designing appropriate bioassays for investigating behavioral resistance mechanisms in the future.
- Published
- 2024
16. Isoparametric Virtual Element Methods
- Author
-
Cangiani, Andrea, Dedner, Andreas, Hubbard, Matthew, and Wells, Harry
- Subjects
Mathematics - Numerical Analysis - Abstract
We present two approaches to constructing isoparametric Virtual Element Methods of arbitrary order for linear elliptic partial differential equations on general two-dimensional domains. The first method approximates the variational problem transformed onto a computational reference domain. The second method computes a virtual domain and uses bespoke polynomial approximation operators to construct a computable method. Both methods are shown to converge optimally, a behaviour confirmed in practice for the solution of problems posed on curved domains.
- Published
- 2024
17. 'It's Not a Replacement:' Enabling Parent-Robot Collaboration to Support In-Home Learning Experiences of Young Children
- Author
-
Ho, Hui-Ru, Hubbard, Edward, and Mutlu, Bilge
- Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Robotics - Abstract
Learning companion robots for young children are increasingly adopted in informal learning environments. Although parents play a pivotal role in their children's learning, very little is known about how parents prefer to incorporate robots into their children's learning activities. We developed prototype capabilities for a learning companion robot to deliver educational prompts and responses to parent-child pairs during reading sessions and conducted in-home user studies involving 10 families with children aged 3-5. Our data indicates that parents want to work with robots as collaborators to augment parental activities to foster children's learning, introducing the notion of parent-robot collaboration. Our findings offer an empirical understanding of the needs and challenges of parent-child interaction in informal learning scenarios and design opportunities for integrating a companion robot into these interactions. We offer insights into how robots might be designed to facilitate parent-robot collaboration, including parenting policies, collaboration patterns, and interaction paradigms.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Deep learning automates Cobb angle measurement compared with multi-expert observers
- Author
-
Li, Keyu, Gu, Hanxue, Colglazier, Roy, Lark, Robert, Hubbard, Elizabeth, French, Robert, Smith, Denise, Zhang, Jikai, McCrum, Erin, Catanzano, Anthony, Cao, Joseph, Waldman, Leah, Mazurowski, Maciej A., and Alman, Benjamin
- Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Scoliosis, a prevalent condition characterized by abnormal spinal curvature leading to deformity, requires precise assessment methods for effective diagnosis and management. The Cobb angle is a widely used scoliosis quantification method that measures the degree of curvature between the tilted vertebrae. Yet, manual measuring of Cobb angles is time-consuming and labor-intensive, fraught with significant interobserver and intraobserver variability. To address these challenges and the lack of interpretability found in certain existing automated methods, we have created fully automated software that not only precisely measures the Cobb angle but also provides clear visualizations of these measurements. This software integrates deep neural network-based spine region detection and segmentation, spine centerline identification, pinpointing the most significantly tilted vertebrae, and direct visualization of Cobb angles on the original images. Upon comparison with the assessments of 7 expert readers, our algorithm exhibited a mean deviation in Cobb angle measurements of 4.17 degrees, notably surpassing the manual approach's average intra-reader discrepancy of 5.16 degrees. The algorithm also achieved intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) exceeding 0.96 and Pearson correlation coefficients above 0.944, reflecting robust agreement with expert assessments and superior measurement reliability. Through the comprehensive reader study and statistical analysis, we believe this algorithm not only ensures a higher consensus with expert readers but also enhances interpretability and reproducibility during assessments. It holds significant promise for clinical application, potentially aiding physicians in more accurate scoliosis assessment and diagnosis, thereby improving patient care., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures
- Published
- 2024
19. CHATATC: Large Language Model-Driven Conversational Agents for Supporting Strategic Air Traffic Flow Management
- Author
-
Abdulhak, Sinan, Hubbard, Wayne, Gopalakrishnan, Karthik, and Li, Max Z.
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs) have gained rapid popularity through publicly available tools such as ChatGPT. The adoption of LLMs for personal and professional use is fueled by the natural interactions between human users and computer applications such as ChatGPT, along with powerful summarization and text generation capabilities. Given the widespread use of such generative AI tools, in this work we investigate how these tools can be deployed in a non-safety critical, strategic traffic flow management setting. Specifically, we train an LLM, CHATATC, based on a large historical data set of Ground Delay Program (GDP) issuances, spanning 2000-2023 and consisting of over 80,000 GDP implementations, revisions, and cancellations. We test the query and response capabilities of CHATATC, documenting successes (e.g., providing correct GDP rates, durations, and reason) and shortcomings (e.g,. superlative questions). We also detail the design of a graphical user interface for future users to interact and collaborate with the CHATATC conversational agent., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures; minor revisions to address reviewer feedback for final submission to the 11th International Conference on Research in Air Transportation (ICRAT)
- Published
- 2024
20. Anisotropies related to representational gravity
- Author
-
Hubbard, Timothy L. and Ruppel, Susan E.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. NMR assignment of the conserved bacterial DNA replication protein DnaA domain IV
