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The article is devoted to studying the history of formation and development of higher theological education in the Ekaterinburg eparchy for the last hundred years. It shows that Ekaterinburg’s path to academic theology has been slow and thorny. The first attempts to create its own theological educational institutions (though without any claim to the highest level of education) date back to 1917–1919, when the system of traditional theological education actually ceased to function and the search for new forms of existence of theology as a science and practice began. In 1917, a never-implemented project was proposed for Ekaterinburg: to reform theological schools and the seminary and create an Orthodox gymnasium on their basis, and also to organize a Theological-Pastoral Institute with a three-year duration of study based on the subjects of the 5th-6th grades of the seminary. Moreover, under the conditions of Decree on Separation of Church from State and School from Church, the Ekaterinburg People’s Theological Institute was opened in autumn 1918, to provide extracurricular religious education and the widest possible dissemination of theological education, which existed until the second half of 1919. The project of the Theological-Pastoral and successfully functioning People’s Theological Institutes had strong potential, and under favorable conditions, with proper support, they could have grown into higher educational institutions. With the fall of the atheist regime and the attainment of religious freedoms in the 1990s, it became possible to organize higher theological education in Ekaterinburg. The author reveals that in 1994–2008 Ekaterinburg had a Centre for Distance Education of the Orthodox Saint Tikhon’s Humanitarian University, which carried out its activities in two areas: pastoral-theological and catechetical-pedagogical. In 2001–2012, the Social Institute of the Russian State Professional and Pedagogical University, supported by the Ekaterinburg Diocese, had the Department of Theology, where students were trained in the specialty ‘Orthodox Theology’ and after graduation, for the first time in the history of the Urals region, graduates were given state diplomas. In 2009 there was an unsuccessful attempt to enroll students on the Theology Course at the Urals Institute of Business. Currently, there are several educational institutions in Ekaterinburg that implement the Federal State Educational Standard in Theology under the Bachelor’s program: Missionary Institute, Ekaterinburg Theological Seminary, and Theology Department at the Ural State Mining University. The latter two educational institutions also have Master’s programs in the Church History (Ekaterinburg Seminary) and the ChurchState and State-Confessional Relations (Ural State Mining University).

The proposed material is a commented publication of documents related to the audits of the Ekaterinburg Theological School carried out by representatives of Educational Committee of the Holy Synod in 1873 and 1876. In 1873, Theological School of Ekaterinburg was audited by S. I. Miropolsky, who found the educational institution in satisfactory condition. Three years later, another auditor I. K. Zinchenko, while checking the school reported a whole range of problems in the organization of both educational and upbringing processes, indicating the presence of a systemic crisis in the educational institution. On the one hand, the problems noted could be considered inertial and explained by the habit of living and acting according to the previous charter of theological schools of 1814, with only few changes; on the other hand, it was due to the complicated relationship between the school administration members and the reluctance of the district clergy board of Ekaterinburg Vicariate to allocate decent funds to support the school. Educational Committee of the Holy Synod considered the results of both audits only in 1877. His Eminence the Bishop of Perm was instructed to fulfill seven requirements, in accordance with which it was necessary to replace school educational and hospital equipment, organize a dormitory for self-sufficient students, and to monitor strict compliance with hygiene rules among them, and also to make sure the clergy take great care of the school needs and elect worthy persons to the Board. Measures to improve the life of the Ekaterinburg Theological School, taken as a result of the audit, could not immediately bring any positive result, with a few exceptions, as evidenced by the audit of 1879, organized by the Board of Perm Theological Seminary. In the Appendix provided are 4 documents: Audit reports of 1873 and 1876, Report of S. I. Miropolsky addressed to the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod dated February 24, 1873 and the Journal of the meeting of Educational Committee at the Holy Synod dated April 13, 1877, where auditors’ reports were reviewed and instructions were formulated.

