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IntroductionModern research teams are re-evaluating conventional methods with the aim of improving the usefulness of knowledge for users, focusing on the role of knowledge users in shaping innovation. In disability field, encouraging participatory research inherently involves diverse perspectives and inclusion, which aligns with the principles of universal accessibility. By actively involving individuals with various backgrounds, abilities, and needs in the research process, we can better understand and address the challenges faced in adopting universal accessibility. This approach ensures that solutions are more comprehensive, inclusive, and effectively cater to the needs of all individuals, fostering a more equitable and accessible environment for everyone. Despite municipal organizations mandating universal accessibility action plans, they lack tools for efficient implementation. The aim of this study was to develop knowledge mobilization tools tailored to a specific municipal context in Quebec, Canada, to facilitate the implementation of universal accessibility measures by municipal employees.MethodsThe co-design process employed in this study was organized into four distinct stages, following the Morales model: (1) Exploration (2) Co-Design (3) Validation (4) Development.ResultsStages one and two highlighted the employees' lack of awareness about universal accessibility issues and their need to have more information and resources about how universal accessibility is encountered in their work. A steering committee co-designed three video vignettes about universal accessibility, the city's action plan and measures included in it.DiscussionThe co-design approach used in this study allowed us to observe the non-linear nature of partnership research with an organization as complex as a municipality. Our study shows significant advantages of collaboration between the municipal sector and research.

Sodium plays a key role in the regulation of water balance and is also important in food formulation due to its contribution to the taste and use in the preservation of many foods. Excessive intake of any essential nutrient is problematic and this seems to be particularly the case for sodium since a high intake makes it the nutrient most strongly associated with mortality. Sodium intake has been the object of recommendations by public health agencies such as the WHO and this has resulted in efforts by the food industry to reduce the sodium content of packaged foods, although there is still room for improvement. The recent literature also emphasizes the need for other strategies, e.g., regulations and education, to promote adequate sodium intake. In the present paper, we also describe the potential benefits of a global healthy lifestyle that considers healthy eating but also physical activity habits that improve body functionality and may help to attenuate the detrimental effects of high sodium intake on body composition and cardiometabolic health. In conclusion, a reduction in sodium intake, an improvement in body functioning, and educational interventions promoting healthy eating behaviours seem to be essential for the optimal regulation of sodium balance.

Ce texte propose une confrontation partielle entre les pensées critiques de Karl Marx et de Pierre Bourdieu dans le cadre d'une nouvelle herméneutique exploratoire des textes théoriques s'écartant du présupposé de cohérence des « œuvres » et des « auteurs » dans le sillage des mises en garde de Michel Foucault dans L'archéologie du savoir (1969). Sur la base du démembrement des concepts et des méthodes par rapport aux « œuvres » dont ils sont issus, il s'agit de créer de nouvelles étincelles de connaissance. Pour ce faire, on se tiendra à l'écart des reconstructions systématiques appelées « marxisme » ou « bourdieusisme». Quatre terrains sont alors dégagés. Le premier terrain concerne la méthodologie des sciences sociales dans le rapport entre le concret observé et l'abstraction théorique. Le deuxième terrain concerne la sociologie des classes sociales entre objectivisme et constructivisme. Le « constructivisme structuraliste » de Bourdieu et les hésitations de Marx entre économisme et constructivisme sont ainsi comparés. Le troisième terrain concerne la théorie de la praxis entre sociologie de l'action et politique révolutionnaire. Le quatrième terrain concerne la philosophie politique de l'émancipation, importante dans l'approche de Marx, présente mais plus marginale chez Bourdieu dans une inspiration spinoziste mettant en avant la connaissance des déterminismes.

