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Background/Purpose: This study investigates the integration of neuropedagogy, neuroimaging, artificial intelligence (AI), and deep learning in educational systems. The research aims to elucidate how these technologies can be synergistically applied to optimize learning processes based on individual neurocognitive profiles, thereby enhancing educational effectiveness. Materials/Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The study involved 297 students and 59 teachers. Quantitative methods included exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to validate the Neuropedagogy, Neuroimaging, Artificial Intelligence, and Deep Learning Scale, and Spearman correlations to examine inter-variable relationships. Qualitative data were collected through focus groups and analyzed using selective coding. Additionally, a comparative case study using portable electroencephalography (EEG) was conducted to observe direct neurological effects of different learning approaches. Results: EFA confirmed the construct validity of the scale (KMO = 0.89, p < 0.001). Spearman correlations revealed significant positive relationships between all dimensions (0.65-0.72, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that AI was the strongest predictor of deep learning ([beta] = 0.39, p < 0.001). The neuroimaging case study demonstrated increased frontal and prefrontal lobe activation and enhanced theta-gamma wave synchronization in AI-supported learning tasks, suggesting more integrated information processing. Conclusion: The findings provide empirical evidence for the transformative potential of integrating neuropedagogy, neuroimaging, AI, and deep learning in education. The strong predictive relationship between AI and deep learning, coupled with the neuroimaging results, suggests that this technological convergence can significantly enhance learning processes. However, the study also highlighted the need for careful ethical considerations in its implementation. These results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on technology-enhanced learning and offer a foundation for developing more personalized and effective educational strategies.

The research presented here is based on the objective of analyzing whether there is a relationship among neurodidactics, educational inclusion and sustainability in a university context. The starting point was a non-experimental, descriptive, explanatory and correlational research, using an ad hoc Likert scale as a data collection instrument, which has been validated in content and constructs through exploratory factor analysis. The sample consist of 577 participants of undergraduate and graduate students from the University of Jaen (Spain). The results obtained allow us to establish important points for reflection, such as the concept of neurodidactics in the university context, simplified to neurotransmitters, brain areas or multiple intelligences, as well as reducing inclusion to the existence of students with disabilities in the classroom, or to a sustainability that is not considered a driver of change in the current educational system. The conclusion obtained from SEM modeling is the existence of a very strong relationship among neurodidactics and educational inclusion, and the latter with sustainability, while there is a low relationship between neurodidactics and sustainability. Finally, we provide the values that confirm that the proposed model is valid: X2/gl (5.2). IAA: GFI (0.91), RMSEA (0.074), ECVI (1.83). IAI: IFI (0.97), NFI (0.98), RFI (0.96). IP: PNFI (0.78), PGFI (0.65).

Objective: This study aims to analyze how the new upper secondary school curriculum in Mexico captures 21st-century skills and teachers' perceptions of success. Method: The design of the study complies a comparison analysis between the Mexican upper secondary school curriculum and a 21st-century skills framework. Additionally, qualitative data on teachers' perceptions of success is collected through eight focus groups with 72 participants in 4 States of Mexico. Results: The findings show that the curriculum is short in strategies for the development of 21st-century skills. Moreover, although teachers welcome them, they perceive a lack of support and doubt about students' learning capabilities. Conclusions: Although Mexico has progressed in providing a 21st-century skills learning environment through the new curriculum, the educational system remains with the opportunity to offer a more suitable and adequate framework as well as support and training for teachers.

The resource-use hypothesis proposed by Elisabeth S. Vrba suggests that lineages display varying tendencies toward generalism or specialization in biome occupancy, with a tendency towards the accumulation of specialists due to their higher rate of speciation through vicariance. It also posits differences in biome occupancy patterns driven by the environmental characteristics of biomes, with a higher presence of biome specialist species in biomes that are placed in the extremes of the global climatic gradients. Here, we tested this hypothesis in turtles, a very ancient and morphologically stable lineage, representing a remarkable diversity with 357 species, many of which are threatened with extinction. We analyzed the resource-use hypothesis in a phylogenetic context within the Testudines lineage. For this purpose, a presence/absence matrix was compiled for all species across all 10 terrestrial biomes. Their distribution across biomes was contrasted with 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The relationship between diversification rates and both the biomic specialization index and the biomes occupied by specialists species was evaluated. The results demonstrate strong consistency with Vrba`s hypothesis, revealing a higher number of biome specialist species than expected by chance, with a significant accumulation of species in tropical ecosystems. These trends also were observed for ecological groups (terrestrial and freshwater species). In addition, higher diversification rates were observed for biome specialist species, although the particular biome occupied did not significantly influence their diversification rates.