- Author
-
Abrams, Alexander Nguyen, Kelly, Geoff, and Hubbard, Julia
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Extension of efficacy range for targeted malaria-elimination interventions due to spillover effects
- Author
-
Benjamin-Chung, Jade, Li, Haodong, Nguyen, Anna, Barratt Heitmann, Gabriella, Bennett, Adam, Ntuku, Henry, Prach, Lisa M., Tambo, Munyaradzi, Wu, Lindsey, Drakeley, Chris, Gosling, Roly, Mumbengegwi, Davis, Kleinschmidt, Immo, Smith, Jennifer L., Hubbard, Alan, van der Laan, Mark, and Hsiang, Michelle S.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Improving the Recyclability of Polymer Composites With Cellulose Nanofibrils
- Author
-
Copenhaver, Katie, Bista, Bivek, Wang, Lu, Bhagia, Samarthya, Lamm, Meghan, Zhao, Xianhui, Tajvidi, Mehdi, Gramlich, William M., Hubbard, Amber M., Clarkson, Caitlyn, and Gardner, Douglas J.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Underrepresentation of Black and Asian students in UK plant science
- Author
-
Hubbard, Katharine, Patron, Nicola Joan, Bleau, Jade, and Benitez-Alfonso, Yoselin
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Improved Child Feces Management Mediates Reductions in Childhood Diarrhea from an On-Site Sanitation Intervention: Causal Mediation Analysis of a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Rural Bangladesh
- Author
-
Contreras, Jesse D., Islam, Mahfuza, Mertens, Andrew, Pickering, Amy J., Arnold, Benjamin F., Benjamin-Chung, Jade, Hubbard, Alan E., Rahman, Mahbubur, Unicomb, Leanne, Luby, Stephen P., Colford, Jr., John M., and Ercumen, Ayse
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Setting the scene for boundary extension: Methods, findings, connections, and theories
- Author
-
Hubbard, Timothy L.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Study of Jupiter's Interior: Comparison of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Layer Models
- Author
-
Militzer, Burkhard and Hubbard, William B.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
With the goal of matching spacecraft measurements from Juno and Galileo missions, we construct ensembles of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 layer models for Jupiter's interior. All except our two layer models can match the planet's gravity field as measured by the Juno spacecraft. We find, however, that some model types are more plausible than others. In the best three layer models, for example, the transition from molecular to metallic hydrogen needs to be at ~500 GPa while theory and experiments place this transition at ~100 GPa. Four layer models with a single sharp boundary between core and mantle would be short-lived due to rapid convective core erosion. For this reason, we favor our five layer models that include a dilute core surrounded by a stably stratified core transition layer. Six layer models with a small compact core are also possible but with an upper limit of 3 Earth masses for such a compact core. All models assume a 1 bar temperature of 166.1 K, employ physical equations of state, and are constructed with the nonperturbative Concentric Maclaurin Spheroid (CMS) method. We analyze the convergence of this method and describe technical steps that are needed to make this technique so efficient that ensembles of models can be generated., Comment: 11 figures, 1 table, one numerical method to find roots of N dimensional problems
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. A cluster-randomized trial of water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on stress and epigenetic programming.
- Author
-
Lin, Audrie, Fernald, Lia, Kim, Lisa, Yan, Liying, Meyer, Ann, Karim, Md, Shahriar, Sunny, Shuman, Gabrielle, Famida, Syeda, Akther, Salma, Hossen, Md, Mutsuddi, Palash, Shoab, Abul, Shalev, Idan, Rahman, Mahbubur, Unicomb, Leanne, Heaney, Christopher, Kariger, Patricia, Rahman, Md, Tan, Sophia, Ilyasova, Dora, Spasojevic, Ivan, Ali, Shahjahan, Luby, Stephen, Colford, John, Hubbard, Alan, Stewart, Christine, Granger, Douglas, Arnold, Benjamin, and Mertens, Andrew
- Subjects
Humans ,Hand Disinfection ,Female ,Sanitation ,Bangladesh ,Male ,DNA Methylation ,Infant ,Epigenesis ,Genetic ,Child ,Preschool ,Pregnancy ,Oxidative Stress ,Stress ,Physiological ,Rural Population ,Adult ,Diarrhea ,Receptors ,Glucocorticoid - Abstract
A regulated stress response is essential for healthy child growth and development trajectories. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh (funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01590095) to assess the effects of an integrated nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention on child health. We previously reported on the primary outcomes of the trial, linear growth and caregiver-reported diarrhea. Here, we assessed additional prespecified outcomes: physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and DNA methylation (N = 759, ages 1-2 years). Eight neighboring pregnant women were grouped into a study cluster. Eight geographically adjacent clusters were block-randomized into the control or the combined nutrition, water, sanitation, and handwashing (N + WSH) intervention group (receiving nutritional counseling and lipid-based nutrient supplements, chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing with soap). Participants and data collectors were not masked, but analyses were masked. There were 358 children (68 clusters) in the control group and 401 children (63 clusters) in the intervention group. We measured four F2-isoprostanes isomers (iPF(2α)-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF(2α)-III; iPF(2α)-VI; 8,12-iso-iPF(2α)-VI), salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol, and methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) exon 1F promoter including the NGFI-A binding site. Compared with control, the N + WSH group had lower concentrations of F2-isoprostanes isomers (differences ranging from -0.16 to -0.19 log ng/mg of creatinine, P
- Published
- 2024
29. Timing of antibiotic treatment identifies distinct clinical presentations among patients presenting with suspected septic shock.