Introduction: Using the ACMG-AMP guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants, it remains difficult to meet the criterion associated with the protein domain, PM1, which is assigned in only about 10% of cases, whereas the criteria related to variant frequency, PM2/BA1/BS1, is reported in 50% of cases. To improve the classification of human missense variants using protein domains information, we developed the DOLPHIN system (https://dolphin.mmg-gbit.eu).Methods: We used Pfam alignments of eukaryotes to define DOLPHIN scores to identify protein domain residues and variants that have a significant impact. In parallel, we enriched gnomAD variants frequencies for each domains’ residue. These were validated using ClinVar data.Results: We applied this method to all potential human transcripts’ variants, resulting in 30.0% being assigned a PM1 label, whereas 33.2% were eligible for a new benign support criterion, BP8. We also showed that DOLPHIN provides an extrapolated frequency for 31.8% of the variants, compared to the original frequency available in gnomAD for 7.6% of them.Discussion: Overall, DOLPHIN allows a simplified use of the PM1 criterion, an expanded application of the PM2/BS1 criteria and the creation of a new BP8 criterion. DOLPHIN could facilitate the classification of amino acid substitutions in protein domains that cover nearly 40% of proteins and represent the sites of most pathogenic variants.

Critical theory with emancipatory aims today to find a source of regeneration in ordinary cultures, and in particular, in TV series. Certain series can play a role in reinventing critical theories, drawing on the tradition of the Frankfurt School but shifting some of that School’s formulations through contact with current forms of interpretive sociology and pragmatic sociology. This requires a cross-border dialogue between the “language game” of TV series and the “knowledge game” of political theory, to use concepts inspired by Ludwig Wittgenstein. In this article, I will focus on four series: seasons 1 of American Crime (2015) and The Sinner (2017); Sharp Objects (2018); and Unorthodox (2020). The resources provided by these cultural works can help us formulate a critical decoding of important aspects of the current ideological context, in particular, the intersecting identitarian and ultra-conservative tendencies we find in France, Europe, the United States, and Brazil. These critical resources bear affinities to a political philosophy of the opening of being inspired by the ethical reflections of Emmanuel Levinas.

El presente texto intenta pasajes entre tres grandes registros intelectuales: 1. La nueva teoría crítica en ciencias sociales; 2. Una indagación sociológica empírica y 3. La filosofía política comprometida en la galaxia altermundialista. Estos pasajes llevarán a poner en relación tres dimensiones: 1. Crítica del neocapitalismo, 2. Intimidades contemporáneas y 3. Politización altermundialista. En el curso de estos tránsitos encontraremos la cuestión del imaginario. Lo que aquí va a importar es el recorrido a través de diversas regiones intelectuales, más que las etapas en sí mismas, que han podido ser el objeto en otros textos más detallados. Estos pasajes transfronterizos entre registros intelectuales se inscriben en una epistemología del diálogo entre disciplinas y/o registros, lo cual supone: 1° la autonomía de cada una de las disciplinas y los registros, en tanto que dotadas/os de un lenguaje, instrumentos, debates y de una historia por una parte específicos y que han instrumentado un rigor propio y, 2° una productividad cognoscitiva de los préstamos y las traducciones recíprocas (Cf. Corcuff, 2003). La transferencia de una noción desde un “juego de lenguaje” intelectual a otro (juego de lenguaje intelectual) —para retomar una noción de la segunda filosofía de Ludwig Wittgenstein— apelaría entonces a un desplazamiento del uso, en el marco de una forma “de actividad” y, así, de significación distinta, si es que seguimos la inspiración wittgensteiniana (Cf. Wittgenstein, 2004 parte 1, §23, p. 39). La exposición se desplegará en tres tiempos: 1. Algunos hitos teóricos para una sociología crítica del neocapitalismo; 2. Elementos de una encuesta sobre la recepción de una serie televisiva; y 3. Pistas en cuanto a una politización de lo íntimo y a una filosofía política alternativa susceptible de servirle de recurso.