Despite the cumulative evidence supporting HER3 as a target for antitumor therapies, no agents targeting HER3 have been approved for cancer treatment. Most of the agents evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials have been specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), with few examples of active immunotherapy directed against this receptor. However, some cancer vaccine formats may generate polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) that replicate the diverse effector mechanisms of MAbs, including ligand neutralization and receptor degradation. In this study, we developed a protein subunit-based monovalent vaccine candidate targeting the extracellular domain (ECD) of HER3. Immunization of mice with a formulation targeting murine ErbB3-ECD successfully overcome tolerance to this self-antigen, inducing high titers of ErbB3-specific PAbs. The antitumor potential of this formulation and the induced PAbs was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro in an ErbB3-overexpressing 3LL-D122-derived tumor model. The immunogenicity of the HER3-ECD-based vaccine candidate was confirmed by the induction of high titers of HER3-specific PAbs. Consistent with the initial results, HER3-ECD-targeting PAbs were cytotoxic in several human epithelial tumor cell lines and exerted antitumor effects in vivo. These results support the value of HER3 as a tumor antigen and the effector mechanisms of HER3-specific therapeutic MAbs, while suggesting the potential of the proposed vaccine candidate for the treatment of HER3-expressing carcinomas.

Abstract Background Danon disease is a lysosomal storage disorder with X-linked inheritance. The classic triad is severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy, and intellectual disability, with different phenotypes between both genders. Ischemic stroke is an uncommon complication, mostly cardioembolic, related to intraventricular thrombus or atrial fibrillation, among others. Case report We report the case of a 14-year-old Caucasian male patient with Danon disease who suffered from an acute ischemic stroke due to occlusion in the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. He underwent mechanical thrombectomy, resulting in successful revascularization with satisfactory clinical outcome. We objectified the intraventricular thrombus in the absence of arrhythmic events. Conclusion To our knowledge, we report the first case of ischemic stroke related to Danon disease treated with endovascular treatment.

En este artículo se ahonda en diversos aspectos del proceso de internacionalización de las empresas en el actual mundo globalizado y dinámico. Para ello se siguió la metodología prisma, diseñando una ecuación de búsqueda para las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus, 83 artículos fueron incluidos en este análisis. Los resultados permiten identificar como factores que motivan la internacionalización: la visión y ambición de los empresarios, el conocimiento y las capacidades internas de marketing e innovación, y factores externos de tipo económico, político y cultural. También se identifica que las mejores prácticas adoptadas por las empresas para ingresar a mercados internacionales están relacionas con fusiones y adquisiciones transfronterizas, formación de alianzas estratégicas, exportación e inversión en el exterior. Además, se reconocen como resultados de la internacionalización: la mejora de la ventaja competitiva, el crecimiento económico y un mejor desempeño corporativo. El estudio concluye que la internacionalización es vital para la competitividad y el crecimiento de las PYMES, permitiéndoles mejorar su ventaja competitiva, acceder a nuevos recursos y mercados, y diversificar riesgos. También identifica como desafíos significativos, los costos elevados de estos procesos y las barreras culturales y administrativas.

Abstract The 22‐hydroxy‐23,24‐bisnorchol‐4‐ene‐3‐one (4‐HBC) is a C22 steroid synthon of pharmaceutical interest that can be produced as a lateral end‐product of the catabolism of natural sterols (e.g., cholesterol or phytosterols). This work studies the role of an aldehyde dehydrogenase coded by the MSMEG_6563 gene of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, named msRed, in 4‐HBC production. This gene is located contiguously to the MSMEG_6561 encoding the aldolase msSal which catalyses the retroaldol elimination of acetyl‐CoA of the metabolite intermediate 22‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐cholest‐4‐ene‐24‐carboxyl‐CoA to deliver 3‐oxo‐4‐pregnene‐20‐carboxyl aldehyde (3‐OPA). We have demonstrated that msRed reduces 3‐OPA to 4‐HBC. Moreover, the role of msOpccR reductase encoded by MSMEG_1623 was also explored confirming that it also performs the reduction of 3‐OPA into 4‐HBC, but less efficiently than msRed. To obtain a M. smegmatis 4‐HBC producer strain we deleted MSMEG_5903 (hsd4A) gene in strain MS6039‐5941 (ΔkshB1, ΔkstD1) that produces 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione (AD) from natural sterols (cholesterol or phytosterols). The triple MS6039‐5941‐5903 mutant was able to produce 9 g/L of 4‐HBC from 14 g/L of phytosterols in 2 L bioreactor, showing a productivity of 0.140 g/L h−1. To improve the metabolic flux of sterols towards the production of 4‐HBC we have cloned and overexpressed the msSal and msRed enzymes in the MS6039‐5941‐5903 mutant rendering a production titter of 12.7 g/L with a productivity of 0.185 g/L h−1, and demonstrating that the new recombinant strain has a great potential for its industrial application.

