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Despite the fundamental role of teachers in School Mental Health Systems, their work has been under-recognized and under-supported. Moreover, few studies on this role have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This study explores and describes the mental health actions undertaken by teachers in schools and categorizes them using latent class analysis. The study collected data from 726 teachers in Chile using snowball sampling. Three self-reported questionnaires were administered: Mental Health Actions and Teaching Role Questionnaire; Interprofessional Competence in Mental Health Questionnaire and Checklist of Mental Health Issues Addressed in School. The results showed that teachers play a significant role in identifying and addressing mental health issues among students, with 90% of respondents reporting that they had provided support to students with mental health concerns. The results also suggest that teachers face several challenges in this role, including a lack of training and resources, time constraints, and the need for better communication and collaboration with mental health professionals. Six latent class of teachers was founded: ow activity Class, Classroom-Centered Class, Individual Emotional Support-Centered Class, Self-Care and Professional Development Class, Mental Health Curriculum-Centered Class, and High activity Class. Based on the results provides applied recommendations for teachers to support their students' mental health, such as creating a safe and supportive classroom environment, promoting social-emotional learning, and collaborating with specialised school mental health professionals. Overall, this study highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to school mental health that involves teachers, mental health professionals, and other stakeholders.

Abstract Purpose In recent years, the need for a more appropriate prescription of medications in the older population has emerged as a significant public health concern. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) in hospitalized adults aged ≥ 75. Patients and methods This was a retrospective descriptive observational study of patients at 16 hospitals in Spain. The study population included inpatients aged ≥ 75 admitted during a 7-day period (May 10 to 16, 2021). Data were obtained from the pharmacy databases of the participating hospitals. The list of PIMs was based on the Beers, STOPP-START, EU-PIM and PRISCUS criteria. Results A total of 4,183 patients were included. PIMs were detected in 23.5% (N = 1,126) of the cohort. The prevalence rates at the participating hospitals ranged from 10% to 42.5%. The PIM/patient ratio was 1.2. The most common PIMs were midazolam, dexketoprofen, diazepam, and doxazosin, all of which (except for doxazosin) were more common in women. Benzodiazepines accounted for 70% of all PIMs. In 35% of cases, the PIMs were initiated before hospital admission. Of the 818 PIMs initiated during hospitalization, the two most common were benzodiazepines (49%) and anti-inflammatory drugs (25%). At discharge, only 4.9% of the PIMs initiated during the hospital stay were still prescribed. Conclusion In this population of older hospitalized patients, the overall prevalence of PIMs was moderate. However, the prevalence rate at the participating hospitals was highly variable. In most cases, PIMs prescribed prior to hospitalization for chronic conditions were not withdrawn during the hospital stay. No significant increase in PIMs was observed from pre-admission to post-discharge. These findings underscore the need for multidisciplinary interventions to optimize the pharmaceutical treatment in older adults in the hospital setting to reduce the consequences of PIMs in patients.

The nowadays European educational framework boosts applying the learned theoretical concepts to real situations. Hence, practice sessions are key resources to present students direct applications of the theoretical concepts shown in class. Thus, developing new educational equipment and practice sessions oriented to bringing theoretical knowledge closer to practice should be one of the objectives of teachers. The present work describes a solution proposed by lectures of two Spanish universities looking to increase the knowledge of their engineering students. Along the years, these docents have noticed the lack of connection between the theoretical and practical knowledge among their students, drastically harming their learning procedure. Thus, in order to deepen into practical learning, a teaching methodology involving low-cost prototypes of vapor compression systems and a gamification method to help the students understand the concepts is proposed. The proposed methodology is expected to make a big positive impact on the results obtained by the students, taking into account the preliminary results reached.

Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) argyrodites offer high room temperature ionic conductivity (>1 mS cm−1) and are among the most promising solid electrolytes. However, their chemical instability against Li metal compromises the long‐term cyclability. Using PEO‐LiTFSI as an interlayer or as a matrix for composite electrolytes is a promising strategy to address this issue. Nevertheless, the interphase of PEO‐LiTFSI and LPSCl requires further detailed investigations. This work explores the interfacial reactions between these phases using solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance. Results show that PEO facilitates the formation of a complex with LiCl and Li3PS4 from LPSCl, resulting in an interphase material with limited local mobility, thus impeding ion transport. Although the addition of Br as a dopant can improve the ionic conductivity of LPSCl by inducing disorder and generating the Li vacancies, it makes the LPSCl more susceptible to PEO and increases the extent of the interfacial reaction. 6Li–6Li EXSY experiments demonstrate spontaneous Li‐ion exchange between the PEO and the LPSCl, yet this exchange is significantly hindered by reaction products within the PEO‐LPSCl interphase, attributable to their sluggish local dynamics. This study sheds light on the complex interfacial interaction between PEO‐LiTFSI and sulfide argyrodite, providing insights into designing solid electrolytes for the new generation of electrochemical devices.

This article explores the communicative strategies of journalists and institutional offices on the arrival of migrants by sea to Spanish coasts through a case study: the Balearic Islands. For this purpose, media studies and critical approaches to the performativity of borders are taken as a starting point. The results indicate the emission of numerical, serialized and single source information in the case of the institutions, reactive in the case of the managing organizations and conditioned by institutional processes of securitization of migrations in the case of journalists, who focus their work on the reproduction of the number of arrivals and on the procedural deployment associated with the immigration law, generating a redundant informative effect on the procedures of “immigration management”. The study shows the need to analyze the media representation of migration in terms of its governance.

Este artículo explora las estrategias comunicativas de los periodistas y los gabinetes institucionales ante la llegada de migrantes por mar a costas españolas a través de un estudio de caso: las Islas Baleares. Para ello se toman como punto de partida los estudios sobre medios y las aproximaciones críticas a la performatividad de las fronteras. Los resultados indican que se publica información numérica, seriada y de fuente única en el caso de las instituciones, reactiva en el caso de las organizaciones gestoras y condicionada por procesos institucionales de securitización de las migraciones en el caso de los periodistas. Estos últimos centran su labor en la reproducción del número de llegadas y en el despliegue procedimental asociado a la ley de extranjería, por lo que se genera un efecto informativo redundante sobre los procedimientos de «gestión de la inmigración». El estudio muestra la necesidad de analizar la representación mediática de las migraciones atendiendo a su gobernanza.

Se diseñó un plan educativo ambiental para el manejo sustentable de los animales de uso etnomedicinal y mágico religioso expendidos en las tiendas de la Av. Baralt y zonas aledañas en la ciudad de Caracas. El grupo de estudio fue de 13 responsables de tiendas y 25 usuarios. La investigación constó de las siguientes fases: selección de la muestra de las tiendas; diagnóstico entre el grupo de estudio; análisis de resultados y diseño del plan educativo ambiental. Los resultados demuestran que en su mayoría los entrevistados tienen un nivel educativo alto, el uso de los animales es esencial para el desarrollo de las prácticas mágico-religiosas y etnomedicinales, y la conservación de la fauna no constituye una preocupación, pero existe disposición para propiciar su sustentabilidad. La propuesta desarrolló los tópicos de usos y comercialización sustentable de los animales así como la divulgación del manejo responsable de estos a través de materiales educativos.