This study addresses the enhancement of material efficiency and reduction in brittleness in timber-to-concrete adhesive connections for beam-type timber and timber-concrete composite panels. The research explores the potential benefits of adding longitudinal timber ribs to cross-laminated timber (CLT) beam-type panels. Three groups of flexure-tested specimens were analysed as follows: (1) timber panels (1400 mm × 400 mm) with two 100 mm thick CLT panels and two 60 mm thick CLT panels reinforced with 150 × 80 mm timber ribs; (2) eight specimens (600 mm × 100 mm × 150 mm) with CLT members (600 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm) connected to a 50 mm concrete layer using granite chips and Sikadur-31 (AB) epoxy adhesive; (3) six CLT panels (1400 mm × 400 mm × 50 mm) bonded to a 50 mm concrete layer, with two panels containing polypropylene microfibres and two panels incorporating polyethene dowels for mechanical connection. Specimens were subjected to three-point bending tests and analysed using the transformed section method, γ-method, and finite element method with ANSYS 2023R2 software. Results indicated a 53% increase in load-carrying capacity for ribbed CLT panels with no additional material consumption, a 24.8–41.1% increase for CLT panels strengthened with a concrete layer, and improved ductility and prevention of disintegration in timber-concrete composites with polypropylene microfibres.

The anniversary material is dedicated to Professor Oksana Evgenievna Sheludyakova, Doctor of Arts and Head of Regency Department of the Ekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The article provides the jubilarian’s biography, describes her researches and suggests a list of scientific and educational-methodical works published in 2018–2022.

Становление металлургии в России происходило в условиях Северной войны, что предопределило господство государственной собственности в этом секторе экономики. В период окончания войны Петр I приступил к политике приватизации казенной промышленности. Нормативно-правовой основой приватизации стала Берг-привилегия 1719 г. Однако, начав политику передачи казенных заводов компаниям частных промышленников, Петр I не был последователен. Он задумался о развитии казенной металлургии Урала и при этом рассматривал возможность ее передачи частным промышленникам в последующем. В статье рассматривается позиция В. де Геннина по вопросу приватизации. Впервые вопрос о необходимости приватизации казенной металлургии Урала поставил В. Н. Татищев в период руководства им местной горнозаводской промышленностью в 1720–1722 гг. В 1722 г. Петр I назначил руководителем казенной горной промышленности Урала генерал-майора Геннина, наделив его обширными административными полномочиями. Геннину удалось в 1722–1724 гг. провести реконструкцию старых казенных заводов и осуществить строительство новых: Екатеринбургского, Полевского, Пыскорского и Ягошихинского. Между тем Татищев в 1724 г. представил Петру I проекты приватизации казенных заводов Урала. Император «принял за благо» эти проекты, но при этом разработал сложную процедуру рассмотрения вопросов приватизации в профильных центральных и местных государственных органах. Проекты Татищева получили в 1724 г. отрицательные отзывы Берг-коллегии и Геннина, указывавших на высокие прибыли от казенных заводов. При этом Геннин предложил свои проекты либо передачи казенных заводов в компанию Петра I, А. Д. Меншикова, Ф. М. Апраксина и др., либо передачи Пыскорских заводов в компанию ему, А. Г. Строганову и М. Ф. Турчанинову. Однако обсуждение проектов Татищева и Геннина было приостановлено в связи со смертью Петра I. Вновь вопрос о приватизации казенной металлургии Урала встал во время так называемого «кризиса сбыта» 1729–1732 гг. и был поставлен уже Генниным. Проекты приватизации Геннина обсуждались в Сенате, Берг-коллегии, Комиссии о монете. В 1733 г. была создана Комиссия о казенных заводах. Однако в 1732 г. «кризис сбыта» был преодолен, и Геннин отказался от своих проектов приватизации. Он окончательно пришел к выводу о том, что государственная собственность в металлургии не менее эффективна, чем частная, и начал новый этап строительства казенных заводов на Урале. Этой же позиции придерживался и Татищев, сменивший в 1734–1737 гг. Геннина на должности руководителя заводов Урала. Последующая история приватизационных компаний второй половины XVIII – начала XX в. подтвердила обоснованность этого вывода, крупная государственная собственность в металлургии не только сохранилась, но и расширилась.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a simplified design methodology for timber–concrete composite roof and floor structures employing metal web beams, also known as posi-joisted beams, easi-joist, or open web joists, validated through both laboratory experiments and finite element (FE) method analyses. The proposed method integrates the transformed section method and the γ-method, as outlined in Annex B of EN1995-1-1 for mechanically jointed beams. The investigation focuses on roof and floor structures featuring posi-joisted beams, oriented strand board (OSB) sheets connected by screws, and a layer of concrete bonded to the OSB sheets using epoxy glue and granite chips. Two groups, each consisting of four specimens, were prepared for the laboratory experiments. Each specimen comprised two posi-joisted beams, 1390 mm long, connected by OSB/3 boards measuring 400 mm in width and 18 mm in thickness. The beams had a cross-sectional depth of 253 mm, corresponding to beams of grade PS10, with top and bottom chords made from solid timber (95 mm × 65 mm). Bracing members with cross-sections of 100 mm × 45 mm were used to join the bottom chords of the beams. A layer of self-levelling mass SakretBAM, 50 mm thick, was bonded to the OSB/3 boards using SicaDur 31 epoxy glue and granite chips (16–32 mm). The specimens underwent three-point bending tests under static loads, and FE modelling, conducted using Ansys R2 2022 software, was employed for both experimental groups. A comparative analysis of results obtained from the simplified design method, FE simulations, and experimental data revealed that the simplified method accurately predicted maximum vertical displacements of the roof fragment, including posi-joisted beams, with precision up to 11.6% and 23.10% in the presence and absence of a concrete layer, respectively. The deviation between normal stresses in the chords of the beams obtained through the simplified method and FE modelling was found to be 7.69%. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed design methodology for timber–concrete composite roofs with posi-joisted beams.