Environmental education has an important role in higher education institutions as it leads to understanding the importance of sustainability, thus creating a positive impact on students. This impact extends beyond the classroom, inspiring them to actively engage in environmentally responsible behaviors and become conscientious stewards of our planet. The aim of the research was to analyze the environmental perception and ecological attitude of university students at the University of Medellín, that is, this study consisted of examining whether environmental education programs positively influenced the perception of the green campus and the ecological attitude. A structural model was proposed to empirically contrast this phenomenon at a university accredited as a green campus. The results explored that the universities that carry out environmental programs and that offer educational activities on this topic generate a responsible attitude towards sustainability and ecology in their students. This has short, medium and long-term impacts for the university.

This essay is aimed at analyzing the existing relationships between oncological problems and sport in future primary education teachers. This relationship was validated and confirmed by realizing a factorial analysis using an ad hoc-created Likert scale. To come up to certain conclusions, a non-experimental, descriptive, explanatory and correlational investigation process was carried out. The instrument used to collect the data have been made through Likert scale, which was validated in contents and with an excellent Cronbach's alpha (0.952). The validity of construct was made with factorial analysis exploratory (KMO (0.722), Bartlett (0.000), determinant (3.266E-23)). Three different samples have been taken from 900 students (years 2017-2018-2019), being 896 subjects for research. Those persons were students from the fourth year of primary education degree at University of Jaen. The Kruskal-Wallis test allows us to keep the null hypothesis and make the P of Pearson. As a conclusion, we emphasize that there is a relationship between oncological problems and sport and future primary teachers should be informed about this relationship, as well as the importance of cancer and bones tumors and their relationship with sport, the media used to train in oncological problems may be less important.

Yoga is a growing sport in our current society, but we know little about it; what repercussions it has, what benefits its practice brings, repercussions in the educational environment, etc. Therefore, the objective of the article was to analyze if it is possible to design a scale of perception that relates yoga, teacher training, sport, benefits of yoga, and inclusive sport. The objective was to analyze and demonstrate the relationship between variables determining how the academic performance of the students can be improved, since the practice of yoga influences on diverse areas that cause changes at brain level in the students, and it can lead to better attentiveness, memory, etc. For this, a descriptive, explanatory, and correlational research project has been carried out with a quantitative methodology. The analysis sample was made up of 1575 subjects, distributed as follows: 1191 students of the Degree in Primary Education of the University of Jaén (from first to fourth course) and 384 teachers corresponding to different public centers of the province of Jaén. In order to investigate the objective, an operational table was created to construct the Likert scale. The original scale consisted of 20 items reporting an alpha of 0.826, we achieved a reduction of four items, with a higher reliability (0.846), divided into five different dimensions. Likewise, construct validity was checked from a factorial analysis (KM0 = 0.787, Bartlett 0.000). The results of the research have been satisfactory, given that when analyzing the variables proposed in the initial objective, a high degree of correlation has been obtained between them, which supposes, applying it to the educational scope, a great incentive to carry it out in the educational centers, and, therefore, to improve the academic, personal, and social performance of the student.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el tipo de contrato laboral y los ingresos que generan las empresas manufactureras colombianas. Metodología: Para el desarrollo de la investigación se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, transversal y correlacional, para el que se tomó como insumo la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera 2019, publicada por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE), conformada por 7 631 empresas. Resultados principales: Los resultados permiten reflexionar sobre la importancia y el especial cuidado que los gerentes deben tener con el tipo de contrato que utilizan para vincular a sus trabajadores, principalmente en momentos de incertidumbre política y económica, donde los empresarios pueden optar por reducir sus costos mediante la vinculación con contratos de prestación de servicios que otorgan menos beneficios laborales y obligan a los trabajadores a pagar de sus ingresos los aportes a salud y pensión, sin derecho a vacaciones pagas, primas ni cesantías. Conclusiones: El estudio concluye que los ingresos de las empresas pueden mejorarse si se vincula al personal mediante contratos temporales con bolsas de empleo y contratos a término indefinido directamente con la empresa; los contratos a término fijo directos con la empresa reducen los ingresos de la misma.