- Author
-
Prasad, Priya, Esmaili, Armond, Oreper, Sandra, Beagle, Alexander, Hubbard, Colin, Raffel, Katie, Abe-Jones, Yumiko, Fang, Margaret, Liu, Kathleen, Matthay, Michael, and Kangelaris, Kirsten
- Subjects
critical care ,electronic health records ,emergency medicine ,organ dysfunction scores ,sepsis ,systemic inflammatory response syndrome - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Recent clinical guidelines for sepsis management emphasize immediate antibiotic initiation for suspected septic shock. Though hypotension is a high-risk marker of sepsis severity, prior studies have not considered the precise timing of hypotension in relation to antibiotic initiation and how clinical characteristics and outcomes may differ. Our objective was to evaluate antibiotic initiation in relation to hypotension to characterize differences in sepsis presentation and outcomes in patients with suspected septic shock. METHODS: Adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) June 2012-December 2018 diagnosed with sepsis (Sepsis-III electronic health record [EHR] criteria) and hypotension (non-resolving for ≥30 min, systolic blood pressure 60 min after (late) treatment. RESULTS: Among 2219 patients, 55% received early treatment, 13% immediate, and 32% late. The late subgroup often presented to the ED with hypotension (median 0 min) but received antibiotics a median of 191 min post-ED presentation. Clinical characteristics notable for this subgroup included higher prevalence of heart failure and liver disease (p
- Published
- 2024
30. Local-scale heterogeneity of soil thermal dynamics and controlling factors in a discontinuous permafrost region
- Author
-
Wang, Chen, Shirley, Ian, Wielandt, Stijn, Lamb, John, Uhlemann, Sebastian, Breen, Amy, Busey, Robert C, Bolton, W Robert, Hubbard, Susan, and Dafflon, Baptiste
- Subjects
Earth Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,permafrost ,thermal dynamics ,heterogeneity ,soil temperature ,snow ,vegetation ,thermal diffusivity ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
In permafrost regions, the strong spatial and temporal variability in soil temperature cannot be explained by the weather forcing only. Understanding the local heterogeneity of soil thermal dynamics and their controls is essential to understand how permafrost systems respond to climate change and to develop process-based models or remote sensing products for predicting soil temperature. In this study, we analyzed soil temperature dynamics and their controls in a discontinuous permafrost region on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. We acquired one-year temperature time series at multiple depths (at 5 or 10 cm intervals up to 85 cm depth) at 45 discrete locations across a 2.3 km2 watershed. We observed a larger spatial variability in winter temperatures than that in summer temperatures at all depths, with the former controlling most of the spatial variability in mean annual temperatures. We also observed a strong correlation between mean annual ground temperature at a depth of 85 cm and mean annual or winter season ground surface temperature across the 45 locations. We demonstrate that soils classified as cold, intermediate, or warm using hierarchical clustering of full-year temperature data closely match their co-located vegetation (graminoid tundra, dwarf shrub tundra, and tall shrub tundra, respectively). We show that the spatial heterogeneity in soil temperature is primarily driven by spatial heterogeneity in snow cover, which induces variable winter insulation and soil thermal diffusivity. These effects further extend to the subsequent summer by causing variable latent heat exchanges. Finally, we discuss the challenges of predicting soil temperatures from snow depth and vegetation height alone by considering the complexity observed in the field data and reproduced in a model sensitivity analysis.
- Published
- 2024
31. Use of the Proboscis Extension Response Assay to Evaluate the Mechanism of House Fly Behavioral Resistance to Imidacloprid.
- Author
-
DArco, Sara, Maistrello, Lara, Hubbard, Caleb, Murillo, Amy, and Gerry, Alec
- Subjects
Musca domestica ,aversion ,chemoreception ,discrimination ,insecticide - Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica L., is a significant human and livestock pest. Experiments used female adult house flies glued onto toothpicks for controlled exposure of their tarsi alone (tarsal assay) or their tarsi and proboscis (proboscis assay) with a sucrose solution containing imidacloprid at either a low (10 µg/mL) or high (4000 µg/mL) concentration. Proboscis extension response (PER) assays were used to characterize the response of imidacloprid-susceptible and behaviorally resistant house fly strains to contact with sucrose solutions containing either a low or high concentration of imidacloprid. In each assay, 150 female flies from each fly strain were individually exposed to sucrose solutions containing either a low or high concentration of imidacloprid by deliberate contact of the fly tarsi to the test solution. The PER for each fly was subsequently recorded at 0, 2, and 10 s following the initial tarsal contact. A significant and rapid reduction in PER was observed only for the behaviorally resistant fly strain and only following contact by the flies proboscis with the sucrose solution containing the high imidacloprid concentration. The results suggest that chemoreceptors on the fly labellum or internally on the pharyngeal taste organs are involved in the detection of imidacloprid and discrimination of the concentration, resulting in an avoidance behavior (proboscis retraction) only when imidacloprid is at sufficient concentration. Further research is needed to identify the specific receptor(s) responsible for imidacloprid detection.
- Published
- 2024
32. Highlights of Veterinary Entomology, 2022
- Author
-
Hubbard, Caleb B
- Subjects
Veterinary Sciences ,Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Good Health and Well Being ,integrated pest management ,methods ,ectoparasites ,filth flies ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Tropical Medicine ,Veterinary sciences ,Microbiology ,Medical microbiology - Abstract
The field of veterinary entomology is dominated by research concerning insects and arthropods that negatively impact the health of domestic animals. A curated selection of peer-reviewed research which was highlighted at the 2022 Joint Meeting between the Entomological Society of America, the Entomological Society of Canada, and the Entomological Society of British Columbia, which prioritized exploring entomology through the lens of art, science, and culture are summarized. Articles are categorized into (i) biting and non-biting flies, (ii) ectoparasites, and (iii) review articles, with the overall goal of showcasing innovative methodologies, addressing overlooked questions in veterinary entomology, and highlighting comprehensive reviews. While not exhaustive, the selected studies represent a myriad of arthropods, methodologies, and perspectives, to inspire future scientists with diverse research avenues and emphasize the continual evolution and importance of entomological studies in today's world.
- Published
- 2024
33. Geographic pair matching in large-scale cluster randomized trials.
- Author
-
Arnold, Benjamin, Rerolle, Francois, Tedijanto, Christine, Njenga, Sammy, Rahman, Mahbubur, Ercumen, Ayse, Mertens, Andrew, Pickering, Amy, Lin, Audrie, Arnold, Charles, Das, Kishor, Stewart, Christine, Null, Clair, Luby, Stephen, Colford, John, Hubbard, Alan, and Benjamin-Chung, Jade
- Abstract
Cluster randomized trials are often used to study large-scale public health interventions. In large trials, even small improvements in statistical efficiency can have profound impacts on the required sample size and cost. Location integrates many socio-demographic and environmental characteristics into a single, readily available feature. Here we show that pair matching by geographic location leads to substantial gains in statistical efficiency for 14 child health outcomes that span growth, development, and infectious disease through a re-analysis of two large-scale trials of nutritional and environmental interventions in Bangladesh and Kenya. Relative efficiencies from pair matching are ≥1.1 for all outcomes and regularly exceed 2.0, meaning an unmatched trial would need to enroll at least twice as many clusters to achieve the same level of precision as the geographically pair matched design. We also show that geographically pair matched designs enable estimation of fine-scale, spatially varying effect heterogeneity under minimal assumptions. Our results demonstrate broad, substantial benefits of geographic pair matching in large-scale, cluster randomized trials.