Sulfite and kraft pulping are two principal methods of industrial delignification of wood. In recent decades, those have been considered as possibilities to pretreat recalcitrant wood lignocellulosics for the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides and the subsequent fermentation of obtained sugars to valuable bioproducts. Current work compares chemistry and technological features of two different cooking processes in the preparation of polysaccharide substrates for deep saccharification with P. verruculosum glycosyl hydrolases. Bleached kraft and sulfite pulps were subjected to hydrolysis with enzyme mixture of high xylanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase activities at a dosage of 10 FPU/g of dry pulp and fiber concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10%. HPLC was used to analyze soluble sugars after hydrolysis and additional acid inversion of oligomers to monosaccharides. Kraft pulp demonstrated higher pulp conversion after 48 h (74–99%), which mostly resulted from deep xylan hydrolysis. Sulfite-pulp hydrolysates, obtained in similar conditions due to higher hexose concentration (more than 50 g/L), had higher fermentability for industrial strains producing alcohols, microbial protein, or organic acids. Along with saccharification, enzymatic modification of non-hydrolyzed residues occurred, which led to decreased degree of polymerization and composition changes in two industrial pulps. As a result, crystallinity of kraft pulp increased by 1.3%, which opens possibilities for obtaining new types of cellulosic products in the pulp and paper industry. The high adaptability and controllability of enzymatic and fermentation processes creates prospects for the modernization of existing factories.

Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 (sNN= 2.7--4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (μB> 500 MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation of state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including activities before the start of data taking in 2024, in the context of the worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.

Deterioration of asphalt pavements due to fatigue cracking is one of the most common highway pavement failure types. If the fatigue cracks are allowed to develop and grow, the driving comfort and safety, i.e., serviceability of the pavement, decreases. Pavement fatigue behaviour is not a straightforward mechanism and involves many factors and effects, thus computational methods are developed in order to help understand how the pavement works. This paper explores the accuracy and applicability of a less computational resource demanding procedure that uses transient material mechanical behaviour to model the long-term behaviour of a pavement structure. First, the mechanical and fatigue properties of asphalt were determined at the laboratory. Then a four-layer finite-element model was created using Ansys software. Two different models – with and without infinity elements – and two different fatigue simulation procedures – full and simplified – were considered. Material parameters were obtained by the laboratory tests and material properties degraded over time. Cyclic surface loading was applied to simulate the passing of a truck – 6 million fatigue cycles were simulated.