Introduction: Keratoconus is a progressive disease, which in advanced stages leads to visual disability. Corneal crosslinking stops or slows its progression. Objective: Identify postoperative complications and predictor variables of corneal haze, 10 years after performing corneal crosslinking. Methods: Retrospective analytical study, carried out between June 2019 and December 2023, in 62 patients with progressive keratoconus, treated in one eye, with corneal crosslinking. The presence/absence of complications, type of complication were identified, the complication rate was calculated and the predictor variable of corneal haze was estimated. Results: Complications occurred in 41.9% (p= 0.001), versus 58.1% without complications. Haze was the most common complication (19 eyes; 30.6%), predicted by the preoperative keratoconus index; severe flattening occurred in only 2 eyes (3.2%); severe thinning and hyperopic refractive change, in 1 patient (1.6%). Conclusions: Treatment with corneal crosslinking induces complications in less than half of the cases, corneal haze is the most frequent, predicted by the preoperative keratoconus index.

Polypropylene (PP) films are crucial in various industrial applications, from packaging to medical products. However, a common challenge in PP manufacturing is the presence of gel-like defects. These gels are minor defects on the surface of the films that significantly affect the physicochemical, mechanical, and organoleptic properties of the films, compromising the quality of the final product. This first research focuses on developing and validating an in-line optical method to replace the international method ASTM D 3351–93. The main objective was to create a methodology that has the same scope and analytical performance as those reported by ASTM D 3351–93 in such a way that it can compete with it in terms of precision and accuracy, thus allowing end users to this ASTM, such as PP producers, PP marketers, PP film producers, among others internationally, can use this new methodology with necessary analytical support. This analytical methodology integrates the PP extrusion zones, the film processing stages, and the optical zone for reading and processing analytical data. Additionally, it has the advantage of working with a sample size that is even more representative of the population and has less human error since only one operator is required to carry out the test; this method also has much shorter response times. The developed prototype had 14 online stages that allowed representative quantities of samples to be taken and processed thermally and mechanically for ideal optical measurement. For the online method, a 6-point calibration curve is carried out at concentrations of 40, 10, 5, 2, 1 and 0 ppm for the gel or defect sizes of 200, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 µm, showing excellent linearity where the correlation coefficient varied between 0.997 and 0.999, the limits of detection (LOD) varied between 0.85 and 2.61 and the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged between 2.82 and 8.71. The statistical analyzes by ANOVA of the comparison between the ASTM D 3351–93 method and the proposed simultaneous method indicate that the p value of the evaluation of the means was 0.946, which suggests that the means are not statistically different. To complement, the Tukey test was carried out at 95 %, indicating that the methods have statistical equivalence. • Process optimization • Determination of defects or imperfections in PP films

El uso de las plantas medicinales por la población es ampliamente conocido en diferentes culturas. Sin embargo, la conservación en estado fresco está determinada por diferentes factores como son la actividad de agua que poseen y su acción a una temperatura y humedad relativa dada. En este sentido, el conocimiento de los procesos de sorción permite establecer criterios técnicos para el secado y el almacenamiento del material. El modelado matemático de estos procesos no es sencillo, y aún en la actualidad se continúan las investigaciones en este campo. De ahí, que la investigación se orientó en describir matemáticamente la desorción de moléculas de agua en hojas frescas de lavanda (Lavanda officinalis Chaicah.), matico (Buddleja globosa Hope), pasiflora (Passiflora coérulea L.) y romero (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Para ello se utilizó la técnica analítica del equilibrio higroscópico a 20 °C de temperatura. Los datos experimentales se ajustaron a 10 modelos y la curva obtenida se clasificó según su forma y niveles de adsorción. La ecuación de Adam y Shove describió el comportamiento sigmoideal de las isotermas de cada planta medicinal. Las fuerzas de atracción predominantes fueron las de Van der Waals, lo que evidenció enlaces mayoritariamente débiles y pocos puntos de adsorción con enlaces relativamente fuertes. Las condiciones para la conservación segura a 20 °C obtenidas fueron humedades entre 0,053 y 0,221 g.g-1ms (5-22 %).

Resumen: La toma de decisiones en pacientes con metástasis vertebral es de gran complejidad. En ella intervienen distintos factores del paciente, de su enfermedad oncológica y de las opciones de tratamiento. Los esquemas y estrategias de tratamiento se han ido modificando con la propia evolución del conocimiento y tratamiento de la enfermedad oncológica diseminada. En este trabajo se analiza la bibliografía que se ha empleado para la toma de decisiones en las tres últimas décadas, así como la evolución a los esquemas que podríamos considerar contemporáneos. Abstract: Decision-making in patients with vertebral metastases is highly complex. Different factors of the patient, their cancer disease and treatment options are involved in it. Treatment schemes and strategies have been modified with the evolution of knowledge and treatment of disseminated oncological disease. This paper analyzes the bibliography that has been used for decision-making in the last three decades, as well as the evolution to the schemes that we could consider contemporary.