BackgroundSince the publication of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, several countries have adopted laws, policies, and action plans to improve the universal accessibility of environments to improve inclusion and social participation of all citizens. Different organizations are involved in the application of these measures. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to identify strategies that are contextually appropriate and provide guidelines for organizations to promote successful implementation of universal accessibility. MethodsWe will conduct a scoping review identifying implementation strategies of universal accessibility measures in local organizations using the Arksey and O’Malley framework. We will search in Medline, CINHAL, Urban Studies Abstracts, ABI Inform, and Social Sciences Full Text from 2006 until today, following the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Two reviewers will independently select studies for inclusion and will extract the data. A descriptive and thematic analysis of the characteristics of the identified implementation strategies will be performed. ResultsImplementation strategies will be summarized in tables. They will then be linked to various constructs and domains listed in the Theoretical Domain Framework to identify barriers and facilitators of organizations’ uptake of evidence-based strategies of implementation. ConclusionsWe will tabulate the characteristics of the included studies and the outcomes of implementation strategies in them. The results of this scoping review are expected to help the research community in various fields, local organizations, and stakeholders to identify better ways to improve implementation strategies of universal accessibility practices. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/33641

Este artículo es el texto de una conferencia de presentación del libro de teoría política crítica de Philippe Corcuff sobre el proceso de derechización extrema de los debates públicos en Francia desde mediados de los años 2000: La grande confusion. Comment l’extrême droite gagne la bataille des idées, publicado en 2021. Este libro explora tres “formaciones discursivas” (Michel Foucault): el ultraconservadurismo (con su polo más radical, el “postfascismo”), el confusionismo y el identitarismo, en un contexto de crisis de la noción de “izquierda”. El artículo hace hincapié en dos figuras del “postfascismo a la francesa”: Alain Soral y Éric Zemmour. Concluye con hipótesis formuladas en vísperas de las elecciones presidenciales francesas de abril de 2022.

According to animal studies, saffron and its main volatile compound safranal may reduce biological and behavioral signs of acute stress. However, little is known about its impact in humans. This study investigated the acute effect of a saffron extract and safranal on the biological and psychological stress responses in healthy men experiencing a laboratory stress procedure. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study, 19 volunteers aged 18–25 received a single dose of 30 mg saffron extract (Safr’InsideTM), 0.06 mg synthetic safranal, or a placebo on three visits separated by a 28-day washout. Thirteen minutes after administration, participants were exposed to the Maastricht acute stress test (MAST). Salivary cortisol and cortisone were collected from 15 min before the MAST (and pre-dose), 3 min before the MAST, and then 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after the MAST, and stress and anxiety were measured using visual analogic scales. Compared to the placebo, stress and anxiety were significantly toned down after Safranal and Safr’InsideTM administration and coupled with a delay in the times to peak salivary cortisol and cortisone concentrations (p < 0.05). Safr’InsideTM and its volatile compound seem to improve psychological stress response in healthy men after exposure to a lab-based stressor and may modulate the biological stress response.

ObjectiveDisturbances in the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis could lead to functional alterations in the brain of diabetes patients. In a later perspective of investigating the link between the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the developing brain in children with diabetes, we assessed here nocturnal cortisol metabolism in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsPrepubertal patients (aged 6–12 years) diagnosed with T1DM at least 1 year previously were recruited, along with matched controls. Nocturnal urine samples were collected, with saliva samples taken at awakening and 30 minutes after awakening. All samples were collected at home over 5 consecutive days with no detectable nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait scale only) and Child Depression Inventory were also completed. Glucocorticoid metabolites in the urine, salivary cortisol (sF) and cortisone (sE) were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic data were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, BMI and trait anxiety score.ResultsUrine glucocorticoid metabolites were significantly lower in T1DM patients compared to controls. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity was significantly higher, while 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 5(α+β)-reductase and 5α-reductase levels were all lower, in T1DM patients compared to controls. There was a significant group difference in delta sE level but not in delta sF level between the time of awakening and 30 minutes thereafter.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism and morning HPA axis hyperactivity in children with T1DM leads to greater cortisol bioavailability and lower cortisol production as a compensatory effect. This altered nocturnal glucocorticoid metabolism when cortisol production is physiologically reduced and this HPA axis hyperactivity question their impact on brain functioning.