- Published
- 2024
34. Measurement of the Isolated Nuclear Two-Photon Decay in $^{72}\mathrm{Ge}$
- Author
-
Freire-Fernández, D., Korten, W., Chen, R. J., Litvinov, S., Litvinov, Yu. A., Sanjari, M. S., Weick, H., Akinci, F. C., Albers, H. M., Armstrong, M., Banerjee, A., Blaum, K., Brandau, C., Brown, B. A., Bruno, C. G., Carroll, J. J., Chen, X., Chiara, Ch. J., Cortes, M. L., Dellmann, S. F., Dillmann, I., Dmytriiev, D., Forstner, O., Geissel, H., Glorius, J., Görgen, A., Górska, M., Griffin, C. J., Gumberidze, A., Harayama, S., Hess, R., Hubbard, N., Ide, K. E., John, Ph. R., Joseph, R., Jurado, B., Kalaydjieva, D., Kanika, K., Kondev, F. G., Koseoglou, P., Kosir, G., Kozhuharov, Ch., Kulikov, I., Leckenby, G., Lorenz, B., Marsh, J., Mistry, A., Ozawa, A., Pietralla, N., Podolyák, Zs., Polettini, M., Sguazzin, M., Sidhu, R. S., Steck, M., Stöhlker, Th., Swartz, J. A., Vesic, J., Walker, P. M., Yamaguchi, T., and Zidarova, R.
- Subjects
Nuclear Experiment ,Nuclear Theory - Abstract
The nuclear two-photon or double-gamma ($2\gamma$) decay is a second-order electromagnetic process whereby a nucleus in an excited state emits two gamma rays simultaneously. To be able to directly measure the $2\gamma$ decay rate in the low-energy regime below the electron-positron pair-creation threshold, we combined the isochronous mode of a storage ring with Schottky resonant cavities. The newly developed technique can be applied to isomers with excitation energies down to $\sim100$\,keV and half-lives as short as $\sim10$\,ms. The half-life for the $2\gamma$ decay of the first-excited $0^+$ state in bare $^{72}\mathrm{Ge}$ ions was determined to be $23.9\left(6\right)$\,ms, which strongly deviates from expectations., Comment: Submitted to Physical Review Letters, 8 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, 7 equations
- Published
- 2023
35. The WHO genomics program of work for equitable implementation of human genomics for global health
- Author
-
Ambrosino, Elena, Abou Tayoun, Ahmad N., Abramowicz, Marc, Zilfalil, Bin Alwi, Boughtwood, Tiffany, Hamdi, Yosr, Hubbard, Tim, Kato, Kazuto, Lopes-Cendes, Iscia, Majumder, Partha Pratim, Mascalzoni, Deborah, Ndiaye, Rokhaya, Ramsay, Michèle, Repetto, Gabriela M., Shotelersuk, Vorasuk, Taylor, Sherry, Reeder, John C., and Ross, Anna Laura
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A Novel Course-Based Experience to Promote Ecological Field Skills during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
-
Sieg, R. Drew, Hubbard, Joanna K., Penczykowski, Rachel M., Williard, Madison, and Dwyer, Zachary A.
- Abstract
Providing safe access to functional field experiences during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic was a distinct challenge. However, these experiences are critical to train students in ecological methods and provide an opportunity for open-ended, authentic research. Here, we report on a multiweek lab designed for an introductory ecology course, which was adapted for hybrid instruction during the pandemic. In the lab sequence, students independently surveyed basic phenological, population, and community dynamics of easily identifiable, cosmopolitan plant species in the genus "Plantago." Students used this crowd-sourced dataset to develop, analyze, and report on unique research questions regarding interactions between "Plantago" and the local environment. The new lab sequence effectively met course learning objectives in experimental design, field methods, statistics, and science communication, while being accessible to both in-person and online learners. We conclude by discussing the evolution of this design for other audiences.
- Published
- 2023
37. Planning and Anticipating Early Years Students' Mathematical Responses
- Author
-
Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA), Livy, Sharyn, Hubbard, Jane, and Russo, James
- Abstract
This paper reports on early years teachers and how often they should devote planning time to anticipating student responses in advance of the lesson. Sixty-five Foundation to Year 2 teachers (students 5-8 years of age) completed questionnaires at the beginning and end of a year-long research-based professional development program. Participants were learning to teach with sequences of challenging tasks. Post-program data showed a shift in the frequency of time participants believed teachers should devote to anticipating student responses prior to teaching. Supporting teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching with an emphasis on how they plan and anticipate student responses has implications for improving practice and student outcomes.
- Published
- 2023
38. Survey Development for Assessing Student Computing Career Intentions. Technical Report
- Author
-
WestEd, Yvonne Kao, Daniel Murphy, Aleata Hubbard Cheuoua, Priya Kannan, Jennifer Tsan, Kyle E. Jennings, Heather Smith, Shameeka Emanuel, and Emily R. Miller
- Abstract
In spring 2022, WestEd conducted a literature review to summarize the major frameworks used in career intentions research and the evidence supporting each framework, as well as to develop an initial set of constructs to guide the development of a brief, culturally sensitive computing career intentions survey measuring individual, situational, and societal factors. In summer 2022, WestEd developed a draft computing career intentions survey aligned to seven constructs, and then conducted preliminary validation testing of the survey through a series of cognitive interviews and a small-scale field test with 50 respondents. This technical report is a companion to the 2023 paper presented at the 19th ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) (Kao et al., 2023). This technical report contains additional details about the field testing of the survey that did not fit within the page limits of the ICER paper. This report contains the results of two studies: (1) a large-scale field test to more robustly establish the instrument's reliability and test for differential item functioning (DIF), and (2) a test of the survey's test--retest reliability with a subsample of participants from the largescale field test.
