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Abstract Background Recent evidence shows an association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and a severe inflammatory syndrome in children. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) data about myocardial injury in children are limited to small cohorts. The aim of this multicenter, international registry is to describe clinical and cardiac characteristics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 using CMR so as to better understand the real extent of myocardial damage in this vulnerable cohort. Methods and results Hundred-eleven patients meeting the World Health Organization criteria for MIS-C associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), having clinical cardiac involvement and having received CMR imaging scan were included from 17 centers. Median age at disease onset was 10.0 years (IQR 7.0–13.8). The majority of children had COVID-19 serology positive (98%) with 27% of children still having both, positive serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CMR was performed at a median of 28 days (19–47) after onset of symptoms. Twenty out of 111 (18%) patients had CMR criteria for acute myocarditis (as defined by the Lake Louise Criteria) with 18/20 showing subepicardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). CMR myocarditis was significantly associated with New York Heart Association class IV (p = 0.005, OR 6.56 (95%-CI 1.87–23.00)) and the need for mechanical support (p = 0.039, OR 4.98 (95%-CI 1.18–21.02)). At discharge, 11/111 (10%) patients still had left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Conclusion No CMR evidence of myocardial damage was found in most of our MIS-C cohort. Nevertheless, acute myocarditis is a possible manifestation of MIS-C associated with SARS-CoV-2 with CMR evidence of myocardial necrosis in 18% of our cohort. CMR may be an important diagnostic tool to identify a subset of patients at risk for cardiac sequelae and more prone to myocardial damage. Clinical trial registration: The study has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT04455347, registered on 01/07/2020, retrospectively registered.

Independent nursing actions in the mediate postoperative period of patients with infectious endocarditis

Introducción: La satisfacción del paciente con los cuidados enfermeros se ha convertido en un determinante clave de la calidad de la atención sanitaria. Además, esto es especialmente relevante, sobre todo en pacientes crónicos, como es el caso del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en hemodiálisis. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que intervienen en la satisfacción de los pacientes en hemodiálisis respecto al personal de enfermería. Metodología: Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo, de tipo fenomenológico, mediante grupo focal de 7 pacientes en hemodiálisis de la Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Nefrología de Córdoba. Los sujetos fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo intencionado, tras su consentimiento informado. Resultados: Se han categorizado los resultados según las dimensiones de la calidad percibida. Respecto a la accesibilidad creen que son bien atendidos, pero pierden mucho tiempo en la unidad de diálisis. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, confían en las enfermeras con destreza para pinchar la fístula y desconfían de las enfermeras nuevas. Respecto a la comunicación, resaltan la buena relación existente entre ellos y el personal de enfermería. El trato es percibido como un punto fuerte, agradable y humano, en general. De forma generalizada destacan en las enfermeras un alto grado de competencia profesional, ligada al grado de fiabilidad que tengan con la enfermera. En general, califican el servicio asistencial que reciben de muy bueno e incluso excelente. Conclusiones: Este grupo de pacientes en hemodiálisis destaca la relación que se crea entre ellos y enfermería. Tienen un alto grado de confianza en el personal de enfermería, basado en su destreza para pinchar la fístula arteriovenosa y en su fiabilidad profesional.

Introducción: El paciente en diálisis va a sufrir una desnutrición proteico-calórica, con diferentes factores implicados en su aparición, lo cual se asocia con una elevadísima morbilidad cardiovascular y mortalidad. Se ha estimado una prevalencia de desnutrición en la población en hemodiálisis del 18-75%, siendo por tanto, un problema de especial relevancia en este tipo de pacientes. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos científicos existentes sobre las variables que intervienen en la desnutrición del paciente en diálisis. Metodología: Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica mediante las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Pro- Quest. La búsqueda se ha realizado con términos Mesh, con una antigüedad no mayor de 5 años y con distintas palabras clave. Resultados: Se han revisado 19 artículos. La mayoría de los artículos fueron estudios observacionales y de revisión. Los factores que se asocian con desnutrición son la edad, pérdida de masa muscular, baja actividad física y dieta pobre en micronutrientes. Otro factor muy importante, es la inflamación. En cuanto a los métodos diagnósticos, son variados y diferentes, debido a la gran cantidad de variables que influyen en la desnutrición. Conclusiones: La desnutrición en pacientes en diálisis depende de distintas variables y no solamente de la dieta. Los factores que se asocian con desnutrición son mayor edad, pérdida de masa muscular, baja actividad física y dieta pobre en micronutrientes. Además, habría que añadir el doble papel que juega la inflamación en este proceso, pues puede ser tanto consecuencia como factor predisponente a la desnutrición.

Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica constituye un problema de salud pública por su elevada incidencia y prevalencia, importante morbimortalidad y coste asistencial. Un aspecto fundamental para el paciente es la elección de modalidad de terapia sustitutiva renal. En este sentido, la consulta de enfermedad renal crónica avanzada o prediálisis, puede jugar un papel fundamental. Objetivo: Conocer producción científica sobre la influencia de la consulta de enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en la elección de modalidad de diálisis por parte del paciente. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica para la que se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, Proquest y Google Académico. Se analizaron los artículos que trataban la consulta prediálisis, variables que influyeran en la elección de modalidad de diálisis y satisfacción del paciente. Resultados: Se han revisado 25 artículos publicados en los años 2002-2014, de diseño observacional descriptivo y de cohortes. Se ha encontrado relación en la elección de las técnicas domiciliarias con la existencia de un programa de educación prediálisis, la información que ofrece enfermería, la entrada programada en diálisis, menor edad, menor comorbilidad y factores socioeconómicos o estructurales. Conclusion: Los factores que favorecen la elección de las técnicas de diálisis domiciliarias son la existencia de consulta de enfermedad renal crónica avanzada y la referencia oportuna del paciente a dicha consulta, ser joven, menor comorbilidad y la necesidad de contención de costes. Esta elección se ve perjudicada por factores estructurales. Las terapias domiciliarias producen mayor satisfacción en los pacientes.

Congenital heart diseases affect 1% of all live births in the general population. The prognosis of these children is increasingly improving due to advances in medical care and surgical treatment. Imaging is also evolving rapidly to assess accurately complex cardiac anomalies prenatally and postnatally. Transthoracic echocardiography is the gold-standard imaging technique to diagnose and follow-up children with congenital heart disease. Cardiac computed tomography imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of children with congenital heart defects that require intervention, due to its high temporal and spatial resolution, with low radiation doses. It is challenging for radiologists, not primarily specialized in this field, to perform and interpret these studies due to the difficult anatomy, physiology, and postsurgical changes. Technical challenges consist of necessary electrocardiogram gating and contrast bolus timing to obtain an optimal examination. This article aims to define indications for pediatric cardiac computed tomography, to explain how to perform and report these studies, and to discuss future applications of this technique., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cardiac tumors in children are rare and the majority are benign. The most common cardiac tumor in children is rhabdomyoma, usually associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Other benign cardiac masses include fibromas, myxomas, hemangiomas, and teratomas. Primary malignant cardiac tumors are exceedingly rare, with the most common pathology being soft tissue sarcomas. This paper provides consensus-based imaging recommendations for the evaluation of patients with cardiac tumors at diagnosis and follow-up, including during and after therapy., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