La normativa laboral internacional poco o nada ha avanzado acerca de la realidad laboral actual de muchos niños, desde los 0 hasta los 17 años, que son utilizados para publicidad y actuaciones en las redes sociales y, aunque sin tener la plena capacidad para decidir sobre ello, generan ganancias. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar la actividad de los menores creadores de contenido digital y los derechos involucrados en favor de los denominados “Kidinfluencers” en Colombia, moda que esconde intensos intereses de monetización. Haciendo uso del enfoque cualitativo, la revisión bibliográfica y la hermenéutica, se describen los instrumentos legislativos vigentes de la OIT y Colombia en esa materia. Los principales resultados demuestran que en Colombia no existe una regulación jurídica específica para los “Kidinfluencers”, creándose una zona gris en la legislación en materia de menores generadores de contenido. Se concluye que las plataformas digitales incentivan el uso de niños como nueva forma de generar ingresos y que esta nueva tendencia pudiera generar explotación de menores si no se actualiza el código de infancia y adolescencia, lo cual en Colombia ni siquiera se ha planteado como problema alguno con los niños, niñas y adolescentes influyentes de las redes sociales.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex multisystem disease characterized by hypertension of sudden onset (>20 weeks’ gestation) coupled with the presence of at least one additional complication, such as proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunction, or uteroplacental dysfunction. Hypertensive states during pregnancy carry life-threatening risks for both mother and baby. The pathogenesis of PE develops due to a dysfunctional placenta with aberrant architecture that releases factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction, an antiangiogenic state, increased oxidative stress, and maternal inflammatory responses. Previous studies have shown a correlation between grade 3 placental calcifications and an elevated risk of developing PE at term. However, little is known about the molecular pathways leading to placental calcification. In this work, we studied the gene and protein expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OSC), osteopontin (OSP), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), MSX-2/HOX8, SOX-9, WNT-1, and β-catenin in placental tissue from women with late-onset PE (LO-PE). In addition, we employed von Kossa staining to detect mineral deposits in placental tissues. Our results show a significant increase of all these components in placentas from women with LO-PE. Therefore, our study suggests that LO-PE may be associated with the activation of molecular pathways of placental calcification. These results could be the starting point for future research to describe the molecular mechanisms that promote placental calcification in PE and the development of therapeutic strategies directed against it.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely lethal tumor with increasing incidence, presenting numerous clinical challenges. The histopathological examination of novel, unexplored biomarkers offers a promising avenue for research, with significant translational potential for improving patient outcomes. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of ferroptosis markers (TFRC, ALOX-5, ACSL-4, and GPX-4), circadian clock regulators (CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, PER2), and KLOTHO in a retrospective cohort of 41 patients deceased by PDAC. Immunohistochemical techniques (IHC) and multiple statistical analyses (Kaplan–Meier curves, correlograms, and multinomial linear regression models) were performed. Our findings reveal that ferroptosis markers are directly associated with PDAC mortality, while circadian regulators and KLOTHO are inversely associated. Notably, TFRC emerged as the strongest risk marker associated with mortality (HR = 35.905), whereas CLOCK was identified as the most significant protective marker (HR = 0.01832). Correlation analyses indicate that ferroptosis markers are positively correlated with each other, as are circadian regulators, which also positively correlate with KLOTHO expression. In contrast, KLOTHO and circadian regulators exhibit inverse correlations with ferroptosis markers. Among the clinical variables examined, only the presence of chronic pathologies showed an association with the expression patterns of several proteins studied. These findings underscore the complexity of PDAC pathogenesis and highlight the need for further research into the specific molecular mechanisms driving disease progression.

In recent years, the quest to advance fuel cell technologies has intensified, driven by the imperative to reduce reliance on hydrocarbon-derived fuels and mitigate pollutant emissions. Proton exchange membranes are a critical material of fuel cell technologies. The potential of ionic liquid-based polymer inclusion membranes or ionogels for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has recently appeared. Thermal stability, SEM-EDX characterization, NMR and IR characterization, thermogravimetric analysis, ion exchange capacity, and water uptake are key properties of these membranes which need to be investigated. In this work, ionogel based on quaternary ammonium salts, such as [N8,8,8,1+][Cl−], [N8,8,8,1+][Br−], and [N8-10,8-10,8-10,1+][Cl−] in various compositions with poly(vinyl chloride) are extensively studied and characterized based on those key properties. The best properties were obtained when a quaternary ammonium cation was combined with a bromide anion. Finally, ionogels are tested in microbial fuel cells. Microbial fuel cells based on the ionogel reach a maximum of 147 mW/m2, which represents 55% of the reference membrane (Nafion 212). These results indicate that we still have the possibility of improvement through the appropriate selection of the cation and anion of the ionic liquid. Overall, the promise of ionogel membranes as a viable alternative in fuel cell applications has been demonstrated.