The work presents the results of experimental studies on the air purification efficiency after accelerated composting of a mixture of cattle manure and straw in a chamber-type biofermenter. The operation of an experimental plant that simulates this process is described. A process optimization criterion has been established, its values have been determined for each of the pollutants – ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The maximum purification efficiency for ammonia is 92%, achieved at 47% moisture content of the filtering material and 58% compost weight parts at 30°C. For hydrogen sulfide, the maximum purification efficiency is 95%, achieved at 50% moisture content of the filtering material and 52% compost weight part at 28°C

This article addresses the issues of volume integral equation method application to magnetic system calculations. The main advantage of this approach is that in this case finding the solution of equations is reduced to the area filled with ferromagnetic. The difficulty of applying the method is connected with kernel singularity of integral equations. For this reason in collocation method only piecewise constant approximation of unknown variables is used within the limits of fragmentation elements inside the famous package GFUN3D. As an alternative approach the points of observation can be replaced by integration over fragmentation element, which allows to use approximation of unknown variables of a higher order.In the presented work the main aspects of applying this approach to magnetic systems modelling are discussed on the example of linear approximation of unknown variables: discretisation of initial equations, decomposition of the calculation area to elements, calculation of discretised system matrix elements, solving the resulting nonlinear equation system. In the framework of finite element method the calculation area is divided into a set of tetrahedrons. At the beginning the initial area is approximated by a combination of macro-blocks with a previously constructed two-dimensional mesh at their borders. After that for each macro-block separately the procedure of tetrahedron mesh construction is performed. While calculating matrix elements sixfold integrals over two tetrahedra are reduced to a combination of fourfold integrals over triangles, which are calculated using cubature formulas. Reduction of singular integrals to the combination of the regular integrals is proposed with the methods based on the concept of homogeneous functions. Simple iteration methods are used to solve non-linear discretized systems, allowing to avoid reversing large-scale matrixes. The results of the modelling are compared with the calculations obtained using other methods.

In the present paper, the microwave-assisted torrefaction of three types of the most widely spread lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, namely, wood, wheat straw, and peat, in the form of commercial fuel pellets, was studied using a laboratory-scale microwave torrefactor of original design. The torrefaction process, at temperatures varied in the range of 175-300 °C, was on-line monitored in terms of energy consumption and the temperature of the treated pellets. Elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Py-GC/MS and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the biomass transformation and confirmed the simultaneous development of destruction and condensation processes in lignocarbohydrate complexes at microwave treatment. Torrefaction promoted the increase in the calorific value of all treated biomass. Higher heating values of the treated solid biomass compared to non-treated softwood, wheat straw, and peat increased by 24 %, 42 %, and 31 %, respectively. Biomass weight loss significantly depends on the structure and chemical composition of lignocellulosic matrixes of different origin. Wheat straw revealed itself as the most thermodegradable material. Therefore, although wheat straw had the highest calorific value, the overall output/input energy balance for the process of wheat straw torrefaction was less beneficial in comparison with that of peat and softwood. The microwave-assisted torrefaction promoted the increase in the hydrophobicity of the material and the improvement of its surface characteristics. Therefore, the possibility of torrefied biomass application as a natural sorbent for oil-derived products from the water surface was proposed.

This paper presents a numerical simulation-based study that evaluates the potential of an active phase change material (PCM) incorporated thermal energy storage (TES) system for space cooling in residential buildings. In the proposed concept, TES system is composed of stand-alone PCM storage units which are installed between the concrete ceiling slab and the ceiling finishing layer. Active control of the thermal energy storage is achieved by night cooling of a phase change material by means of cold water flowing within a capillary pipe system. Effectiveness of the system under the typical summer conditions of the Baltic States is analysed by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Ansys Fluent. Results showed that installation of the active TES system has a positive effect on thermal comfort, reducing the average indoor air temperature by 6.8 °C. The outcome of this investigation would be helpful in selecting the key characteristics of the system in order to achieve the optimum performance of an active TES system for space cooling of buildings in similar climates.