- Published
- 2023
39. Analysis of Clinical Criteria for Discharge Among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: Development and Validation of a Risk Prediction Model
- Author
-
Schnipper, Jeffrey L., Oreper, Sandra, Hubbard, Colin C., Kurbegov, Dax, Egloff, Shanna A. Arnold, Najafi, Nader, Valdes, Gilmer, Siddiqui, Zishan, O.’Leary, Kevin J., Horwitz, Leora I., Lee, Tiffany, and Auerbach, Andrew D.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. TAAR1 agonist ulotaront modulates striatal and hippocampal glutamate function in a state-dependent manner
- Author
-
Yang, Sung M., Ghoshal, Ayan, Hubbard, Jeffrey M., Gackière, Florian, Teyssié, Romain, Neale, Stuart A., Hopkins, Seth C., Koblan, Kenneth S., Bristow, Linda J., and Dedic, Nina
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Social support and help-seeking worldwide
- Author
-
Szkody, Erica, Spence, Anjolee, Özdoğru, Asil, Tushir, Bhawna, Chang, Fennie, AKKAŞ, Handan, Sotomayor, Ian, Pavlova, Iuliia, Petrovic, Ivana, Norvilitis, Jill, Pena-Shaff, Judith, Maney, Julia, Arrow, Kaitlyn, Rodriguez, Laura, Moussa-Rogers, Mary, McTighe, Michael, Ogba, Kalu T. U., Yeung, Stephanie Ka Wai Au, Stoppa, Tara, Yang, Yuanyuan, Gosnell, Courtney L., Jérémie-Brink, Gihane, Van Nostrand, Joshua J., Arriaga, Patrícia, Martin, Amy, Maksimovic, Ana, Ursu, Andreea, Karakulak, Arzu, Fitapelli, Brianna, Ashdown, Brien K., Sen, Celia K. Naivar, Chartier, Chris, Shane-Simpson, Christina, Redker, Christopher M., McKinney, Cliff, Baro, Danisha, Manrique-Millones, Denisse, Reis, Eduardo Silva, Adamopoulou, Eirini, Volkan, Eliz, Tair, Ergyul, Trujillo, Ethan, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Blocker, Heidi, Malik, Hinza, Orta, İrem Metin, Santos, Jay Claus, Grahe, Jon, Cuccolo, Kelly, Wignall, Liam, McLain, Malorie, Kosic, Marianna, Aita, Moet, Nash, Monique, Miracle, Ogba Oluchi, Christiano, Olivia, Dimitrova, Radosveta, Varma, Rahul, Mann, Rebecca, Dhakal, Sandesh, Estrada-Villalta, Sara, Haden, Sara, Hamilton, Sarah, Camgöz, Selin Metin, Aljuberi, Shams, Chin, Stephanie, Kohn, Steven, Verma, Sunil K., Fletcher, Tifani, Singh, Tushar, Sanders, Abigail, Collado, Adryana, Adusei, Akua, Itani, Alaa, Kaser, Amanda, Wolfe, Amber, Stout, Amy, Akhavan, Anahita, Kirton, Angelique, Çeçen-Eroğul, Ayşe Rezan, Bilir, Bilge, Dupiton, Camille, Lovett, Caroline, Orsini, Chloe, Kpodo, Christney, Aceto, Christopher, Redden, Clare, NyKanen, Danielle, Yildiz, Deniz, Lutringer, Emily, Sevinç, Ender, Baranski, Erica, Khan, Fahd, Jia, Fanli, Cramariuc, Gabriel, Zhang, Guolin, Resulbegoviq, Hakile, Maree, Haneen, Kaur, Harleen, Nelson, Jessie, Espinoza, Jimena Santa Cruz, Hubbard, JoAnna, Edlund, John, Protzko, John, Hoang, Jolie, Stork, Jordan, Vasu, Jordan, Salazar, Jose Verdis, Myhers, Karyssa, Hayward, Kaylynn, Lu, Kevin, Beardmore, Leisha, Levkiv, Liliia, Godoy, Linda Katheryn Hernandez, Paulett, Liseth, Gonzalez, María Fernanda Bonilla, Kalantzis, Maria, Rodrigues, Mariana, Álvarez, Marinés Mejía, Ott, Marissa, Zlokovich, Martha, Brosnan, Mary Kate, Mazzaferro, Mateus, Yetkin, Melis, Johnson, Mikayla, Vukelic, Milica, Clark, Mitchell, AlMalik, Mohammad, Fedavi, Neda, Means-Simonsen, Noah, Cabrera, Onassis, Kovacevic, Panta, Zhang, Qingyi, Rushing, Rachel, Varakis, Rafail, Richardson, Randall, Koch, Sara, Lewis, Savannah, Barrera, Scott, Zheng, Sifan, Liu, Siyu, Papka, Sophia, Das, Sreeja, Ghimire, Srijana, Verma, Tanya, Hillman, Taylor, Ozkusen, Ugur C., Zhang, Xinyi (Spencer), Gu, Yiwen, Redd, Bryce, and Cascalheira, Cory J.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Improving attitudes toward trauma-informed care in the neonatal intensive care unit through comprehensive multi-disciplinary education
- Author
-
Davis, Patricia A., Hubbard, Dena, Gladdis, Tiffany, Nitkin, Chris, Hansen, Kara, Keith-Chancy, Erin, Godwin, Jennifer, Staggs, Vincent, Babbar, Shilpa, Hardy, Michelle, Ashbaugh, Jacqulin, and Carter, Brian S.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape
- Author
-
Burton, A. Cole, Beirne, Christopher, Gaynor, Kaitlyn M., Sun, Catherine, Granados, Alys, Allen, Maximilian L., Alston, Jesse M., Alvarenga, Guilherme C., Calderón, Francisco Samuel Álvarez, Amir, Zachary, Anhalt-Depies, Christine, Appel, Cara, Arroyo-Arce, Stephanny, Balme, Guy, Bar-Massada, Avi, Barcelos, Daniele, Barr, Evan, Barthelmess, Erika L., Baruzzi, Carolina, Basak, Sayantani M., Beenaerts, Natalie, Belmaker, Jonathan, Belova, Olgirda, Bezarević, Branko, Bird, Tori, Bogan, Daniel A., Bogdanović, Neda, Boyce, Andy, Boyce, Mark, Brandt, LaRoy, Brodie, Jedediah F., Brooke, Jarred, Bubnicki, Jakub W., Cagnacci, Francesca, Carr, Benjamin Scott, Carvalho, João, Casaer, Jim, Černe, Rok, Chen, Ron, Chow, Emily, Churski, Marcin, Cincotta, Connor, Ćirović, Duško, Coates, T. D., Compton, Justin, Coon, Courtney, Cove, Michael