This introductive article propose a brief overview of the contributions of Stanley Cavell in his dialogues between philosophy and cinema. It emphasizes the rock of the ordinary (in the wake of Emerson, Thoreau, Wittgenstein and Austin), the links between moral perfectionism and democratic radicality, its educational and self-educational scope, as well as the importance of considering ordinary cultures (cinema, TV series, etc.) as true democratic arts. It then sketches out what some of the axes of a Cavellian-inspired program could be for the study of TV series in philosophy and social sciences. Finally, it presents the various contributions of this issue of TV/Series devoted to “Perfectionism and TV series. A tribute to Stanley Cavell (1926-2018)”.

Critical theory with an emancipatory aim can find a source of regeneration today in ordinary cultures, especially in TV series, drawing on Stanley Cavell’s work on cinema. Some series can thus participate in the reinvention of critical theories, in the wake of the Frankfurt School but by shifting some formulations in the light of current comprehensive and pragmatist sociologies. This implies a cross-border dialogue between the TV series “language game” and the political theory “knowledge game”, from concepts inspired by Ludwig Wittgenstein. Four series will be under study: the first seasons of American Crime (2015) and The Sinner (2017), Sharp Objects (2018) and Unorthodox (2020). The critical contributions of these series reveal links with the political philosophy of openness of being derived from Emmanuel Levinas. Through the angle of the TV series “language game”, this article explores these main themes using the tools of political theory designed in the book La grande confusion. Comment l’extrême droite gagne la bataille des idées (2021).

Anxiety, stress, and low mood are closely related and may contribute to depressive symptoms. Among non-pharmacological solutions to improve subclinical mood symptoms and resilience to stress, natural products such as saffron—identified as promising following preliminary beneficial effects in major depressive disorder—represent a relevant strategy. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of 8 weeks' supplementation with 30 mg standardized saffron extract on emotional well-being in healthy adults with subclinical feelings of low mood and anxiety and/or stress and evaluate the acute effect of saffron in response to a lab-based psychosocial stressor. The study adopted a double-blind, randomized, parallel groups design in which 56 healthy male and female individuals (18–54 years) received either a saffron extract or a placebo for 8 weeks. Chronic effects of saffron on subjective anxiety, stress, and depressive feelings were assessed using a questionnaire battery [including Profile of Mood State-2, (POMS)] and acute effects in response to a lab-based psychosocial stressor were measured through psychological and physiological parameters. Urinary crocetin levels were quantified. Participants who received the saffron extract reported reduced depression scores and improved social relationships at the end of the study. Urinary crocetin levels increased significantly with saffron supplementation and were correlated with change in depression scores. The typical stress-induced decrease in heart rate variability (HRV) during exposure to the stressor was attenuated following acute saffron intake. Saffron extract appears to improve subclinical depressive symptoms in healthy individuals and may contribute to increased resilience against the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders.Clinical trials number: NCT03639831.

The importance taken today in France by ultra-conservative ideologies, like Eric Zemmour and Alain Soral, questions the criticism carried by the social sciences, in the fact that they contribute to break an historic link between social criticism and emancipation. Besides, conspirationnism and essentialism occupy an important place in this type of conservatism. Yet, they are two manichean postures contrary to wide sectors of the contemporary social sciences. If we take it seriously, this ultra-conservative situation can incite to important theoretical and epistemological clarifications and to (re-)discover a citizen function for the social sciences. However serious obstacles prevent this awareness.

Frei Otto a toute sa vie expérimenté sur l’espace et les formes, à travers des expériences de pensée ou des dispositifs matériels. Son attitude rejoint celle qui préside à l’écriture d’algorithmes génératifs et la confrontation des deux démarches s’avère stimulante pour l’imagination créatrice. Cet aller-retour est illustré à travers trois cas d’étude qui concernent la délimitation de territoires, les forces de distanciation/attraction, et enfin les chemins optimisés.

The archives building of the Val-de-Marne department was built between 1972 and 1974 to the designs of the architects Daniel Badani and Michel Roux-Dorlut. The building was specially designed for archival use and was also to be a strong symbol in the Nouveau Creteil town plan. Inspired by the central French Archives administration, departmental archive buildings were considered as an architectural model and many were constructed throughout France during the second part of the twentieth century. From the middle of the century, the building design stipulated separate premises for the different functions concerned, storage, offices for staff and public premises. Amongst the new archive buildings erected in the new departments circling Paris at that time, the Val-de-Marne building was the earliest. Lucien Lanier, the prefect of the department and Claire Berche, the first director of the archives, played a major role in the building’s realisation.