The selection and supply of electric locomotives based on the life cycle contract requires a more thorough review of indicators of their effectiveness implemented in operation. This study examines the main operation indicators currently used: coefficients of operational availability, technical availability, intrinsic availability (instantaneous), availability of the locomotive fleet, performed ton-kilometer operation, and electric power consumption. However, these indicators are not comprehensive and do not provide an overall economic assessment of operation. For a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of operation of locomotives, an online calculation of the life cycle cost is proposed. This involves directly using operating and service data for its performance, and the calculation of an indicator — life cycle specific cost (LCSC). The online LCSC is a uniform criterion associated with the energy efficiency of the performed transportation, volume of the ton-kilometer operation, operation expenses, reliability of electric locomotive, and its equipment availability ratio (EAR). The LCSC analysis enables assessment of deviations of the operation effectiveness indicators from those planned, and determining a strategy for improvement of the electric locomotive. It helps to define peculiarities in the operation of an electric locomotive and to forecast its condition and potential properties. Additionally, the LCSC facilitates analyzing the condition of a group of electric locomotives when changing the operation technology (for example, operation starting with increased rolling stock weight), including assessment of the extent of economic benefits of fulfilled measures.Currently, scientists of the JSC “VNIIZhT” and specialists of LLC “Ural Locomotives” are conducting tests on the electric locomotives 2EC6 on the Oktyabrskaya railroad using the “Online LCC” server. This allows online analysis of information collected on the operation and servicing of locomotives under the life cycle contract, pro viding effective and prompt control of the electric locomotive fleet.

The article reconstructs contacts of the outstanding byzantologist, liturgist and historian A. A. Dmitrievsky with different byzantological organizations in Russia and Ukraine. Being a teacher in the Theological and Pastoral College and Higher Theological Courses of Leningrad, in 1923–1928 A. A. Dmitrievsky worked also in the Russian-Byzantine Historical and Lexical Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he participated in reissuing of the Medieval Greek vocabulary of Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange. While working, A. A. Dmitrievsky undertook a number of large-scale researches, part of which was kept in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library; and fate of another stayed unknown for a long time. However, some works of A. A. Dmitrievsky have been found among the papers of P. P. Kudryavtsev in the library archive of the Kiev Theological Academy. The scientist planned to publish these works in Ukrainian in the Byzantical compendium that was preparing to be released by the Byzantological Commission of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences at the end of 1920’s; they were a study on the plate of great countess Olga, presented to the sacristy of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and research work on the Greek brotherhood of Nezhinsk and its archive. Another research of A. A. Dmitrievsky devoted to a Slavonic manuscript from the Astrakhan State University was also preserved in the papers of P. P. Kudryavtsev. The author gives particular attention to A. A. Dmitrievsky’s research on the plate of great countess Olga. The article concludes that the last decade of A. A. Dmitrievsky’s scientific labours was intensive despite the unfavorable conditions of life; the scientist created a number of historical and liturgical works and Byzantological researches that have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation and deserve to be studied.

In this paper, the yields and composition of solid and condensable products that were obtained by microwave-assisted torrefaction of softwood, wheat straw, and peat fuel pellets, defined as main- and side-stream torrefaction products, were studied. The torrefaction process, at temperatures varied in the range of 200–300 °C, was performed using a laboratory-scale torrefactor of original construction. Water-enriched fractions were distilled off from condensable products to isolate tar fractions, the fuel characteristics of which were compared with those of solid fractions. Py-GC/MS/FID, GC/MS/FID, thermal analysis, elemental analysis, and wet chemistry methods were used to characterize the main- and side-stream torrefaction products, with a focus on their valorization according to the biorefinery approach. The simultaneous development of the destruction and condensation processes in lignocarbohydrate complexes during microwave treatment leads to an increase in the relative portion of aromatic compounds in torrefied biomass, increasing the higher heating value (HHV) of the solid fractions. The increase up to 60% of the heat amount that was liberated due to the thermal oxidative conversion of solid fractions vs. that of the non-treated ones was established by DSC tests. The heat that was liberated by the combustion of the tar fractions was much lower than that of solid fractions, which was explained by the composition of tars, influencing their thermal conversion.

Pultrusion is a technological process in which fibers impregnated with resin move through the heated die and solidify into a composite profile with a constant cross section, as in the metallic die. The effectiveness and productivity of conventional pultrusion processes, preserving the quality of pultruded profiles, could be improved by process optimization or by the application of new, effective heating sources instead of electrical resistances with high heat losses. Due to the large dimension of the numerical problem and multiple iterations applied for the solution of government equations, an optimization methodology was developed, using the method of experimental design and the response surface technique. To develop microwave-assisted pultrusion processes, as well as pultrusion tooling design and process control, new effective electromagnetic-thermo-chemical finite element models and algorithms were developed by using general-purpose finite element software that results in considerable savings in development time and costs and makes available various modeling features of the finite element packages. The effectiveness and productivity of the optimized conventional pultrusion processes and the developed microwave-assisted pultrusion processes are estimated in comparison with the real pultrusion processes used in laboratory and industrial shops.