Introduction and aim: A large number of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AH) seek information about their disease on the Internet. The reliability, comprehensiveness, and quality of said information in Spanish has not been studied. Our aim was to describe the characteristics of the information about AH on YouTube®. Methods: An analytic observational study evaluated videos in Spanish about AH available on YouTube®, describing their general characteristics, viewer engagement, and information sources. Standardized tools were utilized to analyze reliability (DISCERN), comprehensiveness, and overall quality (Global Quality Score [GQS]). Results: One hundred videos were included, 93% of which provided information from healthcare professionals (group 1), and 7% of which reflected patient opinions (group 2). There were differences in the median reliability (DISCERN 4 vs 2, p ≤ 0.05) and comprehensiveness (4 vs 2, p ≤ 0.05) scores between groups, but equal overall quality (GQS 3 vs 2, p = 0.2). Reliability (DISCERN 4; RIC 3–4) and comprehensiveness (4.5; IQR 3–5) were higher in videos by professional organizations, compared with those by independent users, healthcare information websites, and for-profit organizations (DISCERN 3; IQR 2.5–3.5) (p

Introducción: la babesiosis es una zoonosis causada por parásitos del género Babesia spp, en Venezuela son escasos los reportes. En casos graves de la enfermedad se puede presentar como síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA), cuyo pronóstico dependerá de la edad del paciente. Caso Clínico: masculino de 42 años de edad, veterinario, ingresa al área de emergencia por cuadro de disnea asociado a tos seca con evolución a síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo ameritando ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Se realiza fibrobroncoscopia con cepillado bronquial que reporta resultado de reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR) positivo para Babesia spp, iniciando tratamiento con clindamicina y azitromicina presentando evolución clínica satisfactoria y egresa. Discusión: el caso clínico presentado trata de paciente masculino con factores de riesgo para el contacto con garrapatas del género Ixodes, lo habitual es que las infecciones por este hemoparásito sean de forma asintomática en pacientes inmunocompetentes, sin embargo, en ocasiones puede progresar a un cuadro clínico severo en el que destacan los cuadros respiratorios graves donde el abordaje terapéutico temprano y oportuno es fundamental para garantizar evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de babesiosis debe sospecharse en pacientes con manifestaciones clínicas y características de laboratorio típicas siendo fundamental los antecedentes epidemiológicos como en el caso presente cuyo aspecto laboral estableció riesgo para contacto con la garrapata. Recientemente se ha observado aumento de número de casos en Venezuela, por lo que se debe sospechar dicha patología en pacientes que acuden con clínica similar ya que el pronóstico dependerá del inicio temprano de tratamiento.

Abstract Background Conflict and violence can impact on the mental health of children and young people, who are in a crucial stage of their personal growth. Not much is known about the provision of mental health care to young people in conflict-affected areas. Community-based care can be essential, as state-led services are often scarce in conflict contexts, like Colombia’s Pacific region where this research was conducted. According to the WHO, such care is ideally provided in the form of a network of interconnected services, offered by different actors beyond the formal health sector. This article describes the relationship between the formal and community mental health systems in Colombia’s Pacific region, and identifies ways of improving their interaction. Methods Qualitative data were collected through 98 semi-structured interviews with community organisations, schools, international organisations and state institutions. These interviews aimed to identify the strategies used to promote young people’s mental health and the interactions between the different providers. Boundary spanning theory was used to analyse how different actors and forms of mental health care provision could coordinate better. Results Community organisations and schools use a wide array of strategies to attend to the mental health of children and young people, often of a collective and psychosocial nature. State institutions offer more clinically focused strategies, which are however limited in terms of accessibility and continuity. International organisations aim to strengthen state capacity, but often struggle due to high staff turnover. Although mental health care pathways exist, their effectiveness is limited due to ineffective coordination between actors. Conclusions To make sure that the variety of strategies to improve young people’s mental health effectively reach their beneficiaries, better coordination is needed between the different actors. Mental health care pathways should therefore integrate community organisations, while community connectors can help to manage the coordination between different actors and forms of clinical and psychosocial support.