Vitamin A (retinol) is a micronutrient critical for cell proliferation and differentiation. In adults, vitamin A and metabolites such as retinoic acid (RA) play major roles in vision, immune and brain functions and tissue remodelling and metabolism. This review presents the physiological interactions of retinoids and endocrine tissues and hormonal systems. Two endocrine systems have been particularly studied. In the pituitary, retinoids target the corticotrophs with a possible therapeutic use in corticotropinomas. In the thyroid, retinoids interfere with iodine metabolism and vitamin A deficiency aggravates thyroid dysfunction caused by iodine-deficient diets. Retinoids use in thyroid cancer appears less promising than expected. Recent and still controversial studies investigated the relations between retinoids and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, retinoids contribute to pancreatic development and modify fat and glucose metabolism. However, more detailed studies are needed before planning any therapeutic use. Finally, retinoids probably play more minor roles in adrenal and gonads development and function apart from their major effects on spermatogenesis.

Context: Biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid (5HIAA) the main metabolite of serotonin or metanephrines (catecholamines metabolites) are used as biomarkers of neuroendocrine tumours. Objective: To re-evaluate the recommendations for urinary sampling (preservatives, diet, drugs, etc.) as many of the reported analytical interferences supporting these recommendations are related to obsolete assays. Methods: Bibliographic analysis of old and modern assays concerning preservation, extraction, assay and interferences. Results: 5HIAA may degrade as soon as urine is excreted. Thus, acids as preservatives (hydrochloric or acetic acid) have to be immediately added. Care should be taken not to decrease the pH under 2. Urine preservative for metanephrine assays is not mandatory. Diets including serotonin-, tryptophan- and dopamine-rich foods have to be avoided depending on the biomarkers investigated (bananas, plantain, nuts, etc.). Tryptophan-rich over-the-counter formulas have to be prohibited when 5HIAA has to be assayed. Acetaminophen may interfere with electrochemical detection depending on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) parameters. No interference is known with mass spectrometric assays but with the one described for metanephrines determination. Some drugs interfere however with serotonin and catecholamines secretion and/or metabolism (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin or dopamine recapture inhibitors, etc.). Conclusion: Revisited recommendations are provided for the diet, the drugs and the preservatives before HPLC coupled with electrochemical and mass spectrometry assays.

Many asthmatic patients exhibit uncontrolled asthma despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Airway epithelial cells (AEC) have distinct activation profiles that can influence ICS response.A pilot study to identify gene expression markers of AEC dysfunction and markers of corticosteroid sensitivity in asthmatic and non-asthmatic control children, for comparison with published reports in adults.AEC were obtained by nasal brushings and primary submerged cultures, and incubated in control conditions or in the presence of 10 ng/ml TNFalpha, 10-8M dexamethasone, or both. RT-PCR-based expression of FKBP51 (a steroid hormone receptor signalling regulator), NF-kB, IL-6, LIF (an IL-6 family neurotrophic cytokine), serpinB2 (which inhibits plasminogen activation and promotes fibrin deposition) and porin (a marker of mitochondrial mass) were determined.6 patients without asthma (median age 11yr; min-max: 7-13), 8 with controlled asthma (11yr, 7-13; median daily fluticasone dose = 100 μg), and 4 with uncontrolled asthma (12yr, 7-14; 1000 μg fluticasone daily) were included. Baseline expression of LIF mRNA was significantly increased in uncontrolled vs controlled asthmatic children. TNFalpha significantly increased LIF expression in uncontrolled asthma. A similar trend was observed regarding IL-6. Dexamethasone significantly upregulated FKBP51 expression in all groups but the response was blunted in asthmatic children. No significant upregulation was identified regarding NF-kB, serpinB2 and porin.LIF and FKBP51 expression in epithelial cells were the most interesting markers of AEC dysfunction/response to corticosteroid treatment.