This article presents results of the study of archival fi les from A. A. Dmitrievsky’s series (Manuscript Department, National Library of Russia) which contain a number of records related to the history of Leningrad Theological Seminary. These records refl ect the fact that on October 18 (Memory day of the Four Holy Hierarchs of Moscow) and December 13 (Memory day of Apostle Andrew) 1926, four public church services in the name of Hieromartyr Isidore of Yurievsk took place with the help of the prominent scientist and liturgist A. A. Dmitrievsky at the Russian-Estonian church in Leningrad. Both the public church services and their preparation were probably employed by A. A. Dmitrievsky as a medium for achieving better results of his students in the process of liturgical study. It was the intention of students of the Theological Seminary and Higher Theological Courses to conduct these public services. A number of manuals were prepared for various categories of participants of the services (clergy, readers, choristers and laymen) in order to conduct the service according to liturgical books. Each of these manuals explained what had to be done at certain moments of the service, who had to interact with each other, etc. The general course of the service was determined by a specifi cally designed document “The Order of Public Worship”, which listed the elements of the service from start to fi nish. These documents are published in modern orthography as a supplement to this article.

Extractive distillation of acetone-chloroform-n-butanol mixture with dimethylformamide in two-outlet column schemes is considered. Optimal parameters according to the total energy consumption criterion in the column boilers of the three extractive distillation schemes for this mixture separation are determined. Calculations were carried out in a design-verification version at 1000 kg/hr of the initial mixture with the concentrations of acetone, chloroform and n-butanol 71.3, 14.7 and 14.0% wt., respectively. Dimethylformamide concentration in the entrainer flow was set to 99.99 wt%. The main component concentration in the product stream was 99.9 wt% for chloroform and 99.5 wt%. for acetone and n-butanol. The parameters to be optimized were: the number of plates in the columns, the temperature and flow rate of dimethylformamide, reflux ratios, distillate flow rates and the position of the feed plates in the columns. The optimum location of the entrainer feed plate was found additionally in the extractive distillation column. Separation product concentrations served as the constraints of the optimization. The optimization was carried out in Aspen Plus with the use of a combination of Sensitivity Analysis and sequential quadratic programming (SQP). It is established that scheme P5 has the lowest energy consumption. In the first column of this scheme, n-butanol is separated, and then the azeotrope-forming components (acetone and chloroform) are separated by the extractive distillation subsystem. Energy consumptions for two other schemes (P1 and P2), in which dimethylformamide is used in the first column of the sequence, are significantly higher than for scheme P5 - by 69.1% and by 49.3%, respectively. The data obtained will be used: to synthesize and optimize the extractive distillation schemes including the subsystems with coupled thermal and material flows to separate the acetone-chloroform-n-butanol mixture; to estimate the energy efficiency of those schemes and to obtain the criterion for estimating the energy efficiency of systems with coupled thermal and material flows in the extractive distillation of multicomponent mixtures.

Монография В. В. Трепавлова и А. В. Белякова является первым в историографии комплексным всесторонним исследованием истории пребывания в степном изгнании хана Кучума и его потомков, а также коллективным портретом Кучумовичей, оказавшихся в Русском государстве. В первом разделе монографии проведен скрупулезный анализ кочевого уклада жизни и быта Кучума и его потомков, вооруженных набегов хана и царевичей на ясачные и русские поселения в Сибири в конце XVI – XVII в.; во втором – генеалогии, быта, статуса и служб Кучумовичей в Русском государстве. Несомненные достижения авторов позволяют оценить их исследование как фундаментальное, как важный рубеж в историографии этнополитической истории сибирских татар. Но, как и всякий выдающийся труд, монография порождает некоторые дискуссионные вопросы, связанные с поиском дальнейших путей исследования. Отказ авторов от историко-правового анализа внешнеполитических сношений и вооруженных набегов Кучума и его потомков в Сибири заставляет усомниться в квалификации этой эпопеи как «партизанской войны» и в целом в применимости понятия «война» к эпизодичным набегам степных кочевников. Авторами не уделено достаточное внимание анализу суверенных прав Кучума и его потомков. Вызывает возражения тезис А. В. Белякова о Кучумовичах в Русском государстве как о «лишних людях». Напротив, его исследование свидетельствует о гуманном отношении к потомкам Кучума в Русском государстве. Наблюдение А. В. Белякова о том, что Чингисиды автоматически становились центром притяжения мусульман в России, позволяет предположить, что высокий статус и материальное обеспечение, которые им предоставлялись, были одним из средств укрепления территориального единства многоэтничного многоконфессионального Русского государства.