ObjectivesTo test the biological properties of a novel non-restorative treatment method for arresting dentin caries based on silver nanoclusters (AgNCls) synthesized in polymethacrylic acid (PMAA).MethodsSynthesis of AgNCls was performed by photoreduction of AgNO3 in PMAA with 355 nm/wavelength light. AgNCls/PMAA was characterized by absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy and optical and atomic force microscopy. The stability of the clusters in an aerated PMAA solution was evaluated by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay and antibacterial effect was determined for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and colony forming (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). 38% Silver Diammine Fluoride (SDF) was used for the control groups.ResultsChemical and structural identity of the clusters did not change within 9 months; Cell viability of 92%–89% was found after 24–48 h respectively. MIC and MBC were determined from 1:16 and 1:8 dilutions, respectively. Log CFU counts of S. mutans, and L. acidophilus treated with AgNCls/PMAA (3.4 ppm of silver) were significantly lower than in the control groups and even lower than when the same bacterial strains were treated with SDF (15,525 ppm of silver).ConclusionsAgNCls/PMAA presented chemical stability, acceptable cytotoxicity, and a potential antibacterial effect for strains associated with caries lesions at very low concentrations of silver.

El estudio es una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo de analizar la investigación existente sobre el ajuste académico de estudiantes universitarios, centrándose en la aplicación de los instrumentos QVA y QVA-r. La revisión abarcó estudios publicados entre los años 1995 y 2023, se consultaron bases de datos como Scopus, Redalyc y SciELO. La metodología siguió el Protocolo PRISMA y resultó en la selección y análisis de 39 estudios. Los hallazgos mostraron una concentración significativa de investigaciones en Brasil (69.23%), seguido de Portugal (15.38%). La mayoría de los estudios se realizaron entre el 2015 y 2018 (30.77%). El número de autores varió, la mayoría involucrando a tres autores por publicación (33.33%). La revisión destacó la relación entre expectativas académicas y ajuste universitario, la importancia de la resiliencia en contextos desafiantes, el papel significativo de las actividades extracurriculares, y la conexión intrincada entre el estrés y el ajuste académico. A pesar de la riqueza de la literatura revisada, se observó una escasez de evidencia en estudios psicométricos del QVA y QVA-r, lo que destaca la necesidad de investigaciones futuras para profundizar en la validación y aplicación de estos instrumentos en diferentes contextos culturales y lingüísticos. Este estudio proporciona una visión integral de la investigación existente sobre el ajuste académico identificando temas clave y áreas de oportunidad para futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Li7La3Zr2O12 garnets are among the most promising materials for solid‐state electrolytes thanks to their high electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity. However, they are unstable in air and easily undergo a Li+/H+ exchange reaction, forming a lithiophobic and poorly Li‐conducting surface layer composed of LiOH and Li2CO3 upon further reaction with CO2. Despite a simple reaction mechanism, protonation of LLZO is a complex phenomenon. The thickness and composition of the secondary phases on the surface depend on many parameters both in the LLZO properties and in the storage atmosphere. Due to this complexity, proposing a universal procedure for removing the secondary phases is not simple. However, understanding the role of different parameters and rational selection of characterization techniques makes it possible to find the optimal conditions for removing the LiOH/Li2CO3 layer and further processing each material. This work compares some of the main approaches for cleaning the LLZO surface and describes their advantages and shortcomings. Additionally, the strengths and limitations of the most common characterization techniques for analyzing the (de)protonation of LLZO (XRD, XPS, Raman, NMR, TGA) are explained to help researchers design their experiments more accurately.

