Search

Introduction Religiosity is believed to be a factor that may reduce the risk of addiction and substance use both in adults and in young people. It is a complex construct that is neither measurable nor objectifiable, thus it must be estimated from proxy characteristics. For this purpose, researchers differentiate between subjective religiosity (i.e., individual religious experience) and extrinsic religiosity, that is, participation to religious services (extrinsic-personal subtype) or to social activities consistent with religion-based principles (extrinsic-social subtype). Objectives This work aimed at exploring the role of different facets of religiosity – intrinsic (subjective), extrinsic-personal (service attendance), and extrinsic-social (church-based social activities) – in terms of deterring cannabis use among adolescents. Methods Aggregated data of NSDUH (2015-2019) on 68,263 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age were analysed using a structural equation modelling (SEM) to determine pathways of intrinsic and extrinsic components of religiosity in cannabis use. Several covariates were considered in the analyses, including comorbid depression and civil volunteering activities. Results About 15% of participants admitted cannabis use in the previous year. Intrinsic and extrinsic-personal religiosity was reported by 66% and 25% of the sample, respectively. A percentage of fifty-seven of participants were involved in at least one faith-based activity, while 74% reported participation in secular community activities. Both intrinsic and extrinsic-personal religious components were likely to reduce cannabis use at the SEM regression model analysis controlling for putative confounders (cannabis use coeff.: -0.065, p=0.001; coeff.: -0.176, p

Background. Assessing illness perceptions has been useful in a range of medical disorders. This study of people with a recent relapse of their psychosis examines the relationship between illness perception, their emotional responses and their attitudes to medication.Method. One hundred patients diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder were assessed within 3 months of relapse. Measures included insight, self-reported illness perceptions, medication adherence, depression, self-esteem and anxiety.Results. Illness perceptions about psychosis explained 46, 36 and 34% of the variance in depression, anxiety and self-esteem respectively. However, self-reported medication adherence was more strongly associated with a measure of insight.Conclusions. Negative illness perceptions in psychosis are clearly related to depression, anxiety and self-esteem. These in turn have been linked to symptom maintenance and recurrence. Clinical interventions that foster appraisals of recovery rather than of chronicity and severity may therefore improve emotional well-being in people with psychosis. It might be better to address adherence to medication through direct attempts at helping them understand their need for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Comparisons of structured diagnostic interviews with clinical assessments in general population samples show marked discrepancies. In order to validate the CIS-R, a fully structured diagnostic interview used for the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, it was compared with SCAN, a standard, semi-structured, clinical assessment. Methods. A random sample of 1882 Leicestershire addresses from the Postcode Address File yielded 1157 eligible adults: of these 860 completed the CIS-R; 387 adults scores &ges;8 on the CIS-R and 205 of these completed a SCAN reference examination. Neurotic symptoms, in the previous week and month only, were enquired about. Concordance was estimated for ICD-10 neurotic and depressive disorders, F32 to F42 and for depression symptom score. Results. Sociodemographic characteristics closely resembled National Survey and 1991 census profiles. Concordance was poor for any ICD-10 neurotic disorder (kappa = 0·25 (95% CI, 0·1–0·4)) and for depressive disorder (kappa = 0·23 (95% CI, 0–0·46)). Sensitivity to the SCAN reference classification was also poor. Specificity ranged from 0·8 to 0·9. Rank order correlation for total depression symptoms was 0·43 (Kendall's tau b; P<0·001; N=205). Discussion. High specificity indicates that the CIS-R and SCAN agree that prevalence rates for specific disorders are low compared with estimates in some community surveys. We have revealed substantial discrepancies in case finding. Therefore, published data on service utilization designed to estimate unmet need in populations requires re-interpretation. The value of large-scale CIS-R survey data can be enhanced considerably by the incorporation of concurrent semi-structured clinical assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Women are consistently reported to have a greater prevalence of depressive disorders than men. The reason for this is unclear, and is as likely to be social as biological. There is some evidence that the excess of depression is greater during women's reproductive lives. Data from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity were used to test the hypothesis that the excess disappeared in the post-menopausal years and that obvious social explanations for this were inadequate. Method. Subjects (N=9792) from a random sample of the British population provided data for the analysis. Psychiatric assessment was carried out by lay interviewers using the CIS-R. Subjects with ICD-10 depressive episode or mixed anxiety/depression were compared with the remainder. Social variables that were likely to contribute to a post-menopausal decline in depressive disorders were controlled in logistic regression analyses. Results. There was a clear reversal of the sex difference in prevalence of depression in those over age 55. This could not be explained in terms of differential effects of marital status, child care, or employment status. Conclusions. This large and representative survey adds considerably to the increasingly held view that the sex difference in prevalence of depression is less apparent in later middle age. This may be linked to the menopause, and our attempts to explain it in terms of obvious conditions among social variables were not successful. More specific studies are required to clarify the finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This paper presents the first results of a two-stage psychiatric population survey, which uses a new method of directly evaluating needs for specific psychiatric treatment and the extent to which they have been met. Method. The sample was drawn at random from the population of an area of inner south London with high levels of deprivation. Seven hundred and sixty subjects aged 18–65 completed the GHQ-28. All those scoring >5 and half of the rest were invited to take part in the second stage, comprising measures of mental state (SCAN), social role performance (SRPS), life events and difficulties (LEDS) and a Treatment Inventory. This information was used to rate the community version of the Needs for Care Assessment (NFCAS-C). Results. In all, 408 subjects were interviewed in the second stage. The weighted 1 month prevalence of hierarchically ordered ICD-10 psychiatric disorders was 9·8%, the 1 year prevalence 12·3%. The equivalent prevalences for depressive episode were 3·1% and 5·3% respectively, while those for anxiety states were both 2·8%. At interview nearly 10% of the population were identified as having a need for the treatment of a psychiatric condition. This rose to 10·4% if the whole of the preceding year was assessed. Less than half of all potentially meetable needs were met. There was only partial overlap between diagnosis and an adjudged need for treatment. Conclusion. A majority of people with mental health problems do not have proper treatment; given more resources and greater public and medical awareness, most could be treated by family doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]