The article describes the development of modified encryption protocol based on the El–Gamal cryptoalgorithm. The development of an import–substituting software package for secure file transfer, based on the modified protocol of El–Gamal was made also.

The article describes approaches to the definition of functional safety in railway transport. The importance of compliance with requirements for functional safety in the context of widespread use of programmable controllers and microprocessor control systems is shown. Electric locomotive is considered from the point of functional safety, as well as its structural scheme which is used to carry out necessary checks. Main sources of threats for railway rolling stock were described, which include the malfunction of some component parts of the electric locomotive and external influences, including erroneous actions of locomotive crew. This article discusses the concept of risk of breaching safety requirements as well as demonstrates approach for assessing the level of risk, which involves quantitative and qualitative assessment of the probability and consequences of risk. Necessity of considering potential damage to human health, environmental damage and financial losses when performing risk assessment is shown. The article shows the necessity of determining safety features of railway rolling stock targeted to counteraction to external and internal threats. Methods of determining safety integrity levels for the various safety functions is demonstrated on the base of using risk graph, which takes into account the probability of a hazardous event and damage caused to them. Necessity of using different devices to achieve required safety integrity level is shown. Method for determining the actual safety integrity level of the safety contour based on the use of the “graph of safety” is shown and includes analysis of devices in this contour. This method allows determining the safety integrity level of the safety contour rolling stock on the basis of experience in the production and usage of devices of control and diagnosis. An example of compliance one of the safety functions of the electric locomotive to the requirements of functional safety is closely considered in the article. In the example is shown, what measures are possible to apply to increase the functional safety of the electric locomotive to meet the requirements for safety integrity level.

Thiophene (T) is the one of the main sulfur-containing impurities in the composition of crude benzene by coke production. The effective way to remove the main amount of thiophene from crude benzene is an extractive distillation (ED) with dimethylformamide (DMF) when the relative volatility of the benzene-thiophene pair increases from 1.13 to 1.8–2.18. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility to increase benzene yield from the initial fraction and to reduce ED heat demand of B-T mixture with DMF as entrainer by using an extractive distillation system with partially thermally coupled distillation columns (PTCEDS). To achieve the goal, the conventional extractive distillation (CED) and the PTCEDS were subjected to parametric optimization. The total energy consumption in the column reboilers (Qreb) was selected as a criterion. It was found that the same yield of benzene is achieved in PTCEDS at lower heat demand in the columns' boilers than in CED. With an increase in the yield of benzene, energy savings are increased compared to conventional ED. Also, the production of the thiophene fraction in the side section of the PTCEDS requires a significantly smaller reflux ratio (1.0 – 2.28) than in the recovery column of the CED (7.17 – 73.13).

There is considered about the problem of nonsteady random processes as related to rail vehicle oscillations under action of multidimentional random forcing process in the form of vertical and horizontal irregularities of the left and right rail lines. In terms of vehicle movement speed variations it is necessary to change the number and consist of summands in the analytical expression describing pulse-response characteristic of the shaping filter involved in the random process generation of the in-track equivalent geometric irregularity. There are obtained 3-D implementations of such random oscillation processes for the discussed rail vehicle model. Also it is shown that individual implementations of such processes are much different from each other which is evidence of unsteadiness of these oscillation processes. There are obtained 2-D distribution densities of random processes’ instantaneous values of the vehicle body, bogie and wheelset swaying oscillations, which can be smoothed out by the 2-D Gaussian law. Correlation functions and Fourier densities of these oscillations proved to be 3-D ones. At that Fourier density functions’ surface turns to be a nonnegative one with a number of maximums, which highest y-coordinates are located in the principal diagonal plane. There is justified the emergence of principal and side spectral density maximums and it is indicated that the frequencies corresponding to side maximums are in the ratios 2: 1 and 3: 1 with the respective diagonal maximum frequency. This is evidence of the presence of ultraharmonic constituents, characteristic to nonlinear systems, within the respective oscillation processes’ implementations. There is calculated distribution of the processes absolute maximums and are found average values of distributions, characterizing ability rating values.