V., Crupi, Anthony P., Farra, Simone Dal, Darracq, Andrea K., Davis, Miranda, Dawe, Kimberly, De Waele, Valerie, Descalzo, Esther, Diserens, Tom A., Drimaj, Jakub, Duľa, Martin, Ellis-Felege, Susan, Ellison, Caroline, Ertürk, Alper, Fantle-Lepczyk, Jean, Favreau, Jorie, Fennell, Mitch, Ferreras, Pablo, Ferretti, Francesco, Fiderer, Christian, Finnegan, Laura, Fisher, Jason T., Fisher-Reid, M. Caitlin, Flaherty, Elizabeth A., Fležar, Urša, Flousek, Jiří, Foca, Jennifer M., Ford, Adam, Franzetti, Barbara, Frey, Sandra, Fritts, Sarah, Frýbová, Šárka, Furnas, Brett, Gerber, Brian, Geyle, Hayley M., Giménez, Diego G., Giordano, Anthony J., Gomercic, Tomislav, Gompper, Matthew E., Gräbin, Diogo Maia, Gray, Morgan, Green, Austin, Hagen, Robert, Hagen, Robert (Bob), Hammerich, Steven, Hanekom, Catharine, Hansen, Christopher, Hasstedt, Steven, Hebblewhite, Mark, Heurich, Marco, Hofmeester, Tim R., Hubbard, Tru, Jachowski, David, Jansen, Patrick A., Jaspers, Kodi Jo, Jensen, Alex, Jordan, Mark, Kaizer, Mariane C., Kelly, Marcella J., Kohl, Michel T., Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie, Krofel, Miha, Krug, Andrea, Kuhn, Kellie M., Kuijper, Dries P. J., Kuprewicz, Erin K., Kusak, Josip, Kutal, Miroslav, Lafferty, Diana J. R., LaRose, Summer, Lashley, Marcus, Lathrop, Richard, Lee, Jr, Thomas E., Lepczyk, Christopher, Lesmeister, Damon B., Licoppe, Alain, Linnell, Marco, Loch, Jan, Long, Robert, Lonsinger, Robert C., Louvrier, Julie, Luskin, Matthew Scott, MacKay, Paula, Maher, Sean, Manet, Benoît, Mann, Gareth K. H., Marshall, Andrew J., Mason, David, McDonald, Zara, McKay, Tracy, McShea, William J., Mechler, Matt, Miaud, Claude, Millspaugh, Joshua J., Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M., Moreira-Arce, Dario, Mullen, Kayleigh, Nagy, Christopher, Naidoo, Robin, Namir, Itai, Nelson, Carrie, O’Neill, Brian, O’Mara, M. Teague, Oberosler, Valentina, Osorio, Christian, Ossi, Federico, Palencia, Pablo, Pearson, Kimberly, Pedrotti, Luca, Pekins, Charles E., Pendergast, Mary, Pinho, Fernando F., Plhal, Radim, Pocasangre-Orellana, Xochilt, Price, Melissa, Procko, Michael, Proctor, Mike D., Ramalho, Emiliano Esterci, Ranc, Nathan, Reljic, Slaven, Remine, Katie, Rentz, Michael, Revord, Ronald, Reyna-Hurtado, Rafael, Risch, Derek, Ritchie, Euan G., Romero, Andrea, Rota, Christopher, Rovero, Francesco, Rowe, Helen, Rutz, Christian, Salvatori, Marco, Sandow, Derek, Schalk, Christopher M., Scherger, Jenna, Schipper, Jan, Scognamillo, Daniel G., Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Semenzato, Paola, Sevin, Jennifer, Shamon, Hila, Shier, Catherine, Silva-Rodríguez, Eduardo A., Sindicic, Magda, Smyth, Lucy K., Soyumert, Anil, Sprague, Tiffany, St. Clair, Colleen Cassady, Stenglein, Jennifer, Stephens, Philip A., Stępniak, Kinga Magdalena, Stevens, Michael, Stevenson, Cassondra, Ternyik, Bálint, Thomson, Ian, Torres, Rita T., Tremblay, Joan, Urrutia, Tomas, Vacher, Jean-Pierre, Visscher, Darcy, Webb, Stephen L., Weber, Julian, Weiss, Katherine C. B., Whipple, Laura S., Whittier, Christopher A., Whittington, Jesse, Wierzbowska, Izabela, Wikelski, Martin, Williamson, Jacque, Wilmers, Christopher C., Windle, Todd, Wittmer, Heiko U., Zharikov, Yuri, Zorn, Adam, and Kays, Roland
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Open Problems in DAOs
- Author
-
Tan, Joshua, Merk, Tara, Hubbard, Sarah, Oak, Eliza R., Rong, Helena, Pirovich, Joni, Rennie, Ellie, Hoefer, Rolf, Zargham, Michael, Potts, Jason, Berg, Chris, Youngblom, Reuben, De Filippi, Primavera, Frey, Seth, Strnad, Jeff, Mannan, Morshed, Nabben, Kelsie, Elrifai, Silke Noa, Hartnell, Jake, Hill, Benjamin Mako, South, Tobin, Thomas, Ryan L., Dotan, Jonathan, Spring, Ariana, Maddox, Alexia, Lim, Woojin, Owocki, Kevin, Juels, Ari, and Boneh, Dan
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) are a new, rapidly-growing class of organizations governed by smart contracts. Here we describe how researchers can contribute to the emerging science of DAOs and other digitally-constituted organizations. From granular privacy primitives to mechanism designs to model laws, we identify high-impact problems in the DAO ecosystem where existing gaps might be tackled through a new data set or by applying tools and ideas from existing research fields such as political science, computer science, economics, law, and organizational science. Our recommendations encompass exciting research questions as well as promising business opportunities. We call on the wider research community to join the global effort to invent the next generation of organizations., Comment: includes major coordination problems
- Published
- 2023
45. Analysis of Iterative Methods for the Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation
- Author
-
Houston, Paul, Hubbard, Matthew E., and Radley, Thomas J.