BACKGROUND: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a recognized complication of opioid use that may facilitate the development of exaggerated postoperative pain.

The paper proposes the notions of "antinomies" and of "balance of the opposite" (Pierre-Joseph Proudhon), then of "analogies" (Ludwig Wittgenstein, Paul Ricœur and Jean-Claude Passeron), as transverse instruments of sociology in dialogue with philosophy’s "game of knowledge". Three dimensions of sociology’s "game of knowledge" are then explored, by means of these tools: ontological, epistemological and theoretical. This reflexive and forward-looking investigation joins in the reconstruction of global frames in social sciences, different from the arrogance of totality without falling for all that in the "postmodern" crumbling.

Hepatic infections by hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Plasmodium parasites leading to acute or chronic diseases constitute a global health challenge. The species tropism of these hepatotropic pathogens is restricted to chimpanzees and humans, thus model systems to study their pathological mechanisms are severely limited. Although these pathogens infect hepatocytes, disease pathology is intimately related to the degree and quality of the immune response. As a first step to decipher the immune response to infected hepatocytes, we developed an animal model harboring both a human immune system (HIS) and human hepatocytes (HUHEP) in BALB/c Rag2-/- IL-2Rγc-/- NOD.sirpa uPAtg/tg mice. The extent and kinetics of human hepatocyte engraftment were similar between HUHEP and HIS-HUHEP mice. Transplanted human hepatocytes were polarized and mature in vivo, resulting in 20-50% liver chimerism in these models. Human myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages developed at similar frequencies in HIS and HIS-HUHEP mice, and splenic and hepatic compartments were humanized with mature B cells, NK cells and naïve T cells, as well as monocytes and dendritic cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HIS-HUHEP mice can be stably (> 5 months) and robustly engrafted with a humanized immune system and chimeric human liver. This novel HIS-HUHEP model provides a platform to investigate human immune responses against hepatotropic pathogens and to test novel drug strategies or vaccine candidates.

This article attempts to problematize in a balanced way the epistemological question of the relationship between the scientist and the politics in three steps. At first, it will discuss the weberian complications regarding “axiological neutrality” in its remoteness to the unilateral neutralism defended by Nathalie Heinich. Then, it will seek within Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s philosophical resources and Norbert Elias’ sociological resources in order to treat with nuance the distanciation/engagement relationship from a comprehensive distancing perspective. At last, it will end with four synthetic epistemological proposals valuing autonomous scientific activity, emancipated from scientism.

Sous un titre qui serait sibyllin s’il n’était accompagné d’un sous-titre qui explicite clairement son sujet, Jacques Lucan nous livre un ouvrage majeur, sans équivalent depuis longtemps, surtout en français. D’un format très pratique et maniable, malgré son nombre de pages imposant, il est écrit dans une langue précise et fluide, qui fait de sa lecture un véritable plaisir. C’est à des ouvrages qui ont marqué en leur temps la réflexion sur l’architecture, comme ceux de ...

La qualité et le nombre des photographies (réalisées par Yves André et Ruedi Walti), son papier glacé classent cet ouvrage édité par Birkhaüser dans la catégorie des beaux livres, des coffee-table books , à côté de ces revues d’architecture de luxe auxquelles son format et sa couverture souple font penser. Son objet est la deuxième tranche (la précédente, qui portait sur la construction de l’Office fédéral de la statistique, avait fait l’objet d’une première ...

Introduction to the Aaron V. Cicourel’s text, « Micro-processes and macro-structures » (1981)Presentation and introduction of Aaron V. Cicourel’s text « Notes on the integration of micro- and macro-levels of analysis », taken from Advances in Social Theory and Methodology – Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies, edited by Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Aaron V. Cicourel, Boston, London and Henley, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981, pp.51-80. French translation by Alain Accardo and Francis Chateauraynaud, revised by Philippe Corcuff. Published with the pleasant authorization of the author. This text is translated here in French for the first time. This article intends to put in perspective the text in the scientific course of the American sociologist, born in 1928 and relatively ignored in the French-speaking world. It gives the general outline of his evolution from ethnomethodology to cognitive sociology. Then it deals with its originalities as for the micro /macro problem. In these two principal parts, the author is brought to highlight convergences and differences with important sociologists: Pierre Bourdieu, Harold Garfinkel and Erving Goffman.