The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is a dedicated heavy ion collision experiment at the FAIR facility. It will be one of the first HEP experiments which works in a triggerless mode: data received in the DAQ from the detectors will not be associated with events by a hardware trigger anymore. All raw data within a giventime period will be collected continuously in containers, so-called time-slices. The task of the reconstruction algorithms is to create events out of this raw data stream. In this contribution, the optimization of the reconstruction software in the RICH detector to the free-streaming data flow is presented. The implementation of ring reconstruction algorithms which use time measurements of the hits as an additional parameter is discussed.

The main objective of this experimental study is to investigate the thermo-chemical conversion of modified biomass pellets of different origin (spruce, aspen and wheat straw). The modification of biomass pellets includes the microwave (mw) pre-treatment of these biomass samples and spraying of waste cooking and mineral oils on the surface of the mw pre-treated pellets. The initial and modified pellets were characterized in terms of the elemental composition, heating values, energy density (bulk), moisture, and ash contents. The results show that for all biomass types mw pre-treatment as well as spraying of waste oils on the surface of pre-treated pellets results in an increase of the carbon content and heating values of the samples relative to the original biomass pellets with direct impact on the gasification and combustion characteristics of these pellets. The experimental study of the effect of biomass pellets modification on their gasification/combustion characteristics includes complex time-dependent measurements of the biomass weight loss rate, temperature, heat production rate, combustion efficiency and products composition. Due to the variations of the elemental composition and heating values of the produced biomass pellets, a correlating increase of the volume fraction of CO2 and produced heat energy at thermo-chemical conversion of biomass was observed. The results of the complex experimental measurements allow to conclude that the proposed modification of plant biomass pellets including their mw pre-treatment with further spraying of waste oils is an effective tool to convert biomass into a fuel with improved combustion characteristics.

The volume integral equation method is considered for magnetic systems. New modeling results are reported.

The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100 (√sNN = 2-4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD matter, namely, the equation-of-state at high density as it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars, effects of chiral symmetry, and the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (μB ≥ 500 MeV). We are focusing here on the contribution of JINR to the CBM experiment: design of the superconducting dipole magnet; manufacture of the straw and micro-strip silicon detectors, participation in the data taking and analysis algorithms and physics program.

The scientific goal of the CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter) experiment at FAIR (Darmstadt) is to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter at highest baryon densities. The physics program of the CBM experiment is complimentary to the programs to be realized at MPD and BMN facilities at NICA and will start with beam derived by the SIS100 synchrotron. The 5.15 MJ superconducting dipole magnet will be used in the silicon tracking system of the CBM detector. The magnet will provide a magnetic field integral of 1 Tm which is required to obtain a momentum resolution of 1% for the track reconstruction. The results of the development of dipole magnet of the CBM experiment are presented.

We investigate the ability of artificial neural networks to reconstruct discrete chaotic maps with singular points. We use as a simple test model the Cusp map. We compare the traditional Multilayer Perceptron, the Chebyshev Neural Network and the Wavelet Neural Network. The numerical scheme for the accurate determination of a singular point is also developed. We show that combining a neural network with the numerical algorithm for the determination of the singular point we are able to accurately approximate discrete chaotic maps with singularities.

The relation between cellular automata (CA) models of earthquakes and the Burridge–Knopoff (BK) model is studied. It is shown that the CA proposed by P. Bak and C. Tang,although they have rather realistic power spectra, do not correspond to the BK model. We present a modification of the CA which establishes the correspondence with the BK model.An analytical method of studying the evolution of the BK-like CA is proposed. By this method a functional quadratic in stress release, which can be regarded as an analog of the event energy, is constructed. The distribution of seismic events with respect to this “energy” shows rather realistic behavior, even in two dimensions. Special attention is paid to two-dimensional automata; the physical restrictions on compression and shear stiffnesses are imposed.