Biodegradable biopolymers from species of the animal kingdom or their byproducts are sustainable as ecological materials due to their abundant supply and compatibility with the environment. The research aims to obtain a biodegradable active material from chitosan, gelatin, and collagen from bocachico scales (Prochilodus magdalenae). Regarding the methodology, films were developed from gelatin, chitosan, and collagen from bocachico scales (Prochilodus magdalenae) at different concentrations using glycerol as a plasticizer and citric acid as a cross-linker. The films were obtained with the hydrated mass processed by compression molding and characterized according to humidity, water solubility, contact angle, mechanical properties, and structural properties. The results of the films showed a hydrophobic characteristic. First, the chitosan-collagen (CS/CO) films showed a yellowish color, while the gelatin-collagen (Gel/CO) films were transparent and less soluble than the gelatin-collagen (Gel/CO) films. Concerning mechanical properties, gelatin films showed higher stiffness and tensile strength than chitosan films. Furthermore, in the morphological analysis, more homogeneous chitosan films were obtained by increasing the concentration of citric acid. In general, chitosan, gelatin, and collagen extracted from the scales of the bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) are an alternative in the application of films in the food industry.

Caffeic acid (CAF) i is a polyphenolic compound commonly found in plants, valued for its ability to act as an antioxidant. This study focused on investigating the impact of a natural antioxidant, specifically caffeic acid (CAF), compared to two synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), on the thermal stability of propylene/ethylene copolymer (C-PP/PE), Aiming to establish a theoretical framework for the advancement of novel polymeric antioxidant compounds. Theoretical calculations were conducted to determine each compound's thermodynamic properties and antioxidant activity. The phenolic hydroxyl bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) values revealed that BHA had the lowest value (325.6 kJ mol−1), trailed by CAF (328.2 kJ mol−1) and BHT (341.3 kJ mol−1), indicating a higher electron-donating capacity of BHA. Transition energy (TS) calculations indicated that BHA had the lowest TS energy (49.29 kJ mol−1), succeeded by CAF (57.61 kJ mol−1) and then BHT (75.57 kJ mol−1), suggesting greater efficiency in radical scavenging. Additionally, the obtained rate constants showed that CAF had the highest hydrogen abstraction rate (k = 1.05 × 10⁵ M⁻1 s⁻1), followed by BHA (k = 1.17 × 10⁴ M⁻1 s⁻1), and then BHT (k = 4.2 × 10³ M⁻1 s⁻1). These results support the effectiveness of CAF as a potentially more active antioxidant. In the experimental part of this study, it was observed that C-PP/PE with BHA showed a lower melt flow index (MFI) (8.51), indicating more excellent thermal stability. On the other hand, samples containing natural caffeic acid extracts exhibited a gradual decrease in MFI with increasing CAF concentration (MFI of 9.4, 8.82, 7.59, 6.44, and 5.98 for concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.125 ppm, respectively), suggesting a progressive improvement in the thermal stability of C-PP/PE with increasing natural antioxidant. In TGA analyses, decomposition was observed around 340 °C in samples without additives and those containing 0.1 ppm of BHA. In contrast, samples with different concentrations of CAF showed delayed degradation, observed in the temperature range of 380–400 °C. This delay in degradation indicates that CAF imparts more excellent thermal stability to C-PP/PE copolymer, as it reaches temperatures above 400 °C before starting its decomposition. These findings support the feasibility of using natural antioxidants such as CAF to improve the thermal properties of copolymers.

Abstract Mycobacterial mutants blocked in ring degradation constructed to achieve C19 synthons production, also accumulate by‐products such as C22 intermediates throughout an alternative pathway reducing the production yields and complicating the downstream purification processing of final products. In this work, we have identified the MSMEG_6561 gene, encoding an aldolase responsible for the transformation of 22‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐cholest‐4‐ene‐24‐carboxyl‐CoA (22‐OH‐BCN‐CoA) into the 22‐hydroxy‐23,24‐bisnorchol‐4‐ene‐3‐one (4‐HBC) precursor (20S)‐3‐oxopregn‐4‐ene‐20‐carboxaldehyde (3‐OPA). The deletion of this gene increases the production yield of the C‐19 steroidal synthon 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione (AD) from natural sterols, avoiding the production of 4‐HBC as by‐product and the drawbacks in the AD purification. The molar yield of AD production using the MS6039‐5941‐6561 triple mutant strain was checked in flasks and bioreactor improving very significantly compared with the previously described MS6039‐5941 strain.