All solid-state batteries, combining metallic lithium with a solid-state electrolyte, are now considered as a very promising answer to the growing need for higher energy density in safer batteries. While research interests are quickly raising on this topic, the number of experiments to perform in order to find the best combination of active material and solid electrolyte composition could be infinite. Therefore, an easy and low computational-cost model forecasting all solid-state cells performance could accelerate the optimization and lower the number of experiments, reaching more rapidly an up scalable solution.In this work, an innovative electrochemical model for a metallic lithium – argyrodite Li6PS5Cl – NMC622 cell is developed. In particular, two important aspects, characterizing this new battery generation, are implemented inside a P2D model.The first aspect is the implementation of a solid-state electrolyte, in substitution to liquid electrolyte, which means using the single ion conducting electrolyte theory, according to which Ohm's law is the only equation to be solved in the electrolyte domain. This reduces the number of parameters characterizing the electrolyte from three, for the liquid electrolyte (ionic conductivity, transference number, and mean molar activity coefficient), to only one, for the solid electrolyte (ionic conductivity). The second aspect regards the anode side, lithium metal is chosen, in substitution to graphite, and this implies a different treatment from an electrochemical point of view, which is to consider the anode as a boundary condition instead of a porous electrode. Such drastic simplification of the P2D model allows, after careful calibration and validation based on experimental data, to obtain reliable charge/discharge profiles at C/10 and C/5 for lithium – argyrodite Li6PS5Cl – NMC622 cells.

Abstract Colombia has one of the longest running internal armed conflicts, which has significantly impacted the mental health of the population. This article is the first to present a national level mapping of the provision of mental health services to young people living in Colombia, through detailed review of documentation, interviews with key stakeholders and quantitative analysis of existing data on mental health and suicide. It explores the existing public mental health provision in the country, focussing on where mental health resources are concentrated and how these are implemented. We use this mapping to understand how the current mental health system in Colombia fits with international approaches to youth mental health. We show that whilst mental health policy is variously framed (biomedical, biosocial, psychologically or through human rights), Colombian policy clearly focusses on a differential approach. This differential approach shapes service provision to target support at those in need, consequently neglecting whole population level mental health support. This means that not all stakeholders were clearly articulated or included in policy and that key institutional stakeholders, such as the education sector, were not linked to implementation plans or activity. Policy approaches were also over-centralised with little cross-institutional collaboration. Youth were specifically missing from services, as was explicit understanding of the intergenerational effects and impact of conflict. This was exacerbated by unequal distribution of mental health care services concentrated in populous, urban areas away from conflict-affected regions. Suicide is the second most prevalent cause of death with 10% of population who were recorded as dying by violence, dying from completed suicide. Triangulation implies a strong relationship between suicide and poorer access to professional support in conflict-affected areas and suggests that international frameworks and policy approaches to supporting youth mental health have been insufficiently adapted for conflict and post conflict contexts.

Abstract Objectives To assess the amount spent on health and care workforce (HCW) remuneration in the African countries, its importance as a proportion of country expenditure on health, and government involvement as a funding source. Methods Calculations are based on country-produced disaggregated health accounts data from 33 low- and middle-income African countries, disaggregated wherever possible by income and subregional economic group. Results Per capita expenditure HCW remuneration averaged US$ 38, or 29% of country health expenditure, mainly coming from domestic public sources (three-fifths). Comparable were the contributions from domestic private sources and external aid, measured at around one-fifth each—23% and 17%, respectively. Spending on HCW remuneration was uneven across the 33 countries, spanning from US$ 3 per capita in Burundi to US$ 295 in South Africa. West African countries, particularly members of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), were lower spenders than countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), both in terms of the share of country health expenditure and in terms of government efforts/participation. By income group, HCW remuneration accounted for a quarter of country health expenditure in low-income countries, compared to a third in middle-income countries. Furthermore, an average 55% of government health expenditure is spent on HCW remuneration, across all countries. It was not possible to assess the impact of fragile and vulnerable countries, nor could we draw statistics by type of health occupation. Conclusions The results clearly show that the remuneration of the health and care workforce is an important part of government health spending, with half (55%) of government health spending on average devoted to it. Comparing HCW expenditure components allows for identifying stable sources, volatile sources, and their effects on HCW investments over time. Such stocktaking is important, so that countries, WHO, and other relevant agencies can inform necessary policy changes.