This article takes an approach that the author proposes to call methodological relationism, as distinct from methodological individualism such as holism. Such an approach considers social relations as primary realities and individuals and collective institutions as secondary realities, that is, as specific crystallizations of social relations. In the history of sociology, these social relations have been apprehended in a variety of ways. In this article, both ‘individuality’ and ‘capitalism’ are considered to be historical crystallizations of social relations. Capitalism is understood merely as one of the principal tendencies which condition social formations. This article is above all theoretical and programatical. It addresses the Marxist analysis of capitalism, giving a more important place to the individual, and also focuses on the specificities of neocapitalism. To conclude, the author discusses the social effects on individuality and the means of individuality's resistance which the contradictions of neocapitalism tend to generate.

Cet article propose une vue synthétique du traitement sociologique de la question de l’individualité. Il revient d’abord sur le débat traditionnel entre individualisme méthodologique et holisme méthodologique afin de proposer une troisième voie : le relationnalisme méthodologique (en termes de relations sociales). Il s’arrête ensuite sur une approche classique et méconnue, celle de Marx, en la comparant avec celle de Durkheim. Puis il s’intéresse aux problématisations nouvelles avancées par la sociologie contemporaine. Il décrit ainsi trois grandes figures abordées également par la philosophie : l’identité-mêmeté (Paul Ricoeur)/l’habitus (Pierre Bourdieu), l’identité-ipséité (Paul Ricoeur)/le quant à soi (François Dubet) et les moments de subjectivation (Jocelyn Benoist)/les états d’agapè (Luc Boltanski). Dans une dernière partie, il oriente le projecteur sur les apports et les limites d’un des paradigmes sociologiques les plus dynamiques : la sociologie dispositionnelle (et, plus précisément, sur Pierre Bourdieu et sur Bernard Lahire). Est mis alors en évidence ce que ce cadre heuristique peut perdre scientifiquement dans les amalgames entre «les dispositions» et «les compétences». Tout au long de ce cheminement sociologique, l’auteur s’efforce de clarifier les présupposés anthropologiques (au sens de conceptions philosophiques a priori des propriétés des humains et de la condition humaine) alimentant les différentes démarches sociologiques, dans la perspective d’un dialogue transfrontalier entre sociologie et philosophie. Au bout du parcours s’ouvre une lecture pluri-dimensionnelle de l’individualité contre les exclusives des sociologies unidimensionnelles. This article presents a synthetic view of the sociological approach to the question of individuality. Firstly, proceeding from the traditional debate between methodological individualism and methodological holism, it proposes an alternative approach: methodological relationalism (in terms of social relationships). Further on, it considers a classical and unrecognized approach: that of Marx, in comparison with that of Durkheim. More further on, it turns its interest towards new problematisations in contemporary social science. It thus describes three main figures, also present in the philosophical approach: sameness-identity (Paul Ricoeur)/habitus (Pierre Bourdieu), selfhood-identity (Paul Ricoeur)/ quant à soi (François Dubet) and moments of subjectivation(Jocelyn Benoist)/moments of agapè (Luc Boltanski). Lastly, it re-centers its attention around one of the more dynamic paradigms: the dispositional sociology (and, more precisely, around Pierre Bourdieu and Bernard Lahire). It achieves thus to put forward what the heuristic frame could loose, in scientific terms, due to the confusion between ‘dispositions’ and ‘competences’. All along this sociological course, the author tries to clarify the anthropological a priori (understood as a priori philosophical perceptions of the human condition) fueling diverse sociological approaches. He does so in the perspective of a transborder dialogue between sociology and philosophy. At the end of the course appears the possibility of a multi-dimensional interpretation of individuals, opposed to one-dimensional sociologies.