Se estudiaron siete lagunas artificiales de agua dulce (L1 – L7) en el municipo de Ciego de Ávila (Cuba), los cuales se caracterizaron según criterios genéticos, hidrológicos y morfológicos. Todas son lagunas, de origen antrópico, relativamente recientes. Una de ellas es semipermanente (L.1) y las restantes son permanentes. A partir de la identificación de las plantas presentes en parcelas delineadas, desde los bordes de las lagunas, fue confeccionada una lista florística. Los taxones identificados fueron catalogados según su origen y presencia en Cuba, hábito de crecimiento, utilidad para el hombre, comportamiento ante el impacto antrópico y estado de conservación. Se registraron 49 especies pertenecientes a 44 géneros y 34 familias. En L.3 y L.6 (lagunas ubicadas en las Canteras del Aereopuerto) se identificó el mayor número de especies (27 y 26 respectivamente) y en L.1, el menor (7). Predominaron plantas exóticas y sinantrópicas y abundaron las invasoras, lo cual indica el tránsito por etapas tempranas de la sucesión ecológica. No obstante, se detectó un 31 % de plantas autóctonas y un 2 % de endemismo. Un 4 %se encuentran amenazadas de extinción, clasificadas en Peligro Crítico. El 39 % tiene uso medicinal, el 29 % ornamental, el 12 % son fitorremediadoras y el 4 % aparecen frecuentemente incorporadas a prácticas folclóricas. Las plantas asociadas a estas lagunas artificiales del municipio de Ciego de Ávila presentan condiciones, valores y usos diversos, lo que incrementa los servicios ambientales de estos ecosistemas.

Explicar el fracaso empresarial es un tema que ha llamado la atención de investigadores. Sin embargo, predecir cuándo una empresa fracasará, es una limitación que aún se encuentra lejos de ser resuelta. Por este motivo, el objetivo del artículo es caracterizar las variables que explican, moderan y median el fracaso empresarial. Esto se logra a través de una rigurosa revisión de artículos publicados en la base de datos Scopus. Se verificó que el descriptor de búsqueda “Business failure” arrojó resultados más coherentes con el objetivo del estudio. Se limitaron los resultados por las áreas temáticas “Business management and accounting” y “Economics, econometrics and finance” y al periodo comprendido entre los años 2015 y 2022; sin delimitar el país e idioma. La investigación sigue un enfoque cualitativo, método inductivo, de alcance descriptivo y diseño longitudinal. Los principales resultados destacan una tendencia a considerar como variables explicativas, moderadoras y mediadoras del fracaso empresarial, aspectos concernientes a la administración y, en segundo lugar, las relacionadas con el entorno. Además, se evidencia el uso de técnicas de inteligencia artificial que tratan de predecirlo. Se concluye, que de la relación administración-entorno, surgen nuevas fuentes de variables que pueden explicar, moderar y mediar el fracaso empresarial.

Organic phosphoester (OPE) antioxidants are currently required due to their contribution to enhancing the quality of polymers, including polypropylene (PP). In this research, an integral methodology is presented for the efficient extraction of bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite from industrial wastewater. Upon employing the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique, the recovered compound is subjected to a comprehensive analysis of the recovered compound using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), thermal analysis (TGA), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Subsequently, purified Bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite was evaluated as a thermo-oxidative stabilizer after incorporation into PP resins. The relative standard deviation (RSD), Error (Er), linearity (R2), and percentage (%) recovery were less than 2.6, 2.5, more significant than 0.9995, and greater than 96%, respectively, for the inter-day and intra-day tests of the chromatographic method and the SPE. Except for chloroform, which was necessary due to the solubility properties of the investigated analyte, the use of environmentally friendly solvents, such as methanol and acetonitrile, was considered during the development of this research. The OPE extracted from industrial wastewater was characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis, DSC, TGA, and MS, allowing the elucidation of the structure of Bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (BDPD). The recovered OPE was mixed with PP resins, allowing it to improve its thermal properties and minimize its thermo-oxidative degradation. Organophosphorus flame retardant (OPE)’ concentration in wastewater is alarming, ranging from 1179.0 to 4709.6 mg L−1. These exceed toxicity thresholds for aquatic organisms, emphasizing global environmental risks. Using a validated solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique with over 94% recovery, the study addresses concerns by removing organic contaminants and supporting circular economy principles. The high economic and environmental significance of recovering BDPD underscores the need for urgent global attention and intervention.