We have previously shown that blood levels of B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF) rise relatively to disease progression status in the context of HIV-1 infection. Excess BAFF was concomitant with hyperglobulinemia and the deregulation of blood B-cell populations, notably with increased frequencies of a population sharing characteristics of transitional immature and marginal zone (MZ) B-cells, which we defined as marginal zone precursor-like” (MZp). In HIV-uninfected individuals, MZp present a B-cell regulatory (Breg) profile and function, which are lost in classic-progressors. Moreover, RNASeq analyses of blood MZp from classic-progressors depict a hyperactive state and signs of exhaustion, as well as an interferon signature similar to that observed in autoimmune disorders such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren Syndrome (SS), in which excess BAFF and deregulated MZ populations have also been documented. Based on the above, we hypothesize that excess BAFF may preclude the generation of HIV-1-specific IgG responses and drive polyclonal responses, including those from MZ populations, endowed with polyreactivity/autoreactivity. As such, we show that the quantity of HIV-1-specific IgG varies with disease progression status. In vitro, excess BAFF promotes polyclonal IgM and IgG responses, including those from MZp. RNASeq analyses reveal that blood MZp from classic-progressors are prone to Ig production and preferentially make usage of IGHV genes associated with some HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), but also with autoantibodies, and whose impact in the battle against HIV-1 has yet to be determined.

ABSTRACTPublic procurement of food is seen as a critical tool for a paradigm shift and for facilitating the development of specific policy objectives to build sustainable food environments. Furthermore, the harnessing of the purchasing power of hospitals, prioritizing local and sustainable food, offers the potential to transform food production systems into more resilient production models and bring them in line with current European sustainability strategies. This paper analyses the current situation of sustainable food procurement strategies in Osakidetza, the Basque Health System, and identifies the challenges and action plans needed to develop a sustainable food strategy. Sustainable food procurement is still incipient in Osakidetza. This roadmap proposal is a basic but necessary contribution as a starting point. Likewise, we find contributions from agroecology that are interesting for the construction of sustainable food environments in health systems.

Abstract The aims of this study were: To evaluate the surface hardness of simulated dentin caries lesions treated with either silver nanoclusters (AgNCls) synthesized in polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) or 38% silver diammine fluoride (SDF), as well as observe the penetration of the treatment solutions into the simulated caries lesions. Dentin blocks 4 mm thick obtained from caries-free third molars were sectioned and then simulated caries lesions on the occlusal dentin surfaces were created. Each specimen (n = 8) was divided into four sections: (A) treated with 20% AgNCls/PMAA; (B) treated with SDF 38% (FAgamin, Tedequim, Cordoba, Argentina); (C) sound tooth protected by nail-varnish during artificial caries generation (positive control); and (D) artificial caries lesion without surface treatment (negative control). AgNCls/PMAA or SDF were applied on the simulated lesions with a microbrush for 10 s, then excess removed. The surface hardness was measured by means of Vickers indentation test. To trace the depth of penetration, up to 400 μm, of silver ions, elemental composition of the samples was observed using EDX, coupled with SEM, and measured every 50 μm from the surface towards the pulp chamber. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was also employed to trace silver ion penetration; the atomic silver line 328.06 nm was used with a 60 μm laser spot size to a depth of 240 μm. Student’s-t test identified significant differences between treatment groups for each depth and the Bonferroni test was used for statistical analysis of all groups (p

The oscillations of one mass "m" suspended between two different springs, assuming a friction force proportional to the velocity [minuscule], have been studied. For this purpose, an assembly for this system has been made. The movement of the mass is recorded with a smartphone and analysed with "Tracker." It is obtained that the graph of the position of the mass "m" in function of the time is similar to that of an underdamped harmonic oscillator. The registered data with "Tracker" are exported to Excel and fit to a nonlinear model through the expression x(t)= Ae[superscript -lambda t] sin(wt + [alpha]) . The nonlinear equation of motion is numerically solved with the free "Octave" package. This solution es very sensitive to the mass of the particle and the stretching of the springs.