- Subjects
Mathematics - Numerical Analysis ,65N22 (Primary) 65N15, 65N30 (Secondary) - Abstract
In this article we consider the iterative solution of the linear system of equations arising from the discretisation of the poly-energetic linear Boltzmann transport equation using a discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximation in space, angle, and energy. In particular, we develop preconditioned Richardson iterations which may be understood as generalisations of source iteration in the mono-energetic setting, and derive computable a posteriori bounds for the solver error incurred due to inexact linear algebra, measured in a relevant problem-specific norm. We prove that the convergence of the resulting schemes and a posteriori solver error estimates are independent of the discretisation parameters. We also discuss how the poly-energetic Richardson iteration may be employed as a preconditioner for the generalised minimal residual (GMRES) method. Furthermore, we show that standard implementations of GMRES based on minimising the Euclidean norm of the residual vector can be utilized to yield computable a posteriori solver error estimates at each iteration, through judicious selections of left- and right-preconditioners for the original linear system. The effectiveness of poly-energetic source iteration and preconditioned GMRES, as well as their respective a posteriori solver error estimates, is demonstrated through numerical examples arising in the modelling of photon transport., Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures
- Published
- 2023
46. Quadrature-Free Polytopic Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Transport Problems
- Author
-
Radley, Thomas J., Houston, Paul, and Hubbard, Matthew E.
- Subjects
Mathematics - Numerical Analysis ,65D30 (Primary) 65Y20 (Secondary) - Abstract
In this article we consider the application of Euler's homogeneous function theorem together with Stokes' theorem to exactly integrate families of polynomial spaces over general polygonal and polyhedral (polytopic) domains in two- and three-dimensions, respectively. This approach allows for the integrals to be evaluated based on only computing the values of the integrand and its derivatives at the vertices of the polytopic domain, without the need to construct a sub-tessellation of the underlying domain of interest. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm and show that this depends on three key factors: the ambient dimension of the underlying polytopic domain; the size of the requested polynomial space to be integrated; and the size of a directed graph related to the polytopic domain. This general approach is then employed to compute the volume integrals arising within the discontinuous Galerkin finite element approximation of the linear transport equation. Numerical experiments are presented which highlight the efficiency of the proposed algorithm when compared to standard quadrature approaches defined on a sub-tessellation of the polytopic elements., Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Targeted Learning on Variable Importance Measure for Heterogeneous Treatment Effect
- Author
-
Li, Haodong, Hubbard, Alan, and van der Laan, Mark
- Subjects
Statistics - Methodology - Abstract
Quantifying the heterogeneity of treatment effect is important for understanding how a commercial product or medical treatment affects different subgroups in a population. Beyond the overall impact reflected parameters like the average treatment effect, the analysis of treatment effect heterogeneity further reveals details on the importance of different covariates and how they lead to different treatment impacts. One relevant parameter that addresses such heterogeneity is the variance of treatment effect across different covariate groups, however the treatment effect is defined. One can also derive variable importance parameters that measure (and rank) how much of treatment effect heterogeneity is explained by a targeted subset of covariates. In this article, we propose a new targeted maximum likelihood estimator for a treatment effect variable importance measure. This estimator is a pure plug-in estimator that consists of two steps: 1) the initial estimation of relevant components to plug in and 2) an iterative updating step to optimize the bias-variance tradeoff. The simulation results show that this TMLE estimator has competitive performance in terms of lower bias and better confidence interval coverage compared to the simple substitution estimator and the estimating equation estimator. The application of this method also demonstrates the advantage of a substitution estimator, which always respects the global constraints on the data distribution and that the estimand is a particular function of the distribution.