In the realm of linguistics, the concept of “semanticity” was recently introduced as a novel measure designed to study linguistic networks. In a given text, semanticity is defined as the ratio of the potential number of meanings associated with a word to the number of different words with which it is linguistically linked. This concept provides a quantitative indicator that reflects a word’s semantic complexity and its role in a language. In this pilot study, we applied the semanticity measure to the Catalan language, aiming to investigate its effectiveness in automatically distinguishing content words from function words. For this purpose, the measure of semanticity has been applied to a large corpus of texts written in Catalan. We show that the semanticity of words allows us to classify the word classes existing in Catalan in a simple way so that both the semantic and syntactic capacity of each word within a language can be integrated under this parameter. By means of this semanticity measure, it has been observed that adverbs behave like function words in Catalan. This approach offers a quantitative and objective tool for researchers and linguists to gain insights into the structure and dynamics of languages, contributing to a deeper understanding of their underlying principles. The application of semanticity to Catalan is a promising pilot study, with potential applications in other languages, which will allow progress to be made in the field of theoretical linguistics and contribute to the development of automated linguistic tools.

Sorbitol derivatives and other additives are commonly used in various products, such as packaging or food packaging, to improve their mechanical, physical, and optical properties. To accurately and precisely evaluate the efficacy of adding sorbitol-type nucleating agents to these articles, their quantitative determination is essential. This study systematically investigated the quantification of sorbitol-type nucleating agents in food packaging made from impact copolymers of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) together with analysis of principal components (PCA) and machine learning algorithms. The absorption spectra revealed characteristic bands corresponding to the C–O–C bond and hydroxyl groups attached to the cyclohexane ring of the molecular structure of sorbitol, providing crucial information for identifying and quantifying sorbitol derivatives. PCA analysis showed that with the selected FTIR spectrum range and only the first two components, 99.5% of the variance could be explained. The resulting score plot showed a clear pattern distinguishing different concentrations of the nucleating agent, affirming the predictability of concentrations based on an impact copolymer. The study then employed machine learning algorithms (NN, SVR) to establish prediction models, evaluating their quality using metrics such as RMSE, R2, and RMSECV. Hyperparameter optimization was performed, and SVR showed superior performance, achieving near-perfect predictions (R2 = 0.9999) with an RMSE of 0.100 for both calibration and prediction. The chosen SVR model features two hidden layers with 15 neurons each and uses the Adam algorithm, balanced precision, and computational efficiency. The innovative ATR-FTIR coupled SVR model presented a novel and rapid approach to accurately quantify sorbitol-type nucleating agents in polymer production processes for polymer research and in the analysis of nucleating agent derivatives. The analytical performance of this method surpassed traditional methods (PCR, NN).

Resumen Introducción. El carcinoma similar al linfoepitelioma (LELC por sus siglas en inglés) es una variante de tumor muy infrecuente y agresiva, llamado así por su similitud histológica con linfoepiteliomas nasofaríngeos. Presentación del caso. Hombre de 60 años que fue remitido al servicio de urología de un hospital público en la ciudad de Madrid (España) por una tumoración en el pene de 2 cm de diámetro de aproximadamente dos años de evolución. El análisis histopatológico reveló un tumor de crecimiento endofítico que ocupaba la porción ventral del glande, que infiltraba el meato uretral, cuerpo cavernoso, cuerpo esponjoso y uretra. Se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico (penectomía parcial) sin tratamiento neoadyuvante. El examen histológico confirmó el diagnóstico de carcinoma similar al linfoepitelioma de uretra. Conclusión. El carcinoma similar al linfoepitelioma es un tumor poco frecuente en el aparato urinario y su aparición en el pene es excepcional. Cuando se localiza en esta zona el tratamiento generalmente combina cirugía y quimioterapia, y tiene buen pronóstico y mejores tasas de respuesta cuanto mayor es el componente linfoide en el tumor.

Decision-making in patients with vertebral metastases is highly complex. Different factors of the patient, their cancer disease and treatment options are involved in it. Treatment schemes and strategies have been modified with the evolution of knowledge and treatment of disseminated oncological disease. This paper analyzes the bibliography that has been used for decision-making in the last three decades, as well as the evolution to the schemes that we could consider contemporary. Resumen: La toma de decisiones en pacientes con metástasis vertebral es de gran complejidad. En ella intervienen distintos factores del paciente, de su enfermedad oncológica y de las opciones de tratamiento. Los esquemas y las estrategias de tratamiento se han ido modificando con la propia evolución del conocimiento y tratamiento de la enfermedad oncológica diseminada. En este trabajo se analiza la bibliografía que se ha empleado para la toma de decisiones en las 3 últimas décadas, así como la evolución a los esquemas que podríamos considerar contemporáneos.