In June 2019 in Seville, at the first course in fetal MRI, endorsed by the Spanish Society of Medical Radiology (SERAM) and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Radiology (SERPE), the Spanish fetal MRI group was founded. To establish this group, a questionnaire was designed for radiologists dedicated to prenatal imaging in Spain and disseminated to the SERAM's members. The questions were related to the type of hospital, to MRI studies (magnetic field, gestational age, use of sedation, number of studies per year, proportion of fetal neuroimaging studies), and to teaching and research about fetal MRI. A total of 41 responses were received from radiologists in 25 provinces (88% working in public hospitals). Very few radiologists in Spain perform prenatal ultrasonography (7%) or prenatal CT. MRI is done in the second trimester (34%) or in the third trimester (44%). In 95% of centers, fetal brain MRI studies predominate. In 41% of the centers, studies can be done on 3 T MRI scanners. Maternal sedation is used in 17% of centers. The number of fetal MRI studies per year varies widely, being much higher in Barcelona and Madrid than in the rest of Spain., (Copyright © 2021 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The use of general anesthesia in infants involves both short-term and long-term risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of brain MRI without anesthesia in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow., Patients and Methods: This prospective case-control study was done in 2019. Cases were stable patients less than 3 months old who did not require ventilatory support for whom brain MRI was indicated. Patients were fed so they would fall asleep and placed in the scanner with an immobilizing pillow. Controls were clinically unstable patients matched for age and sex referred for brain MRI under general anesthesia. Three pediatric radiologists evaluated the success of the MRI study (whether it answered the clinical question), recorded whether it was necessary to repeat the study, and rated the presence of motion artifacts on a scale ranging from 1 to 4., Results: A total of 47 cases were included (28 boys and 19 girls; mean age, 31 days). Of these, 42 (89%) MRI studies were considered successful. The proportion of successful MRI studies was lower in outpatients than in inpatients (p = 0.02). The quality of MRI in cases was considered optimal in 60% and suboptimal (motion artifacts in one or two sequences) in 30%. No safety issues related with the technique were detected. The mean duration of the studies was 16.6 min (range, 6-30 min). All of the MRI studies in controls were considered successful; quality was considered optimal in 89% and suboptimal in 11%. In the first year in which we used this technique, we avoided the use of general anesthesia in 47 MRI studies in 42 newborns., Conclusion: Brain MRI using the feed and sleep technique in infants younger than 3-month-old immobilized with a pillow can be done safely and efficaciously without general anesthesia., (Copyright © 2020 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus than can infect human beings and cause severe neuroinvasive disease. Taking the outbreak that occurred in Spain in 2020 as a reference, this article reviews the clinical and imaging findings for neuroinvasive disease due to WNV. We collected demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging (CT and MRI) variables for 30 patients with WNV infection diagnosed at our center. The main clinical findings were fever, headache, and altered levels of consciousness. Neuroimaging studies, especially MRI, are very useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients. The most common imaging findings were foci of increased signal intensity in the thalamus and brainstem in T2-weighted sequences; we illustrate these findings in cases from our hospital., (Copyright © 2021 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The first-choice treatment for ileocolic intussusception is imaging-guided reduction with water, air, or barium. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided reduction of intussusception using water in patients under sedation and analgesia. We compare this approach with our previous experience in reduction using barium under fluoroscopic guidance without sedation and analgesia and investigate what factors predispose to surgical correction., Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed cases of children with ileocolic intussusception treated in a third-level pediatric hospital during a 52-month period: during the first 24 months, reduction was done using barium and fluoroscopy without sedoanalgesia, and during the following 28 months, reduction was done using water and ultrasound with sedoanalgesia. A pediatric radiologist and a pediatrician reviewed the clinical history, surgical records, and imaging studies., Results: In the 52-month period, 59 children (41 boys and 18 girls; mean age, 16.0 months) were diagnosed with ileocolic intussusception at our hospital. A total of 33 reductions (28 patients and 5 recurrences) were done using barium under fluoroscopic guidance, achieving a 61% success rate. A total of 38 reductions (31 patients and 7 recurrences) were done using water under ultrasound guidance with patients sedated, achieving a success rate of 76%. No significant adverse effects were observed in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction under sedation, and the success rate in this group was higher (p = 0.20). The factors that predisposed to surgical reduction were greater length of the intussusception (p = 0.03), location in areas other than the right colon (p = 0.002), and a greater length of time between symptom onset and imaging tests (p = 0.08)., Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided hydrostatic reduction of ileocolic intussusception under sedoanalgesia is efficacious and safe., (Copyright © 2020 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus than can infect human beings and cause severe neuroinvasive disease. Taking the outbreak that occurred in Spain in 2020 as a reference, this article reviews the clinical and imaging findings for neuroinvasive disease due to WNV. We collected demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging (CT and MRI) variables for 30 patients with WNV infection diagnosed at our center. The main clinical findings were fever, headache, and altered levels of consciousness. Neuroimaging studies, especially MRI, are very useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients. The most common imaging findings were foci of increased signal intensity in the thalamus and brainstem in T2-weighted sequences; we illustrate these findings in cases from our hospital., (Copyright © 2021 SERAM. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); epidemic conditions continue in nearly all countries today. Although the symptoms and imaging manifestations of COVID-19 predominantly involve the respiratory system, it is fundamental to know the manifestations of the disease and its possible complications in other organs to help in diagnosis and orient the prognosis. To improve the diagnostic process without increasing the risk of contagion unnecessarily, it is crucial to know when extrathoracic imaging tests are indicated and which tests are best in each situation. This paper aims to provide answers to these questions. To this end, we describe and illustrate the extrathoracic imaging manifestations of COVID-19 in adults as well as the entire spectrum of imaging findings in children., (Copyright © 2021 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is an extremely valuable tool to evaluate the brain during the first year of life, in experienced hands. It is the initial screening imaging tool to evaluate the infants' brain and complementary to the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is an accessible, inexpensive and harmless technique that can be used bedside as frequently as needed. The aim of this article is to provide a guide for beginners about the indications, basic technical parameters, scanning technique, standardized planes, common variants and the most frequent abnormal findings visualized with this technique. This article will explain a systematic technique to adequately visualize and document all the relevant intracranial structures, using the anterior fontanelle, mastoid fontanelle and Doppler ultrasound. The variants described in this review include the normal sulcation of the premature baby, the peritrigonal echogenic "blush", lenticulostriate vasculopathy (LSV), benign enlargement of the subrarachnoid space in infancy, asymmetric lateral ventricles, connatal cysts, cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), cavum vergae (CV), cavum velum interpositum, megacisterna magna and choroid plexus cysts. This article will describe the sonographic appearance of different types of intracranial hemorrhage of the preterm and term baby, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), central and peripheral hypoxic-ischemic events of the term baby, neonatal arterial infarction, cerebro-venous sinus thrombosis, congenital and neonatal cerebral infections, hydrocephalus, intracranial solid and cystic masses, and congenital brain malformations., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tp-20-399). The series “Pediatric Neuroradiology for Trainees and Fellows: An Updated Practical Guide” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare., (2021 Translational Pediatrics. All rights reserved.)