- Published
- 2023
48. The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil Program
- Author
-
Hartwig, Zachary, Vieira, Rui, Dunn, Darby, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, LaBombard, Brian, Lammi, Christopher, Michael, Phil, Agabian, Susan, Arsenault, David, Barnett, Raheem, Barry, Mike, Bartoszek, Larry, Beck, William, Bellofatto, David, Brunner, Daniel, Burke, William, Burrows, Jason, Byford, William, Cauley, Charles, Chamberlain, Sarah, Chavarria, David, Cheng, JL, Chicarello, James, Cote, Karen, Cotta, Corinne, Diep, Van, Dombrowski, Eric, Doody, Jeffrey, Doos, Raouf, Eberlin, Brian, Estrada, Jose, Fry, Vincent, Fulton, Matthew, Garberg, Sarah, Granetz, Robert, Greenberg, Aliya, Greenwald, Martin, Heller, Samuel, Hubbard, Amanda, Ihloff, Ernest, Irby, James, Iverson, Mark, Jardin, Peter, Korsun, Daniel, Kuznetsov, Sergey, Lammi, Chris, Walsh, Steven Lane, Landry, Richard, Lations, Richard, Levine, Matthew, Mackay, George, Metcalfe, Kristin, Moazeni, Kevin, Mota, John, Mouratidis, Theodore, Mumgaard, Robert, Muncks, JP, Murray, Richard, Nash, Daniel, Nottingham, Ben, Shea, Colin O, Pfeiffer, Andrew, Pierson, Samuel, Purdy, Clayton, Radovinsky, Alexi, Ravikumar, DJ, Reyes, Veronica, Riva, Nicolo, Rosati, Ron, Rowell, Michael, Salazar, Erica E., Santoro, Fernando, Sattarov, Dior, Saunders, Wayne, Schweiger, Patrick, Schweiger, Shane, Shepard, Maise, Shiraiwa, Syunichi, Silveira, Maria, Snowman, FT, Sorbom, Brandon, Stahle, Peter, Stevens, Ken, Stiebler, Joseph, Stillerman, Joshua, Tammana, Deepthi, Tracy, David, Turcotte, Ronnie, Uppalapati, Kiran, Vernacchia, Matthew, Vidal, Christopher, Voirin, Erik, Warner, Alex, Watterson, Amy, Whyte, Dennis, Wilcox, Sidney, Wolf, Michael, Wood, Bruce, Zhou, Lihua, and Zhukovsky, Alex
- Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics ,Physics - Accelerator Physics ,Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC) Program was a three-year effort between 2018 and 2021 that developed novel Rare Earth Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) superconductor technologies and then successfully utilized these technologies to design, build, and test a first-in-class, high-field (~20 T), representative-scale (~3 m) superconducting toroidal field coil. With the principal objective of demonstrating mature, large-scale, REBCO magnets, the project was executed jointly by the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) and Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS). The TFMC achieved its programmatic goal of experimentally demonstrating a large-scale high-field REBCO magnet, achieving 20.1 T peak field-on-conductor with 40.5 kA of terminal current, 815 kN/m of Lorentz loading on the REBCO stacks, and almost 1 GPa of mechanical stress accommodated by the structural case. Fifteen internal demountable pancake-to-pancake joints operated in the 0.5 to 2.0 nOhm range at 20 K and in magnetic fields up to 12 T. The DC and AC electromagnetic performance of the magnet, predicted by new advances in high-fidelity computational models, was confirmed in two test campaigns while the massively parallel, single-pass, pressure-vessel style coolant scheme capable of large heat removal was validated. The REBCO current lead and feeder system was experimentally qualified up to 50 kA, and the crycooler based cryogenic system provided 600 W of cooling power at 20 K with mass flow rates up to 70 g/s at a maximum design pressure of 20 bar-a for the test campaigns. Finally, the feasibility of using passive, self-protection against a quench in a fusion-scale NI TF coil was experimentally assessed with an intentional open-circuit quench at 31.5 kA terminal current., Comment: 17 pages 9 figures, overview paper and the first of a six-part series of papers covering the TFMC Program
- Published
- 2023
49. The Dehn twist coefficient for big and small mapping class groups
- Author
-
Feller, Peter, Hubbard, Diana, and Turner, Hannah
- Subjects
Mathematics - Geometric Topology ,57K20, 20F36, 20F60 - Abstract
We study a quasimorphism, which we call the Dehn twist coefficient (DTC), from the mapping class group of a surface (with a chosen compact boundary component) that generalizes the well-studied fractional Dehn twist coefficient (FDTC) to surfaces of infinite type. Indeed, for surfaces of finite type the DTC coincides with the FDTC. We provide a characterization of the DTC (and thus also of the FDTC) as the unique homogeneous quasimorphism satisfying certain positivity conditions. The FDTC has image contained in $\mathbb{Q}$. In contrast to this, we find that for some surfaces of infinite type the DTC has image all of $\mathbb{R}$. To see this we provide a new construction of maps with irrational rotation behavior for some surfaces of infinite type with a countable space of ends or even just one end. In fact, we find that the DTC is the right tool to detect irrational rotation behavior, even for surfaces without boundary., Comment: 26 pages, 4 figures, comments welcome!
- Published
- 2023
50. Relation of Gravity, Winds, and the Moment of Inertia of Jupiter and Saturn
- Author
-
Militzer, Burkhard and Hubbard, William B.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
We study the relationship of zonal gravity coefficients, J_2n, zonal winds, and axial moment of inertia (MoI) by constructing models for the interiors of giant planets. We employ the nonperturbative concentric Maclaurin spheroid (CMS) method to construct both physical (realistic equation of state and barotropes) and abstract (small number of constant-density spheroids) interior models. We find that accurate gravity measurements of Jupiter's and Saturn's J_2, J_4, and J_6 by Juno and Cassini spacecrafts do not uniquely determine the MoI of either planet but do constrain it to better than 1%. Zonal winds (or differential rotation, DR) then emerge as the leading source of uncertainty. For Saturn, they are predicted to decrease the MoI by 0.4% because they reach a depth of ~9000 km while on Jupiter, they appear to reach only ~3000 km. We thus predict DR to affect Jupiter's MoI by only 0.01%, too small by one order of magnitude to be detectable by the Juno spacecraft. We find winds primarily affect the MoI indirectly via the gravity harmonic J_6 while direct contributions are much smaller because the effects of pro- and retrograde winds cancel. DR contributes +6% and -0.8% to Saturn's and Jupiter's J_6 value, respectively. This changes the J_6 contribution that comes from the uniformly rotating bulk of the planet that correlates most strongly with the predicted MoI. With our physical models, we predict Jupiter's MoI to be 0.26393+-0.00001. For Saturn, we predict 0.2181+-0.0002, assuming a rotation period of 10:33:34 h that matches the observed polar radius., Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures, 3 tables
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.